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Home My WebLink AboutRESPONSE - RFP - P894 HISTORIC SURVEY OF SCHOOLSProposal Historic Survey of Schools and Related Structures City of Fort Collins and Poudre R-1 School District Proj)(),al \tm-ibcr P894 H1�7'URITFCTURL Proposed Methodolo Investigative Plan Reconnaissance Survey Historitecture begins every project with a basic recon- naissance survey of all properties to be surveyed and inter- preted in the historical context. This provides personnel with an idea of the architectural and historical themes that will need to be addressed in subsequent documentation. For this particular project, an initial reconnaissance survey will prove to be a critical step because of the variety of geographic locations and architectural styles involved. Historical Context The Secretary of Interior's Standards for Preservation Planning define a historic context as "an organizational for- mat that groups information about related historic proper- ties, based on a theme, geographic limits and chronological period." Because Historitecture's philosophy assumes that a thoroughly researched, well -written history is the corner- stone of all preservation planning efforts, we prefer to complete the historical context prior to beginning the sur- vey. After all, it is the context that provides the bigger pic- ture through which to view a particular element of the built environment. Historitecture will perform archival research at the Local History Archives, Fort Collins Public Library; Morgan Library, Colorado State University; Advance Planning Department, City of Fort Collins; and at the Poudre R-1 School District Support Services Center, 2407 LaPorte Avenue in Fort Collins. These repositories should provide historical sketches of the various schools as wkell as the people and events hehind them. I lowever, , �f particu i:ir interesrcd will he the ulflucncc of evukIn pcdst ,,g�eil thcor" uu schl dumol 'I- tr,ic-c rhese ilex:elupments, Historitecture will peruse the extensive educational collec- tions at the Michener Library at the University of Northern Colorado in Greeley and the Norlin Library at University of Colorado in Boulder. All written sources will be supplemented with visual materials and oral histories,when available. In addition, Historitecture will assess the pertinent historical resources available at each school or facility and visit smaller local libraries in towns such as Wellington. If needed, personnel will also consult the Western History Collection, Denver Public Library, and the Stephen Hart Library, Colorado Historical Society. With the research completed, Historitecture will develop a historical narrative with a concise thesis and organized argument. It will address how social, economic, and political events on the national, state, and local levels influenced the evolution of Poudre R-1 School District and its facilities. The narrative will include full and accurate citations. Photographs, drawings, charts, and tables will illuminate the text. This historical context will most likely be organized chronologically as it follows two parallel narratives: (1) the evolution of American teaching theory and changes in school design generally and (2) the development of the Poudre R-1 School District specifically. The context will allow the built environment to be its guide - the buildings themselves will tell the story. Intensive -Level Survey With the historical and architectural ft,undatiou in place through the context, lfisr(mtecturc personnel will befnn the intensnr-level survey. Each pr,perty will he mvcnr-ried in f<,ur stepS. Proposal for a Historic Survey of Schools and Related Structures, Poudre R-1 School District A. Preliminary research and preparation. Before short biographies of individuals who established, led, or commencing fieldwork, Historitecture will acquire basic taught in the particular school. The history will also inter - property information for each parcel to be surveyed. Most pret the structure in light of the associated historical con - of this information has already been collected by the text. school district. Acquiring the data before commencing D. Formal Documentation and Determination of fieldwork will allow Historitecture to field truth the infor- Significance. The final step of the survey will be to merge mation. Personnel will also acquire the proper security all architectural and historical data for each property onto clearances necessary to access school property and will the standard Colorado Cultural Resource Survey make appointments with principals if necessary. Architectural Inventory Form (OAHP 1403). This will be B. Fieldwork. Historitecture will walk each property, accomplished through the City of Fort Collins's checking it against maps and ariel photographs. Structures Archiventory program, a Microsoft Access database. The no longer extant will be removed from the map while those accumulated historical data and assessments of physical not depicted will be measured and drawn in. Then, per- integrity will allow Historitecture to determine the signifi- sonnel will record the architectural features of each build- cance of each property based on the criteria in the follow- ing on the property supplemented with digital photographs ing section. to assure accuracy. With preliminary data in hand, Historitecture personnel will gather field evidence to create Determination of Significance a construction history. They will then photograph each Surveyed Poudre R-1 School District properties will structure, with no less than two angles of the principal be assessed for their historical and architectural signifi- structure and one each of associated outbuildings and cance on three related levels: local, state, and national. structures. Larger buildings, of course, will require more Moreover, each parcel will be ranked on a scale that con - photographs. The images will be captured on black -and- siders the combined levels of historical significance and white, 35-millimeter film. Negatives will be printed onto 4- physical integrity, based on the four criteria of significance inch by 6-inch archival -quality glossy photo paper and and seven standards of integrity developed for the appropriately labeled. A comprehensive photographic log National Register. Those rankings are, from low (not sig- will further elaborated the labels. Historitecture will also nificant, low physical integrity) to high (very significant, produced each image digitally, transferring them onto a high physical integrity): standard compact disc (read only memory), as required. 1. Not Eligible; C. Secondary research and individual property 2. Individually eligible, Local Landmark; histories. With preliminary documentation and fieldwork 3. Individually eligible, Colorado Register; and completed, Historitecture will then proceed to investigate 4. Individually eligible, National Register. the histories of individual school properties. The first step u*ill he to produce a chain of title through warranty and Cif} of Fort Col§n� Lanrinraik Criteria yuit claim deeds. when a�aii,thle, it the office (�f the 'I hose properties within the cm of port Collins will Larimcr Count, Clerk and RCa)rdcr in I,„rt (;,,Ilins. This be assessed for individual elig:b:hty as Fort Collins will pr-)%idt snnu toes ,t when the Sch„ul 1),stnct l,andmarks.'Ihe mien for "landmark Preserestion" arc ,cyuircd the pn,perh: liist,,ntecmre skill then omstruct „nraincd in Chapter I1 of the Cire of Fort C,;Iline HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. Proposal for a Historic Survey of Schools and Related Structures, Poudre R-1 School District Municipal Code. This chapter states that the regulation's mission is to "designate, preserve, protect, enhance and perpetuate those sites, structures, objects and districts which reflect outstanding elements of the City's cultural, artistic, social, economic, political, architectural, and histor- ical heritage." The Fort Collins Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) reviews all applications for Fort Collins Landmarks and districts, forwarding them to the City The quakty of signifuance in American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, and culture is present in districts, rites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess integnty of loco - tion, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feekng, and asso - dation, and.• A. That are associated with events that have made a sig- nificant contribution to the broad patterns of our his- tory; or Council for final approval. Fort Collins Landmark design- B. That are associated with the lives of persons signifi- tion is based upon the National Register criteria below cant in our past; or C. That embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, Colorado State Register of Historic Properties period, or method of construction, or that represent The Colorado State Register of Historic Properties the work of a master, or that possess high artistic val- requires that a property nominated for listing must meet ues, or that represent a significant and distinguishable one of five criteria. The process is based upon the National entity whose components may lack individual distinc- Register of Historic Places except that the State Historic tion; or Preservation Officer in Denver makes the final determina- D. That have yielded, or may be likely to yield, informa- tion rather than the Keeper of the National Register in tion important in prehistory or history. Washington, D.C. A property listed on the National Register is automatically added to the State Register. The Survey Report criteria for listing are as follows: Upon completion of the intensive -level survey, A. The property is associated with events that have made Historitecture will produce an exhaustive survey report a significant contribution to history; or that will present the findings of the inventory and make R The property is connected with persons significant in recommendations. The report will be organized as stipu- history; or lated by the Office of Archaeology and Historic C. The property has distinctive characteristics of a type, period, method of construction or artisan; or D. The property is of geographic importance; or E. The property contains the possibility of important discoveries related to prehistory or history. The National Register of Historic Places The 'rational IIistoric Presenation :kct of 1966, as amended, created the Aanorial Rcg stcr of I listoric Places, Preservation, Colorado Historical Society. This format ensures that the report meets the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Identification: I. Title Page II. Table of Contents III. Introduction A. summary of purpose B. funding source C. personnel and dates of sun" which is administered bN• the \anonal park Service. Criteria I I results r \srion.il lternster chgil)dm arc set fo>rth in l itle 30, Part IV Pr, eject \re.i 60, of the Code of Federal Regulations and are as fvllu«s: A. N�erbal description of surce% area boundaries HISTORITECTURE L.L.C. Proposal for a Historic Survey of Schools and Related Structures, Poudre R-1 School District R legal location (township, range, and section) C. USGS quadrangle name D. total number of acres surveyed E. USGS quadrangle map(s) E site map(s) V. Historic Context A. historic context as previously developed B. geographic context (topography) C. other contexts consulted VI. Research Design A. survey objectives B. proposed scope C. planned methodology D. expected results E. previous research VIL Methodology A. type of survey B. survey date and personnel C. methods VIII.Results A. number of resources recorded B. architectural survey log (organized by site num- ber, address, eligibility, a resource type) C. assessment of individual eligibility D. expected versus actual results E. recommendations F. data gaps and further research IX. Bibliography Nominations With the context, survey, and survey report complet- ed, Historitecture will complete no more than three nomi- nation forms listing individual properties in the National Register of Historic Places and/or as Fort Collins Landmarks. HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. Itemized Cost Proposal Historitecture, L.L.C. Adam Thomas will serve as project manager and will perform each of the tasks at right. Historitecture assures the City of Fort Collins and the Poudre R-1 School District that it can meet the Project Performance Deadlines. Mr. Thomas will begin working on the project upon approval of the contract. Moreover, after August 30, 2003, all other Historitecture projects will be completed, and Mr. Thomas will be able to dedicate almost all of his time to the Poudre R-1 School District Historical Survey and Context, striving to complete it well before the final deadline. HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. in Appendix A Draft Historical Context for Quonset Huts in the Fort Collins Urban Growth Area This document was originally submitted to the City of Fort Collins in full color. For economy, it is reproduced here in black ink only. Soldiers of the Sword, Soldiers of the Ploughshare Quonset Huts in the Fort Collins Urban Growth Area An Historical Context Submitted to: Advance Planning Department, City of Fort Collins, Larimer County, Colorado Submitted by: Adam Thomas, Principal Historian HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. Post Office Box 419 Gstcs Park, Colorado 8051" wwwliistoritccturr.com March 2001 HISTORITECTURE » , , I , , , , P,<,,,.,t,o, So.,,,I,,,. Contents Introduction I An Inverse Relationship 1 Figures Section I I Architectural Heritage of the Quonset Hut 3 Fig. 1 GI Joe to College Joe 2 Definitions 3 Fig. 2 Christman Field Hangar 3 Barrel -Roof Forms 4 Fig. 3 1923 Sugar Beet Shanty 4 Metal Buildings 5 Fig. 4 Shanty at 640 Third Street 4 Fig. 5 Interior of 20-by-40-foot Quonset 7 Section II 1 Soldiers of the Sword. Quonset Huts in World War II 6 Fig 6 40-by-100-foot Quonset 8 Fig. 7 Interior structural support system 10 Section III I Soldiers of the Ploughshare: Quonset Huts in Fort Collins 11 Fig. 8 Montgomery Ward half Quonset 12 Fig. 9 Half Quonsets at Veterans' Village 13 Quonset Huts at 11 Fig. 10 Full Quonsets, Veterans' Village 14 Other Quonset Huutsts 16 Fig. 11 Quonset dormitories 15 Fig. 12 Green Hall and Veterans; Village 16 Conclusion A Single Form, a Variety of Types 20 2� Fig. 13 Wood -frame Quonset, Lesser Drive 17 Fig. 14 Gamble's Store advertisement 17 Profile 20 Fig. 15 Quonset Hut, 416 Jefferson 18 Structural Support Systems ZO �� Fig.16 Two-thirds Quonset, 287 North 18 Exterior Wall Cladding 20 \� Fig. 17 Grain -silo Quonset garage 19 Location of Principal Elevation 21 Conclusion 21 Notes 22 Bibliography 24 Quonset huts line the northeast side of Jefferson, Street in Fort Collins. (Photo by the author) HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. ii Introduction An Inverse Relationship "Soldiers of the Ploughshare as well as Soldiers of the Sword." In 1944-45, as Allied forces battled to victory in Europe and Japan, American politicians and business lead- ers were less than elated. The end of World War I in 1919 had taught them a painful lesson; the return of soldiers to the private sector and retooling of industry for peacetime created a severe economic depression and sparked bitter, violent labor disputes. Moreover, the current war had — John Ruskin, "Qui Judicatis Terram," Unto This Last, 1862 al government paid tuition and fees directly to the univer- sity, providing a $50 to $75 monthly stipend directly to the student. But colleges and universities were vastly ill -pre- pared for the onslaught. Student populations at most uni- versities had remained stagnate or even declined from 1941 to `45. Moreover, the war had hnstruction of new classroom and housing facilities. Zu ttf�945, some cam - helped the nation emerge from the Great Depression of pules faced student p the 1930s. With memories of bread lines and Hoovervilles wartime numbers. In 1 fresh in their minds, Americans home and abroad desired enrolled in degree era to preserve their wartime prosperity. But victory would mean the return of 12 million troops and the elimination of millions of jobs in defense plants. Thus, in 1944, President Franklin Roosevelt submitted to Congress what he termed "a second Bill of Rights," in preparation for the return of American soldiers to their homeland. The legis- lation, officially termed the "Servicemen's Readjustment Act" but better known as the "G.I. Bill," guaranteed new veterans the right to employment, housing, food, clothing, recreation, medical care, and education.' One of the most immediate and profound impacts of the G.I. Bill was on colleges and universities. The law effec- tively democratized higher education in the United States. \C'ith generous government grants and loans, a veteran could easih afford to hemme the first member of his fam- ih to obtain a college degree, regardless of his rice, eth- nicitc, or financial ihilit%. for c.wh cnn,lled G.I., the feder- ra,yIwarfed prewar and r�l opulation of students wrams in the United States was 1.3 million an d steady through the war years. In 1946, that number denly exploded to 2 million, and, by the peak year of veteran enrollment in 1949, the student population numbered around 2.5 million.' Thus, at the conclusion of World War II, the United States military and the nation's colleges and universities entered into a strange inverse relationship. As the armed forces mustered out millions of men, they sought to dis- pose of an immense surplus of equipment. And as those men enrolled in colleges and universities, those institutions found themselves with equally immense shortages of instructors, equipment, supplies and, most acutely, class- rooms and housing. Moreover, marry of the veterans were married %eith children on the wat or alreadttoddling about. Traditional single -sex dormitories simply could not house these new veteran stucicnts. But the problems this inverse relationship created ONE YEAR AGO TODAY, VE DAY— ... ... Fl.... Figure 1. The end of World War II and the opportu- nities of the G.I. Bill quickly and profoundly altered the lives of returning servicemen. The caption reads "One year ago today, VE Day, the Yank began his transformation from GI JOE to COLLEGE JOE." (Rocky Mountain Collegian, May 8, 1946) 1 Soldiers of the Sword, Soldiers of the Ploughshare: Quonset Huts in the Fort Collins Urban Growth Area were solved in large part by one the most unique American college campuses as the column -lined library or stately oak building forms ever created —the Quonset hut. During the war, these corrugated metal, half cylinders quickly reme- died the m htary's vast housing and storage deficiencies. Now they would do the same at universities. These tubular swords were forged anew into ploughshares. By the late 1940s, the Quonset but was as ubiquitous on American environment. and elm trees. From there, it found itself in downtown commercial districts, residential neighborhoods, industrial parks, and farms. And Fort Collins was no exception. For more than half a century, these graceful arcs of steel and wood have left an indelible impression upon the city's built HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. 2 No Text Section I Architectural Heritage of the Quonset Hut Definitions According to American Architecture: An Illustrated Engelopedia, a quonset but is "[a] prefabricated struc- ture... that has a semicylindrical shape; commonly con- structed of corrugated steel fastened to arched steel ribs that are attached to a concrete slab floor."' In a true quon- set hut, the walls and roof are the same, seamless compo- nent; generally the curve of the roof begins at the floor. However, some Quonset huts feature short, vertical knee walls, which generally do not exceeded 4 feet in height. These short walls can be seamless —formed into the exteri- or cladding or structural support system— or are separate components, often extensions of the concrete foundation. Because the vertical wall can only represent a fraction of the overall side elevation, this criteria excludes airplane hangars and other barrel -roof, metal -frame buildings. Moreover, similar shaped, reinforced concrete structures are generally not considered Quonset huts. For the pur- poses of this context, semicylindrical green houses, whether with glass or plastic glazing, are not included because of their specific function, lack of metal cladding, and differences in structural support members. However, some former quonset huts may have been converted into greenhouses. An analysis of these structures would require an examination of the support system and the footprint. This context does, however, includes wood -frame, Quonset -like structures because of their historical relation- ship to the metal form. Barrel -Roof Forms Quonset hurl share a common herita�c with both lash tvle and %vernacular cured -roof, rectangular -plan structures daring to Roman antiquity in Europe, Asia, and Africa, and to prehistoric times in North America. The most basic component of the Quonset but —its very struc- tural essence —is the arch, an architectural innovation per- fected by the ancient Romans and an icon of their culture. The arch allowed Romans to span great distances with hea«- masons- construction. Alien arches were placed behind each other in a sou-, thec formed an arcade. The resultinl; ceiling; structure uas a barrel vault, which is a masons canopc of semicrlindrical cross section support - Figure 2. While similar in its roofline and exterior cladding to a true Quonset hut, this airplane hangar differs in that vertical walls comprise most of the side elevations. It is located at Christman Field, on CSU's Foothills Campus. (Photo by the author) HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. 3 Soldiers of the Sword, Soldiers of the Ploughshare: Quonset Huts in the Fort Collins Urban Growth Area ed by parallel walls. Most commonly employed in the naves of Romanesque cathedrals and other monumental struc- tures, the barrel vault allowed masonry builders to incor- region of Russia, arrived in Latimer County. In the spring of 1902, special trains, sponsored by the sugar companies, brought hundreds of Volga German families from porate vast amounts of space beneath a single roof.' Nebraska and Kansas to northern Colorado. Like the Barrel -roof structures also evolved early among the boom in the veteran -student population a half century native peoples of North America. These structures have in later, sugar beet growers and producers scrambled to find common their portability and ease of assembly. Native housing for their workers. During the first few beet cam - American tribes in what is now the northeast United States paigns, these families often lived in tents, boxcars, or gran - often constructed dwellings with arched roofs. These structures boasted a wood frame of light poles or branch- es fastened with leather cords. The curved roof supports were merely saplings or some other limber branch held in tension between the sides of the vertical frame. Like the corrugated metal sheets of the classic Quonset hut, the exterior wall cladding of these longhouses was not load bearing. These coverings, which like the modern Quonset did not very from wall to roof, included bark, thatch, woven mats of vegetable fiber, or less frequently, tanned animal hides. The Ute People constructed similar struc- tures, referred to as wickiups, on Colorado's western slope before the introduction of the horse in North America. These structures were replaced with teepees, which were far more easy to transport.' America's English colonies along the Atlantic seaboard also developed a convex roof form referred to as a compass or compass -headed roof. This structure consist- ed of actual curved rafters, as Quonset huts, or a complex system of rafters and perlins forming a semicylindrical shape. Colonists rarely built structures with this roof form, reserving it predominately for early commercial structures, particularly warehouses.' A more local curved -roof vernacular form emerged with the boom in Colorado's sugar beet industry Like the Quonset but, these structures \rere prefabricated to quick- h remedy a housing shortage. Shortly after the rcgion's first sugar retincm opened in Loveland, large numbers of Germans, NxIm had orwinallt >etfcd in the AoI,;a River aries, chicken coops, and other farm structures converted into housing. Quickly, however, a new prefabricated, bar- rel -roofed shanty became available. By late December 1902, Fort Collins's Buckingham neighborhood boasted thirteen of these houses, which measured 20-by-12 feet, with four small, square windows. The curved roof elimi- nated the amount of lumber necessary to construct a gabled or hipped roof, but provN=Oul h curvature to repel rain and melting snow' Irshanties were one or two rooms, a rather a 5 and -parlor division of corporate space. Larg p�t / rmanent shanties con- tained an actual en rooms, while suspended blankets divided1; n f om living and cooking areas of smaller structures. Th structures appear to have been moved from place to place and served function to func- tion, just like modern Quonset huts.' Metal Buildings The history of mass -marketed and mass-produced metal buildings, like sugar beet shanties, is also tied to a boom in American industry. As fortune -seekers converged on California gold fields in the late 1840s, Peter Naylor, a New -York -state metal roofer, sensed an opportunity. He devised a small structure of interlocking iron panels. The structures were easy to assemble, more comfortable than a camas rent and, unlike %rood shanties, were fireproof. Touted in adycrtiscments as "portable iron houses for California," the structures proved quite popular with prospectors and miners, at the height of the gold rush in Figures 3 and 4. Round -roof sugar beet workers' shanties became a familiar site on the edges of northern Colorado's farm fields and German -Russian settlements. Above is a photograph of a Weld or Larimer county sugar beet shanty circa 1923. Below is a similar shanty, with an attached shed -roof addi- tion along the left side, at 640 Third Street in Fort Collins's Buckingham Neighborhood. (Top photo from U.S. Department of Labor; bottom photo by the author) HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. 4 Soldiers of the Sword, Soldiers of the Ploughshare: Quonset Huts in the Fort Collins Urban Growth Area 1849, Naylor sold between 500 and 600 units. Similar struc- tures also appeared at Colorado's mines and boomtowns. More often, however, these buildings featured wood frames covered in corrugated sheets of tin, a precedent of the Quonset hut's structural and cladding systems.' Black gold created yet another rush demanding cheap, easily assembled metal buildings. In 1901, oil was discov- ered near Beaumont, Texas. Almost overnight, oil derricks covered the landscape, and beside nearly each of them was a new kind of prefabricated building featuring a metal frame with a corrugated metal skin. This kind of structure proliferated with the explosion of automobile ownership in the United States, particularly after Henry Ford intro- duced his very affordable Model T in 1908. In two years, Ford sold 500,000 of the automobiles, creating a huge demand for garages. Soon, advertisements for prefabricat- ed, gable -roofed metal structures, with simple steel frames and sheets of corrugated metal, appeared in the popular press and could be mail ordered trough the Sears and Montgomery Ward catalogs. In 1916, these structures usu- ally cost between $50 and $75." Pre-engineered metal buildings continued to evolve through the 1920s and `30s. The maturation of the airplane through this period demanded even larger structures for hangars. During the 1933-34 World's Fair in Chicago, her- alded as the "Century of Progress" exhibition, Armco introduced a standing seam metal roof, in which the sup- port structure and cladding were the same material. Standing seams were interlocking, water -proof junctions between two sheets of metal created by turning up the edges of adjacent sheets and then folding them over together. This design would later influence post -World War II Quonset huts and dominate th dels manufactured today.° HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. 5 Section II Soldiers of the Sword: Quonset Huts in World War II befo 1941. But military preparations had to come quickly. The horrors of World War I left Americans steadfastly isola- tionist. Throughout the 1920s and `30s, Congress and the President consistently advocated a policy that removed the United States from foreign affairs, including the Senate's rejection of U.S. membership in the League of Nations' World Court, and the passage of the Neutrality Acts. Throughout this period, the American military waned. But as Japanese power increased in the Pacific and Hitler's army battled across Europe, Americans realized that war was inevitable. After all, the massive Nazi military machine had conquered Western Europe in just 70 days. As German sol- diers and tanks occupied Paris, horrified leaders in Washington leapt from their isolation. In 1940-41, Congress agreed to lend or lease war material to Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and their allies; to enact the nation's first peacetime draft; and to triple the War Department's budget." With their newly increased budgets, the branches of the U.S. Armed Forces initiated a colossal war preparation effort. For the Navy, a particularly pressing problem was a lack of facilities; it needed quickly deployable structures for housing, storage, headquarters, and an array of purposes. In the late winter and early spring of 1941, Rear Admiral Ben Morell, chief of the Navy's Bureau of Yards and Docks, began considering the forte's paucity of buildings. Jlorell know that the British had developed a semicchndri- cal, pretabricucd structure during \t'orld \y'ar 1. 'Permed ncL Nksan Ilut, it icYu the kind of building Jlorcll cnci- rivacd for the L.S. N:n c. But producing a practical strut The American buildup for World War II began even ture would require some advanced pre -engineering. Thus, re the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7, in March, Morell approached the George A. Fuller Construction Company, of New York City, with a chal- lenge: design a hurricane -resistant, prefabricated building that could be quickly assembled by untrained men, shipped in small containers, and be used for any one of 48 purpos- es, including galleys, shower -latrines, dental offices, isola- tion wards, and even bakeries. And Morell gave Fuller only 60 days to complete the task. The construction company did not hesitate to accept, sending a group of engineers and metalworkers, headed by Pete jongh and assisted by Otto Brandenberger, to thei ds at Quonset Point, Rhode Island." At first glance, the F ( pany and Dejongh seemed the least ales for designing and con- structing a Quon t ut. yller was among the preeminent builders of larger-sc e nstruction projects, particularly skyscrapers. Peter Dejongh was born in the Netherlands and graduated with a degree in engineering from the University of Delft. He joined the Fuller company in 1924. However, upon second glace, this union of a huge con- struction company and a European -trained engineer was perhaps the best choice to design a small, simple structure to the Navy's demanding specifications. After all, beginning in the 1920s, the construction of a skyscraper —or of any large building for that matter —required a steel skeleton. Fuller's engineers and workmen had an intimate, working knowledge of steel construction and its large-scale prefab- rication. The% had personalk• experienced the metal's capa- bilities and limits." \Ioreuv cr, Dcjongh's training at Dcift uvas undouhtcd- hc influenced be the work and philusophc of the Bauhaus HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. 6 Soldiers of the Sword, Soldiers of the Ploughshare: Quonset Huts in the fort Collins Urban Growth Area movement in Germany. World War I left the European continent in ruins and an entire generation disillusioned. On the battlefield, traditional methods of warfare clashed with a new technology of destruction; the result was unprecedented massacre. As distrust of `old ways" grew, designers in Germany sparked a movement to reject the past and all falsity of historicist architecture. At the end of the war in 1919, Walter Gropius established the Bauhaus School of Architecture. Inspired by the day's socialist thinkers, instructors and students believed beauty came from function and uninhibited display of modern materi- als: steel, glass, and reinforced concrete. Members of the Bauhaus reveled in the use of a repetitive interval between members of a building's framework, creating purely geo- metric forms. They sought to design spaces that were rational, efficient, and inexpensive —machines for living. "Functionalism, emphasizing how a building served its inhabitants, was of prime importance," writes Virginia and Lee McAlester in their architectural guidebook. "Traditional elements... that were merely decorative, rather than functional, were to be discarded."" (Following the war, Dejohn served as construction engineer for many of the icons of International and Miesan architecture, includ- ing the Seagram, Union Carbide, and Exxon buildings in Manhattan and I.M. Pei's Mile High Center in Denver, that city's first modern skyscraper.) Bauhaus philosophy would prove extremely valuable in creating the Quonset hut. With its ability to house many uses, its purely geometric form, and its lack of any ornament, the structure was, after all, the epitome of the Bauhaus movement." The first Quonset but that the Fuller team created manifested the company's experience in steel work and, through Dejongh, the influence of the Bauhaus. Completed from concept to prototpe in onle 30 daYs, the original Quonset but measured 16 feet %c idc he 36 feet I<,ng. The arch rib steel members, 8 feet in radius, \xcre T- shaped, measuring 2 inches be 2 inches b\ a /+ inch. Perpendicular to these ribs were attached wood perlins, which anchored the corrugated steel sheet exterior cladding. Most connections were made with standard - sized, self -tapping screws. The prototype featured pressed - wood interior lining, insulation, and a tongue -and -groove wood floor." Dejongh and his Fuller team redesigned and improved the Quonset but throughout the war, even as they contin- ued production at the Quonset Point facility. One of the biggest problems occurred when the team tried to modify the function —and thus interior space —of the building. Each of the 48 uses required individual drawings. Moreover, equipment, from ovens to beds, had to be redesigned and custom built to fit the curved, side walls. And Navy offi- cials, adamant that every square foot count, lamented that HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. 7 Figure S. The interior view of a 20-by-48-foot, war - surplus Quonset reveals the original arch -rib design Dejongh developed at Quonset Point, except that the original perlins are steel rather than wood. Colorado A&M (CSU) first acquired this particular Quonset for veteran -student housing. It is now In"torl of Hen G..ef.-.du.. �__ eon. __- .. Soldiers of the Sword, Soldiers of the Ploughshare: Quonset Huts in the Fort Collins Urban Growth Area able space; it reduced the effective width of the structure. increased the size of the assembled structure to 20 by 48 In response, Dejongh and the Fuller team created a new structural support member. Measuring 2 inches by 3 5/8 inches, it consisted of two, lightweight steel U-shaped channels welded back to back. The channels featured a groove into which standard wire nails could be inserted. But the most notable feature of these new supports was their shape; instead of the pure, semi -circle of the original T-shaped arch -ribs, these new supports left the floor at a 90-degree angle and continued vertically for four feet, at which point they arched over to form a barrel roof. This created a short vertical wall, eliminating the unusable space of the original Quonset hut. Simply termed "Quonset redesigned hut," these structures measured 16 feet wide by 36 feet long; plans for the various functions of the original Quonsets were redrawn to accommodate the new form." feet but reduced each unit to 3 1/2 tons and 325 cubic feet. Amazingly, these Quonset huts required less shipping space than did tents with wood floors and frames but could accommodate the same number of men —a testament to the skill of Dejongh and his production facility at Quonset Point.' Other, more minor modifications were also made dur- ing the war. Originally, the structures were shipped with unpainted corrugated, galvanized steel sheets. This semi - reflective cladding, however, presented the risk on being spotted by enemy aircraft. Thus, Fuller began to apply olive -drab camouflage paint at the factory. One last modi- fication came in 1943 when the ends of but were contin- ued another four -feet over the bulkhead, providing protec- tion from driving rains and nlight. While the As the war continued, Dejongh and the Fuller team length of the structures increas et, the interior remained at Quonset Point, constantly refining their design and increasing its uses. They addressed details and prob- lems as workers assembled each model at the proving grounds. The Navy had particular interest in the test assembly of each building because it determined the prac- ticability of the structure for field use. In all, the Navy approved 86 different interior layouts for the small Quonset huts and a 40-by-100-foot warehouse model." Further redesigns were necessary when it came to shipping the structures to various theaters of war. Because of increasingly cramped holds in its ships, the Navy demanded the lowest tonnage and shipping space possible for each structure. The original models weighed 4 tons and assumed 450 cubic feet of space. The Fuller team decided to use lighter -gauge corrugated, galvanized steel sheets and half -inch plywood floors rather than the 1-inch tongue - and -groove floor of the prototype. Thcv also determined that the true semicylindrical Quonset, despire its interior space deficiencies, was actually lighter than those with the four -toot vertical wall. The resulting modification living space remained at 48 felver, in the spring of 1945, the Navy determin tAa /� overhangs were unnec- essary in colder, nq�the; tes. As a result, the remain- ing 56-foot versio�s ecc: e distinctive tropical Quonset huts.' The Fuller Company and the Navy also designed and built larger models of the Quonset but for use in estab- lishing advance bases. At first, the Navy used 40-by-100- foot prefabricated metal buildings with vertical sides and a curved roof. However, they were heavy and required a large amount of shipping space. The team at Quonset Point then created a semicylindrical but of the same dimensions. It reduced the shipping weight from 20 to 12 1/2 tons of steel and required only 350 cubic feet of space rather than 650. The Fuller team also designed multi -arch supports, which combined several 40-by-100-foot structures into a single warehouse under one roof. One of these multiple - unit Quonset but structures in Guam created a 54,000- square-foot warehouse. For soldiers and sailors living and working in Quonset Figure 6. This Fuller -designed, 40-by-100-foot warehouse -type Quonset but is currently located on Colorado State University's main campus, north of West Lake Street on the Burlington Northern Santa Fe railroad. (Photo by the author) HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. 8 Soldiers of the Sword, Soldiers of the Ploughshare: Quonset Huts in the Fort Collins Urban Growth Area huts, the buildings provided a surreal existence. "They were as homely as sewer pipe," writes Elaine Viets, "and just as useful." The structures were hot in summer and cold in winter. They popped and pinged as the weather changed and metal contracted or expanded. A driving rain could prove deafening to the point of madness. Pinups of Betty Grable and other scantily clad women hung away from the curving walls, like a skirt from a pair of curvaceous legs. Despite these misgivings, America's major mail order catalog companies, which had offered prefabricated and kit buildings for decades, closely followed developments at Quonset Point. World War II brought shortages in materi- als and manufacturing capacity for these firms; the military received priority for construction materials over domestic firms and required the retooling of factories for the war effort. But because it minimized the use of materials while And as most pieces of military equipment, Quonset huts maximizing efficiency of space, the Quonset form allowed received affectionate yet often vulgar names from their res- Montgomery Ward and other retailers to offer some build- idents. Some called the structures "tin tents;" Robert ing kits through and immediately after the war. These kits Finton wrote a play entitled Tents of Tin, set in World War would prove indispensable when a housing shortage II. But another name, associated with an equally maligned gripped the nation at armistice. product of the war, stuck with the buildings —Spam cans.' HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. 9 No Text Soldiers of the Sword, Soldiers of the Ploughshare: Quonset Huts in the Fort Collins Urban Growth Area Structural Support System Fuller -Built, 40-by-100-Foot Quonset Hut Concrete Pad Figure 7. The interior structural support system of the original Fuller Quonset huts was light, easy to assemble, and remarkably strong, even surviving Pacific typhoons. Colorado A&M acquired this particular structure following the war. It is currently located south of Prospect Road along the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway right-of-way. (Photo and drawing by the author) HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. 10 Section III Soldiers of the Ploughshare: Quonset Huts in Fort Collins Quonset Huts at CSU In October 1944, less than a year before the end of World War II, Colorado Agricultural and Mechanical College President Roy M. Green, and his key administra- tors, attended the annual convention of the Association of Land -Grant Colleges and Universities. Among the most pressing issues addressed at the convention was the impact of the G.I. Bill on the association's members. Attendees though the construction of new houses was double any previous peacetime period." At first, the Chamber of Commerce's housing committee attempted piecemeal solu- tions, trying to relocate some military surplus Quonset huts from Sidney, Nebraska. That deal appears to have col- lapsed. Soon however, the chamber and the college realized that their problems were mutual; they would have to work together.26 realized that post-war education would revolutionize their Thus, in late October 1945, the Fort Collins Chamber institutions —that they were about to experience an of Commerce and the Colorado Agricultural and unprecedented explosion in their student populations as millions of men left the military and entered the class- room. Fortunately for Colorado A & M, Green was among the most visionary of American college presidents. Even before World War II formally ended on August 25, 1945, the college, in cooperation with the Veterans Administration, trained disabled servicemen to construct a new men's dormitory on campus. Green also established a loan fund for veterans and switched the college's academic calendar from semesters to quarters, hastening the enroll- ment of returning servicemen. More than 225 of the 1,037 students enrolled in the fall quarter of 1945 were veterans. By winter quarter, over 650 veterans were enrolled, and by spring, when the student population exceeded 1,600, some 980 of them formerly served in the armed forces. Thus, during the course of the 1945-46 academic year, the num- ber of enrolled veterans increased 435.6 percent. ° In the fall of 1945, while President Green struggled to head off a housing crisis on campus, Dort Collins business leaders grappled with the same problem in the %rider corn munit%. In the months immediatclY follo%%hig the %car, rents in Fort Collins skrrocketcd as %acancies plummeted, c%cn Mechanical College, with the j for Chamber of Commerce and the Associated �tiated a coop- erative effort to develop w termed "Veterans' Village" on campus. "The csO O '� our most important industry," comme ehe 'Chamber of Commerce President Chandl ��S. he veterans attending it are fine boys and will m /iSome of our most solid citizens, and if we in Fort Collins don't do something for them now, somebody else will."" The coalition, under the leadership of Post and Green, initially faced two quests: selecting a suitable loca- tion for the village and finding prefabricated houses that could be delivered quickly and cheaply. The chamber and the college originally tried to acquire Quonset huts from a prisoner of war camp in Greeley. However, the 4,000 German soldiers there in October would remain through the end of that season's sugar beet campaign. The Army did not expect to close the facility until the following spring. Moreover, it informed the college that veterans' hospitals would be given first priority for surplus buildings because these institutions needed to accommodate the families of their slowk recovering patients. Quickh climi- Proposal Historic Survey of Schools and Related Structures City of Fort Collins and Poudre R-1 School District Submitted to: Purchasing Division City of Fort Collins, Latimer County, Colorado Submitted by: Adam Thomas, Principal Historian HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. Post Office Box 419 I'stes Park, Colorado 8051 970.586.4010 Bess w.hist, intccturc.com ILIk 2003 HISTORITECTURF, Soldiers of the Sword, Soldiers of the Ploughshare: Quonset Huts in the Fort Collins Urban Growth Area nating the possibility of using war -surplus structures, the coalition turned to the next best option --ordering prefabri- cated houses through the private sector. They first consid- ered moving in trailers, but a poll of veterans overwhelm- ingly disapproved this idea. (Later, however, veterans were allowed to develop a mobile home park adjacent to Veterans' Village.) Then, in late October, E T Peterson, manager of the local Montgomery Ward store, approached Green with a solution; his company could furnish 100 pre- fabricated, pseudo -Quonsets in a 30-day period 2e The Rocky Mountain Collegian provided this description of the structures: Each house will be built of twenty-six gauge sheet metal outside and lined with insulated board. The cottages will be twelve by thirty-six feet and eight feet high with cottage type win- dows which open out. This prefabricated house will be fireproof and contain a shower stall, toilet, kitchenette, and will be completely furnished and ready to move into at a total cost of $1,250.' Meanwhile, R. L. Lewis, of the college's engineering department, surveyed three prospective sites for the settle- ment: behind the civil engineering building, south of the original agricultural complex, and on West Laurel Street north of Loomis Avenue. The problem with the first two sites was their size; Lewis calculated that neither location the community would be asked to purchase "shares" in the village. In return, they would rect gleaned from rents on the houses. The plan was extremely optimistic. "It is expected the project can be amortized over a four-year period," observed the Fort Collins Coloradoan, "during which the investors will clear their investments, with the possibility of additional returns from the sale of houses if they are no longer needed by that time."" But this plan met with little support from F Collins residentss In many were horrifife`\at))t e Architectural View Of Proposed Veteran's Dwelling erupting student population on campus and resented the prospect of a corrugated -metal, Quonset but village springing up in their midst. Residents of West Laurel Street began circulating a petition demanding that the college relocate the settlement. "Some of the residents are said to could support more than 60 units. But Green and other fear the loss of market value to present residence property leaders of the coalition wanted to order approximately 100 in the vicinity," observed the Coloradoan." Opposition con - units, and double that number as quickly as possible. Only the vacant and sprawling Laurel Street location could han- dle such a massive complex.' With a housing model and location in mind, the col- lege and chamber developed plans for a 96-unit settlement. The college determined that the project would cost 3123,000 and, with the chamber, it dex ek,pcd an inilm ati%e cet ill-fated means of financing the endeavor. Members of tinued to grow, gaining the support of at least one member of the city council. News of the opposition enraged veter- ans at the college. "One nature loving resident of West Laurel protests that the proposed community would destrov her view," wrote a veteran in a front-page Collegian letter to the editor. "Ve wonder how Miss X would enjo\ looking out at a swastika floating over American's fair soil. Vould it harm her emmment of life if a few of the veter- ans responsible for her freedom... lived] in `huts' obstruct - "We Have Hopes" Figure S. This sketch depicts the Quonset but the Fort Collins Montgomery Ward store installed on its furniture sales floor for the inspection of Colorado A&M's veteran -students. The models delivered to campus were significantly larger than this model. (Rocky Mountain Collegian, 6 December 1945, p. 1) HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. 12 Soldiers of the Sword, Soldiers of the Ploughshare: Quonset Huts in the Fort Collins Urban Growth Area ing her view?"" Not surprisingly, the plan to finance the project pri- vately collapsed. Desperate to find a solution to the hous- ing problem before they were forced to turn away thou- sands of students, the administrators at Colorado A&M and the University of Colorado in Boulder turned to the Colorado General Assembly for assistance. The legislature agreed to convene a special session to consider the issue, which soon bogged down in political infighting. Governor Vivian refused to grant a second special session. Finally, Green persisted in convincing the institution's governing body, the Colorado State Board of Agriculture, to issue bonds through the United States Bank of Denver. was still scarce in the months following the end of the war. Left with little choice, college work crews installed floors of dry -laid concrete blocks, covered with rough -planed wood planks, and finished with a sheet of linoleum. The floors themselves were proof of the temporary nature of Veterans' Village.' The resulting settlement was as orderly and planned as barracks on a military base, perhaps lending some air of familiarity to the former servicemen. The dwellings were placed on streets anchored on the ends by concrete -block laundry facilities. Crews arranged the half Quonsets in pairs, with the curved sides facing each other. This arrange- ment produced a series of gracefully curving Vs. As well, Veterans' Village would, at last, become a reality." placing the windowed, flat walls outward increased privacy, Yet even before the financial problems had been allowed more natural light into the structures, and provid- addressed, veteran -students had a chance to preview their new homes. A model of one of the cottages arrived at the local Montgomery Ward store on November 13 and was assembled on the furniture sales floor in less than two days. Measuring 12 feet by 20 feet, the model was a standard Quonset but divided in half lengthwise. Thus, the structure had flat end walls, or bulkheads, and one flat side wall; the remaining side wall was curved as usual. This modification had several advantages over true Quonset huts. The long, flat wall made it easier to install standard, mass-produced windows and appliances, as well as to accommodate furni- ture. But the model was only a small taste of things to come; the college ordered 56 single units, which measured 12 by 36 feet, and 40 double units, which included an addi- tional 12 feet in length." The first carload of the Montgomery Ward half Quonsets arrived in Fort Collins, via the Colorado & Southern Railroad, in mid December. As promised, seven more carloads arrived in the next 30 days. But even as \yorkers unloaded the housing kits from boxcars, adminis- trators faced shortages of applianees, furniture, and, must nortbl\, flooring, syhich the kit.s did nut include. Pl\�cuorl ed them with some chance of catehirf&a breeze. While administrators at Cblotado'A&M dealt with housing and material shortagk 1%o7kgit the fall and early winter of 1945, better d � h '�g tg cad. President Green and college admir)i�ratC�r oss the country received a late, but much- e rrstmas present when, on December 29, the D rtment of the Navy declared as surplus $56 million in building materials and 5,000 Quonset huts. The Navy estimated that if the surplus Quonsets were used as barracks, they could house 70,000 people. As two-family dwellings, they would accommodate 10,000 families. Many of the Quonset huts had never been assembled. Then, on December 31, Congress approved legislation authorizing the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) to acquire and move war -surplus buildings to col- lege campuses as housing for veterans and their families. Like Quonset huts themselves, this legislation was merely a stopgap measure. "Although America's institutions of higher learning probably would have preferred ,grant-in-aid and longer -term loans for the construction of more per- ❑nanent facilities," u-rites Jamcs I lansen in his history of Cst7, "Congress's solution had the merit of providing Figure 9. This photograph, which appeared in the Rocky Mountain Collegian as Veterans' Village was assembled, shows the placement of the Montgomery Ward half Quonset huts. (Rocky Mountain Collegian, 28 February 1946, p. 1) HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. 13 Soldiers of the Sword, Soldiers of the Ploughshare: Quonset Huts in the Fort Collins Urban Growth Area assistance swiftly and cheaply."" Swift indeed. In January, Colorado A&M applied to FHA for 125 units then located at a former war housing project in Dallas. By mid February the college had secured 55 Quonsets; the end of the month brought 35 more. The College ultimately obtained over 100 Quonset huts by spring. The first 30 were ready for occupancy on June 1." Joining the half Quonsets at Veterans Village in the spring of 1946 were true Quonset huts, clad in sheets of corrugated metal broken only by a band of three -light, metal -frame awning windows across the sides. Sheets of black rolled asphalt covered the ends, which featured a cen- tral door flanked by pairs of two -fight, wood -frame case- ment windows. A corrugated metal pent roof provided some protection for the door. The apartments in the dou- ble -unit Quonset huts were entered through either bulk- head. Each efficiency unit contained a combined living room, dining room, and kitchen; bathroom; and bedroom. Yet, as an indication that the huts were only a temporary measure, the structures lacked foundations, resting instead on concrete blocks, structural clay tile, and even bits of lumber." What emerged at the southwest corner of West Laurel Street and Loomis Avenue (now the location of Corbett and Parmelee halls) confirmed the fears of many Fort Collins residents. With dusty, unpaved streets, frolicking children, and line after line of drying laundry, the settle- ment was reminiscent of Hoovervilles a decade earlier. Many assumed that the College had htde interest in improving the appearance of the city. Aesthetically, they confirmed the worst fears of townspeople concerned about College's physical appearance.," observes Hansen.' The situation only got worse when administrators allowed veterans to established a trailer park adjacent to the village. But the residents of Fort Collins were not alone. In the lat- to half of the 1940s, almost c� ere college and university in Lhe nation tumed to Quonset huts for their housing short ages, meeting with the same general horror from the townsfolk and students. The University of Wisconsin launched a public relations campaign to pacify appalled Madison residents. In a 1947 Daily Cardinal article, admin- istrators promised that "the mushrooming of temporary classroom and laboratory buildings will not make lasting scars on the campus landscape."" (As of 2000, one Quonset but still remained on the UW-Madison campus.) On many campuses, Quonset huts were a jarring departure from the high -style classical structures iconic in academia. After hearing of the demise of two Quonset huts on the campus of Washington University, in St. Louis, reporter Elaine Viets commented, "I wasn't sorry to see them go. The huts' humpbacked metal shapes always looked like dww � Figure 10. A large shipment of Navy -surplus 20-by- 48-foot true Quonset huts more than doubled the capacity of Colorado A&M's Veterans' Village. (Hansen, Democracy's College) l�.1lu+isA•— +rr ., I HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. 14 Soldiers of the Sword, Soldiers of the Ploughshare: Quonset Huts in the Fort Collins Urban Growth Area they were mooning the university's dignified brick and south of Loomis (Meridian) Avenue from Veterans' stone buildings."" Village, the Quonset but settlement that the new dorm, But Colorado A&M's Quonset but acquisitions did and eight subsequent and nearly identical structures, would not end with Veterans' Village. By November, the universi- eliminate. But they shared, nonetheless, a common archi- ty had acquired and assembled two 40-by-50-foot, two- tectural heritage. Green Hall and its predecessors were story Quonset huts to use as single men's dormitories. icons of International and Miesen architecture, post -World Each could accommodate 160 students in individual rooms. The buildings also included four small reading rooms, a restroom facility with showers, and an oil -fired, central heating plant. At least one of the Quonsets came War II incarnations of the Bauhaus movement. Quonset huts and the new dorms at Colorado A&M, renamed Colorado State University in 1957, were rational, efficient, and unadorned. They were both essentially geometric from the Kansas Ordnance Plant at Parsons, Kansas. And machines for living.4° Indeed, the new dorms were based a lack of housing also meant a lack of classroom space. At first the College tried filling every usable space on campus with classrooms, eventually adopting a schedule that included Saturday classes. Then, in August 1946, the feder- al government once again came to the aid of severely over- crowded universities. It provided surplus buildings for non-residential use to institutions educating veterans. But competition for the structures was fierce; Colorado A&M did not gain approval for a structure until 1947. The Quonset huts issued under this legislation were generally the larger 40-by-100-foot warehouse models, often divided into two floors or spit in half, forming two 40-by-50-foot units or, in other cases, 50-by-50 and 30-by-50 units. These structures became classrooms, offices, and warehouses.°' Yet even with the increasing availability of war -surplus Quonset huts, the housing and classroom shortage contin- ued to worsen. Inheriting the problem was William Morgan, who was appointed president of the college fol- lowing Roy Green's death in 1948. But unlike Green, Morgan had the luxury of being able to consider long-term solutions. He envisioned a ring of modern dormitories upon scientific observations of student life conducted by Courtlyn W. Hotchkiss, director of student housing. Morgan himself referred to dorm rooms as "living -cells," a description of the rooms themselves and of their places within a larger, organic structur Dejongh and the Fuller team at Quonset Points tiiand Hotchkiss developed theoretical models, ) ^rt�s based on a philos- ophy that would create o a ikJ'oor plan for any num- ber of residential pp�q d as Quonset huts and CSU's new dorms \ similar architectural and philo- sophical lineage, they o' represented the fulfillment of unprecedented needs. Just as the Quonset but allowed the nation to prepare and deploy quickly for a world war, the university's new dorms allowed the institution to efficient- ly house its student population at a time when its growth skyrocketed." Despite their shared historical circumstances and architectural lineage, CSU's new dormitories and class- rooms replaced its Quonset huts through the 1960s. According to longtime Fort Collins resident Loren Maxey, Veterans Village still existed largely intact when he moved around the western end of campus. The structures would to Loomis Street in 1959. However, two vcars later, most have a central service core with four attached wings capa- ble of housing 10() students each. The first of these dor mituries, Green hall, was completed in 1953. uincidaualh, the ncu n,idatc� hall "a, fixated just of the Quonset huts had vanished.4' Mam were sold for approximatcl 5300 to local residents, particularly farmers, who reused the structures as shops, migrant worker hous- ng, or storage. Others were scrapped. 1laxec said that Figure 11. These 40-by-50-foot, two-story Quonset huts formerly served as dormitories at Colorado A&M. They are now offices and storage for the Holley Plant Research Center on CSU's main cam- pus. (Photo by the author) HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. is Soldiers of the Sword, Soldiers of the Ploughshare: Quonset Huts in the Fort Collins Urban Growth Area most people preferred to purchased the half Quonsets because they were easier to move than the full models. For a period in the 1960s and `70s, many of the full and half Quonsets from Veterans' Village were relocated to a makeshift Hispanic migrant labor camp, located on the northeast corner of North College Avenue and Willox Lane. Concrete slabs and foundations remain in this vacant lot today." Today, four Quonset huts, out of more than 200 acquired, remain on or near CSU's main campus. Two are 40-by-100-foot warehouse models, located west of the Burlington Northern Santa Fe railroad tracks on either side of Prospect Road. The others, located adjacent to each other, are the 40-by-50 dormitories. They are part of the Holley Plant Environmental Research Center, located at 630 West Lake Street. Of the structures that were removed from campus, only a handful remain within or near the boundary of the Fort Collins Urban Growth Area. Residential, 28-by-40-foot Quonset huts exist at Frank's Trout Pond, 2912 West Mulberry Street, and at the Swetsville Zoo, 4801 East Harmony Road. One more is used as a garage on Overland Trail near Laporte. Only one of the quarter -cylindrical, half Quonset huts remains in Fort Collins. It is located behind the residence at 411 Tenth Street, in the Andersonville neighborhood. Another half Quonset appears behind the Masonville Mercantile, at the Junction of county roads 35 and 28 in Masonville. Attached to form an L-shaped plan, two more half Quonsets are located behind the Virginia Dale general store on U.S. Highway 287. Other Quonset Huts Growth Area. (At least one other was situated at 903 East Figure 12. Veterans' Village sprawls west of recent- Manv of the Quonset huts in Fort Collins today side- Laurel Avenue, but it has since been razed.) The structures ly constructed Green Hall, circa 1953. Note the placement of half and full Quonsets. (Hansen, aepped CSt;, coming directic to individual husiness o%en- were offered in 1946 through the local Gamble's store, Democracy's College) crs and farmers. Among the most unique Quonset huts in which not only sold the prefabricated cottage kits but also Fort Collins are two small cottages —the onh, remaining the interior wallboard, bathroom fixtures, and even fur - wood -frame Quonset huts in the Fort Collins ['rban nishines_ Refereed to in advertisin1v as "tour pretab cottage HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. 16 Soldiers of the Sword, Soldiers of the Ploughshare: Quonset Huts in the Fort Collins Urban Growth Area home," the wood -frame Quonset huts, like their metal- around 1989. The frame relatives at Colorado A&M, would have been an fourth and final inexpensive and quick housing solution. In 1946 wartime Quonset but to material shortages lingered, but the Quonset form, howev- appear in the strip er, greatly reduced the amount of lumber necessary to con- was at 416 Jefferson struct the houses, condensing the exterior side wall and Street. Roy B. Case roof into the same component. Moreover, the Gamble's acquired and assem- Quonset cottages featured a wartime structural innovation bled this structure in that made possible whimsical modern architectural 1955 to house his styles —the glue -lam beam. Similar in construction to ply- Fort Collins Equip - wood, glue -lam beams were comprised of thin strips of wood, bent into a desired shape, then layered and glued together. They became particularly identified with 1950s and `60s supermarkets, such as the former Safeway, now Garr Sports, on the northwest corner of Mulberry Street and College Avenue in Fort Collins." Following the war, a strip of small manufacturing firms and farm equipment dealerships developed on the north side of Jefferson Street's 300 and 400 blocks, adja- cent to long-standing grain milling operations and feed stores; four of these new businesses housed themselves in Quonset huts. First among them was a war surplus 40-by- 100 dormitory -type Quonset assembled in 1947-48 for the Johnson Equipment Company at 360 Jefferson. The firm sold tractors, loaders, and other automated farm imple- ments, offering repair service as well. The company later moved to another, far larger Quonset but on East Lincoln Avenue (near East Mulberry Street). A year later, the C.G. Richardson Manufacturing Company assembled an identi- cal Quonset but at 400 Jefferson. Established by Guy D. and Truth Richardson, the Richardson Manufacturing Company produced another post-war industrial phenome- non —plastics. The firm also manufactured metal products, g%m mats, and textiles until 1965. In 1950, a 40-he-lOU- foot warehouse -type Quonset appeared at 41 U Jefferson. It was home to the %Ic.AIurtrc Secd and I--crtl1zer Company. 1'he seed and Supply store remained at this location until ment Company, a farm machinery sup- pher. While the struc- ture retained its half - cylindrical form, this newly manufactured Quonset a vast departure from its wartime predecessors o rson Street —its structural -support system an J�t °oxcladding were inte- grated into the same co e Beginning wi -Stran Corporation, which inherited Fuller Q `n ese t patents, private -sector metal building companies b n to produce their own models of the now -ubiquitous design after the war. Foremost among them was the Behlen Manufacturing Company of Columbus, Nebraska. Established in 1936 in a garage behind his house, Walter D. Behlen began producing steel - toe caps for workers' boots and lid clamps for wood egg crates. Following World War II, Behlen began experiment- ing with a new method of constructing Quonset huts. By 1950, he perfected the self -framing building system that characterizes nearly all Quonset huts from that time to the present50 Instead of a system of steel arch -ribs with exterior, corrugated metal cladding, 13chlcn developed a self-sup- porting Quonset in which the structural support system and cladding consisted of the same members. The only -iming materials sent to the construction site ,vere rolls of Figure 13 and 14. Fort Collins hosts two wood - frame, kit -built Quonset but cottages. Both were built in 1947. This one, located on Lesser Drive, retains many of its original details. The Fort Collins Gamble's Store began advertising these structures (below) in the summer of 1946. (Photo by the author,, Fort Collins Coloradoan, 7 July 1946, p. 7) No I 1 uilable. Wall Board —Bathroom Fixtures To Complete prefab Houses G1 QntU" The Friendly Store HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. 17 Soldiers of the Sword, Soldiers of the Ploughshare: Quonset Huts in the Fort Collins Urban Growth Area sheet metal. Machines on site then pressed a single, wide, convex rib into the strips, which measured from two to three feet in width. Either end of the strips were then placed into preformed sockets embedded into a concrete pad or sill. The resulting arches were bolted together to form a single structure. The Behlen system was the Fuller Quonset boiled down to its very essence —the pinnacle of efficient design. Hut kits could be shipped cheaply and assembled in some cases in hours. Moreover, workers could bolt together the 51-foot wide (17.5-foot height) or 68-foot wide (23-foot height) individual arches into any length." Beyond its commercial use, such as at 416 Jefferson Street, Behlen Quonset huts proved particularly popular for farmers. Following the war, the number of farms decreased while the size of the average farm increased. Farmers relied on larger and larger pieces of farm equip- ment. But older farm buildings were too small for these new implements, forcing farmers to purchase inexpensive, prefabricated metal buildings, particularly Behlen Quonsets. These structures were also popular for use as grain and loose material storage bins. Farmers who has acquired surplus, Fuller Quonset huts for this purpose were often disappointed; the outward stress of the loose grain against the corrugated metal sheets often popped the bolts attaching the cladding to the arch -ribs. The Behlen design, on the other hand, could carry stresses from the inside as it did from the outside. early `80s, the MBMA logo was changed to reflect a straight -sided, gabled building. And while manufactures developed more efficient, straight -sided design, the owners of Quonset huts became increasingly frustrated with their limitations. Without considerable expense and additional construction, door and windows could not be added along the sides of Quonsets, just the ends. An examination of the Quonsets of Jefferson Street reveals the amount of additional framing necessary to install garage doors on the sides of the structures. Moreover, as Fuller and his team at Quonset Point realized early in the development of the huts, the junction of the curved wall and floor created unusable, wasted space. And as Loren Maxey notes, many distributors began using pallets, which were difficult to store in Quonset but warehouses." Beginning in the mid 1950s, io et but manufactur- ers did develop a design modifica 'o �e the side door problem. They created a stritetti which the curved wall -roof began at the fli as �rial and extended a few feet past the apex nd ended. This design pro- duced one flat si ar to the Montgomery Ward half Quonset, but wt slightly increased interior space. The flat side could be equipped easily with sliding doors or left entirely open. Both kinds exist in the Fort Collins Urban Growth Area, and Behlen continues to manufacture this from, which it calls the "Rancher." Behlen remains the leader in new Quonset but manufacturing, and many of the company's structures can be found throughout in the In general, however, Quonset huts fell out of favor Fort Collins Urban Growth Area." among consumers and, ultimately, metal building manufac- turers. Revealing the popularity of the structures during 1950s, the Metal Building Manufacturers Association (MBMA), established in 1956, depicted a Quonset but in its logo. The structure skas, at that time, the iconic metal huilding. I knre� cr, through the '00s and "Os, that popular- itc diminished rapidh as manufactures developed cheaper and stronger metal-trame structures. Bt nc, late "Us Or But not all Quonset huts were manufactured as Quonset huts. In Estes Park, for instance, a structure the National Park Service currently uses as a warehouse origi- nally began its life as a tunnel, carrying one of the Hidden Valle, ski runs over Trail Ridge Road. In Fort Collins, an inventive resident split a metal grain silo in half and placed it on parallel knee %calls. The resulting garage, located at I')ll9 Timberline Lane, exhibits all the characteristics of a Figure 15. This Quonset hut, at 416 Jefferson Street, differs from the other huts on the same street because its structural support system and exterior cladding are the same component. (Photo by the author) Figure 16. Two -thirds -turn Quonset huts, such as this one at 413 U.S. Highway 287 North, provide a flat side for the installation of doors larger than could be accommodated in the ends. (Photo by the author) HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. 18 Soldiers of the Sword, Soldiers of the Ploughshare: Quonset Huts in the Fort Collins Urban Growth Area Quonset but when, in fact, it originally served as a granary. extend well beyond the Navy's original demand for 48 dif- These adaptations of other structures into Quonset huts ferent uses. Figure 17. This Quonset but garage, located at 1909 Timberline Lane, is actually a grain silo cut in half and placed on its side. (Photo by the author) HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. 19 Conclusion A Single Form, a Variety of Types All Quonset huts share the same architectural heritage, arc and the ground occurs at a 90-degree angle. It differs historical circumstances, and general form. Yet in the Fort from a knee -wall Quonset in that the arc and side wall are Collins Urban Growth area, differences in function, mate- one continuous piece. rials, and accretions have created an astounding variety of Pointed -arc Quonset. This form features a point at Quonset but types. Each contributes in its own way to the the apex of the arc. Occasionally, this point houses an ele- built environment and each exists because of a unique con- mentary ventilation system. While the form does not vergence of international, national, and local events. Types of Quonset huts in Fort Collins can be defined by four characteristics: form (curvature), structural support system, exterior wall cladding, and the location of the principal ele- vation. As originally designed by the George Fuller Construction Company, the archetypal Quonset but has a true Quonset form; interior, metal structural system; metal cladding; and the principal elevation is located on the end. All other types are a variation of this form. appear by itself in Fort Collins, two domestic knee -wall Quonsets (see below) have pointed arcs. Knee -wall Quonset. The arc of the wall/roof begins at the top of short, vertical walls. These walls may be an extended foundation or independent,,structural compo- nent. These Quonset huts diffe ` rharrel-roofed structures, such as common anizars, in that the vertical wall comprises onlv'�WaE�iorZ of the total side ele- vation. Windows o�/�m su i still be accommodated in shed -roof dor nck 1 Profile To the right are the six forms of Quonset huts found Structural Support Systems in Fort Collins. These forms are largely determined by the In Fort Collins, Quonset huts feature three kinds of character of the structure's arc. structural support systems. The most common is an interi- True Quonset. This form features a complete, or, metal (usually steel) system. It features parallel sets of smooth semicylinder from foundation to foundation and metal ribs, which often continue through the concrete pad lacks a peak at the top of the arc. foundation. A second and related system uses wood mem- Two-thirds Quonset. In this form, the arc continues over the apex a few feet and drops suddenly into a 90- degree angle. The flat side is usually dominated by sliding garage doors. Half Quonset. Essentially a true Quonset but cut in half lengthwise, this firm has the advantage of providing bets rather than metal. A third system uses pre -formed, ribbed, heavy -gauge sheet metal. These pre -arched sheets are bolted together to form a self-supporting structure. The structural system and the exterior wall cladding are contained in the same members. .m additional flat wall for windows and doors on a side ele- Exterior Wall Cladding vation_ By far the most common cladding for Quonset huts is Elliptical Quonset. In thin form, the junction of the corrugated sheet metal (usuallc steel). As mentioned above, Fort Collins Quonset Hut Profiles True Quonset Elliptical Quonset Pointed -Arc Quonset I r� j Knee -Wall Quonset Two -Thirds Quonset Half Quonset HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. 20 Soldiers of the Sword, Soldiers of the Ploughshare: Quonset Huts in the Fort Collins Urban Growth Area others have structural metal cladding that also acts as the Quonset huts reveals the extent to which the city's resi- support system. Domestic, interior wood -frame Quonset dents hammered these swords into ploughshares. But huts have asphalt shingles. Location of Principal Elevation. Most Quonset huts in Fort Collins are entered on their ends. This is more a practical matter than a stylistic deci- sion because doors and windows are difficult to install on the curved sides. Often, the principal elevation is accentu- ated with a false front, particularly on those Quonsets used as retail outlets. However, some are entered on their sides. For instance, all two-thirds Quonset forms have their prin- cipal elevation on the side, as do knee -wall Quonsets. Conclusion The variety of forms and materials of Fort Collins's regardless of type or function, like or disgust, Quonset huts embody the American spirit of innovation. Like Rosie the Riviter, these structures are not only icons of Americans at war, but of a can -do people quickly and prac- tically solving the problems before them. "Much more than just relics of war, [Quonset huts] are icons of a day in our history —icons that spread all the way from North Africa to the Aleutian Islands," concludes John H. Lienhard in a Engines of Our Ingenuity radio episode on the structures. "Once in a while, a really good design surfaces —robust, simple, and enduring."" HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. 21 ntents Openings Windows to the Past 1 1 Project Personnel 13 Current and Past Projects 1 4 Quonset Huts at CSU 11 Other Quonset Huts 16 Proposed Methodology 16 Reconnaissance Survey 6 Historical Context 6 Intensive -Level Survey 6 Determination of Significance 7 Survey Report 8 Nominations 9 Appendix A I Draft Historical Context for Quonset Huts in the Fort Collins UG A Appendix B I Draft Survey Fort for Fort Lupton High School Notes 1. Nelson Lichtenstein, Susan Strasser, and Roy Rosenzweig. Who Built America? Working People and the Nations Economy, Politics, Culture, and Society, vol. I, Since 1877 (New York: Worth Publishers, 2000), 528. 2. James E. Hansen II, Democracy$ College in the Centennial State: A History of Colorado State University (Fort Collins: Colorado State University, 1977), 353. 3. Cyril M. Harris, American Architecture: An Illustrated Enrydopedia (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1998), 263. 4. Ibid., 11, 23. 5. Virginia and Lee McAlester, A Field Guide to American Houses (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), 70- 1. 6. Harris, 72. 7. Kenneth W. Rock, "Unsere Leute: The Germans from Russia in Colorado," Colorado Maga.Zine 52, no. 2 (Spring 1977, p. 163; Mark Spier "Latimer County Germans from Russia Community," in The History of Larimer County, Colorado, ed. Andrew J. Morris (Dallas: Curtis Media Corp., 1985), 8; Spier, "Roots of the Fort Collins German Russian Community," 1978, TMs (photo- copy), p. 4, Sidney Heitman Germans from Russia Collection, Colorado State University Archives, Fort Collins, Colo. 8. Federick R. Weber, ed., German Russian Sbanty, Circa 1890-1930 (Lakewood, Colo: Frederick R. Weber, 1997), 5-20. 9. Bob Fittro, "History Of Metal Buildings Reflects Ability Of Industry To Meet Needs of Marketplace," MetalArcbitecture, March 1999 [journal on-line]; available from www.metalarcNtecture.com/edit/399ma.htm; Internet, accessed 9 January 2003. 10. Ibid 11. Ibid. 12. Lichtenstein, et al., 488. 13. Doug Gelbert, "Quonset Hut building: the time- less design;" [article on-line]; available from http: //mama.essortment.com/quonsethutsbui_rems.htm; Internet; accessed on 9 January 2002; John H. Lienhardt, "Quonset Huts" Engines of Our Ingenuity, episode 1258, University of Houston [transript of radio program on- line]; available from http://www.uh.edu/engines/epil278.htm; Internet; accessed on 9 January 2003; Department of Navy, Naval Historical Center, "Quonset Hut," "Frequently Asked Questions" [article on-line]; available from http://www.history..navy.mil/fags/fag75-1.htm; Internet; accessed 9 January 2003. 14. "Peter Dejongh Is Dea a veloper of the Quonset Hut," New York Time 3, p. D20. 15. McAlister, 470. ./�'✓�� 16. Harris, 26. 17. Departm cvIIavy. 18. Ibid; Lienhar . 19. Department of Navy. 20. Ibid. 21. Ibid. 22. Ibid.: Lienhard. 23. Elaine Viets, "Metal of Honor: Quonset Huts Get Their Due," St. Louis Post-Dispatcb, 21 April 1996, p. 4. 24. Hansen, Democracy r College, 353. 25. "College Drafts Housing Plan," Fort Collins Coloradoan, 14 November 1945, p. 1-2. 26. "Housing Ideas Given C of C," Fort Collier (.oloradoan, 12 October 1945, p. 1. 2?. 1 bid. 28. "Sur%cN of College I lousing Site Begun," Rocky Mountain CollePimt, 5 November 1945, P. 2; `Business %Icn HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. 22 Soldiers of the Sword, Soldiers of the Ploughshare: Quonset Huts in the Fort Collins Urban Growth Area Given Finance Plan for Housing at College," Fort Collins Coloradoan, 16 November 1945, p. 1. 29. "Plans Made to Relieve Aggie Housing Shortage," Rocky Mountain Collegian, 1 Nov 1945, p. 1-2. 30. "Satisfactory Progress Being Made To House Aggie Veteran Families," Rocky Mountain Collegian, 8 November 1945, p. 1. 31. "College Drafts Housing Plan," Fort Collins Coloradoan, 14 November 1945, p. 1. 32. "Two Housing Meetings Set," Fort Collins Coloradoan, 19 November 1945, p. 1. 33. S.E.H. (a Colorado A&M Veteran), "Letter to the Editor," Rocky Mountain Collegian, 6 December 1945, p. 1. 34. Hansen, Democracyf College, 354; "Project Faces Opposition; Legislature, Townspeople Stall Progress of Plan," Rocky Mountain Collegian, 6 December 1945, p. 1. 35. "Veteran Returns," Rocky Mountain Collegian, 15 November 1945, p. 2. 36. "One Carload of Pre -fabricated Houses Scheduled To Arrive Here Next Week; Village To Be Completed By April," Rocky Mountain Collegian, 13 December 1945, p. 1; "60 Single -Room, 40 Double Units Will House Vets," Fort Collins Coloradoan, 16 Nov 1945. 37. "Navy Frees Surplus Housing Materials; State Survey is Set," Fort Collins Coloradoan, 30 December 1945, p. 1; Hansen, Democracy's College, 355. 38. "Units Are To Be Used to Enlarge Prefabricated "Veterans' Village" Located West of Aggie Campus," Rocky Mountain Collegian, 17 January 1946, p. 1; "Allotment Of 55 Dwelling Units To Arrive Soon; Are To Be Installed At Present Veterans' Village Site," Rocky Mountain Collegian, 7 February 1946, p. 1; "College Given Thirty-five Additional Housing Units," Rocky Mountain Collegian, 28 February 1946, p. 1. 39 Hansen, Democracy.'r College, 354. 40. Ibid. 41. Quoted in Andrew Krueger, "U. yV'isconsin's post-war buildings have finalhworn out their welcome," The Daily Cardinal, -5 Ma}1999. 42 Viet s. 43. "Housing Shortage Solution Is Found," Rocky Mountain Collegian, 16 May 1946, p. 1; "Nineteen Quonset Huts Were Finished, Occupied This Week," Rocky Mountain Collegian, 8 November 1946; Hansen, Democracyi College, 355. 44. Hansen, Democracyi College, 371. 45. Ibid., 377; Hansen, Colorado State University Main Campus: Ringing Grooves of Change, 1870-1973 (Fort Collins: Colorado State University, 1975), 32-35. 46. Loren Maxey, interview by Adam Thomas, 30 January 2003. 47. Bill Swets, interview by Adam Thomas, 29 November 2002; Esmeralda Chacon, interview by Adam Thomas, 19 December 2002. 48. Swets; Gamble's Store advertisements, Fort Collins Coloradoan, 1 July 1946, p. 6, 7 July 1946, p. 7, 17 July 1946, p. 3; Latimer County Tax As ses�ior Record for 903 E. Laurel, 1948. 49. Jason Marmot, Color r Resource Survey, Architectural Inventor (OAHP 1403) for 5LR10300 (360 Jefferso tee, R10301 (400 Jefferson Street), 5 0 Jefferson Street), and 5LR10303 (416 J /�eet), 26 March 2002. 50. Behlen Manu u tng Company, "History: A Good Heritage," [article on-line]; available from http://www.behlenmfg.com/newaboutbehlen/history.ht m; Internet; accessed on 31 January 2003. 51. Behlen Manufacturing Company, `Behlen `Curvet,"' [article on-line]; available from http://www,beWenmfg.com/ruralamerica/Curvet.htrn; Internet; accessed on 31 January 2003. 52. W.L. Shoemaker, G. Harris, and D. Ellifritt, University of Western Ontario Researcb on Wind Loads Sponsored by the Metal Building Manufacturers Association: A Historical Perspective (MBMA, 2002), 2; Maxey. 53. Maxey; Behlen Manufacturing Company, "Behlen `Rancher,"' [article on-line]; available from htrp://w-wwbelilennifg.com/ruralemerica/Rancher.htm; Internet; .Accessed on 31 January 2003. .4. Licnhard. HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. 23 Bibliography Primary Sources Interviews Chacon, Esmeralda. Interview by Adam Thomas, 19 December 2002. Maxey, Loren. Interview by Adam Thomas, 30 January 2003. Swets, Bill. Interview by Adam Thomas, 29 November 2002. Newspapers Fort Collins Coloradoan Nem York Tames Rocky Mountain Collegian ;w9 Product Descriptions 1� Behlen Manufacturing Company. "Behlen `Curvet,"' [article on-line]; available fro http://www,behlenmfg.com/ruralamerica/Curvet.htm; Internet; accessed on 31 January 2003. . "Behlen `Rancher,"' [article on-line]; available from http://www.behlenmfg.com/ruralemerica/Rancher.htm; Internet; Accessed on 31 January 2003. Secondary Sources General Historical References Lichtenstein, Nelson, Susan Strasser, and Roy Rosenzweig.. Who Built America? Working People and the Nation's Economy, Politics, Culture, and Society, vol. I, Since 1877. New York: Worth Publishers, 2000. Morris, Andrew J., ed. The History of Lorimer County, Colorado. Dallas: Curtis Media Corp., 1985. Rock, Kcnneth W "Unsere LeniC The Germans from Russia in Colorado." Colorado dlggatine 52, no. 2 (Spring 1977). Spier, iNlark. "Roots of the Port Collins German Russian Community." 19-8, TNIs (photocopy), p. 4. Sidnc_c Hcurnan Germans from Russia Collection, Colorado Sratc t ni\crsity ,Arcimcs, Dort Collins, Colo. HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. 24 Appendix 6 Draft Survey Form Fort Lupton High School This following document was produced using the City of Fort Collins's Archinventory software, a Microsoft access database. 200 S McKinley Avenue SWL4756 COLORADO CULTURAL RESOURCE SURVEY Architectural Inventory Form Page 1 of 10 I. IDENTIFICATION 1. Resource number: 2. Temporary resource number: 3. County: 4. City: 5. Historic building name: 6. Current building name: 7. Building address: 8. Owner name: 5WL4756 Official Eligibility Determination 0nHP'-N3 (OAHP use only) Date Initials _Determined Eligible -National Register _Determined Not Eligible - National Register _Determined Eligible - State Register _Determined Not Eligible - State Register _Need Data _Contributing to eligible National Register District _Noncontributing to eligible National Register District i Weld Fort Lupton Fort Lupton High School Fort Lupton Middle School 200 S McKinley Avenue Fort Lupton School District / Weld County School District Re-8 ■ a Parcel number(s): Owner organization: Owner address: 301 Reynolds Street Fort Lupton, Colorado 80621 w u, ix y .... u .. .0 Fort,Lu ton, Colorado 80621 a 22. Architectural style: collegiate gothic Other architectural styles: Building type: Fort Lupton SWCA Environmental Consultants ' 8461 Tumpike Drive ' Suite 100 08-Jul-03 Westminster, Coloretlo 80031 ' (303) 487-1183 200 S McKinley Avenue 5WL4756 (Resource nut her; Architectural Inventory Form Page 2 of 10 II. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION 9. P.M.: 6th Township: 1 Range: 66 E 1/2 of SW 1/4 of NE 1/4 of SE 1/4 of Section 6 10. UTM reference zone: 13 Easting: 515950 Northing: 4436181 USGS quad name: Fort Lupton Scale: 7.5 Year: 1988 11. Lot(s) : Block: Addition: Reynolds First Subdivision Year of addition: 1907 12. Boundary description and justification: This legally defined parcel encompasses but does not exceed the land historically associated with this property. Metes and bounds epst: ❑ III. ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTION 13. Building plan (footprint, shape): Irregular Plan 14. Other building plan descriptions: 15. Dimensions in feet (length x width): Length: 735 x Width: 195 16. Number of stories: 2 17. Primary external wall material(s): brick Other wall materials: 18. Roof configuration: flat roof Other roof configurations: 19. Primary external roof material: asphalt roof Other roof materials: 20. Special features: fence chimney decorative terra colts 21. General architectural description This school building is situated on the west side of South McKinley Avenue, stretching between Dexter Street to the north and Reynolds Street to the south. The center of the structure is located across from the intersection of Crane Street and South McKinley Avenue. A planted -grass yard, with mature landscaping, lies in front (east of the structure) while grass athletic fields stretch from the rear (west) elevation to Fulton Avenue. A macadam parking lot is north of the structure and a similarly paved recreation area and lot is south of the school. Oriented to the east, the structure rests on a combination of concrete and concrete block foundations. It consists of a central, Inverted T-shaped core, with numerous additions to Its north and south elevations. In general, all portions of the structure feature tan brick, either structural or as a veneer over concrete block, with brown -brick accents. Also, the core and nearly all additions feature fenestration confined to bays between buttresses. The rest of the structure is described by major additions below. Those additions may Include subsequent smaller modifications. Core (1931-32) This symmetrical portion of the building Is located at the center and represents the original plan of the school. It consists of a long, north -south oriented structure with a central wing projecting westward. Windows are generally one -over -one -light, double - hung sash, with brown -painted wood frames and terra cotta sills. These windows always appear in pairs or bands. Between the Fort Lupton SW CA Enmronmental Consultants ' 8461 Turnpike Drive ' Suite 100 08-Jul-03 Westminster, Colorado80031 ' (303)487-1183 200 S McKinley Avenue 5 WL4756 (Resource lumber) Architectural Inventory Form Page 3 of 10 windows on the first floor and those on the second, the brickwork features a diamond -shaped pattern. A thin, cream -glazed terra cotta cornice protrudes above the second -story windows. The shallowly projecting entrance is dominated by a central entryway beneath a pointed, Gothic arch. Cream -glazed terra colts surrounds the doorways and central arch of the entrance. Four steps approach the doorway from the north, east, and south. The doorway itself hosts two sets of paired, brown -painted, one -panel, one -light, glass -in -wood -frame doors. A leaded transom fills the area above the doors and the bottom of the arch. Copper lamps are anchored to the wall on either side of the doorway. Above the arch is an Inset panel hosting metal letters reading "FORT LUPTON / MIDDLE SCHOOL" On either side of the lettering are decorative terra cotta panels with a book -and -lamp motif set in a Moorish, or horseshoe, arch. Above these details are two sets of paired, narrow, one -over -one -light, double -hung sash windows, set beneath small, pointed arches. The rear (west) elevation is similar to front (east), except for the protruding, west wing at the center of the elevation. This wing originally contained a dual -use gymnasium -auditorium. However, it became solely an auditorium after the construction of new gymnasium in 1948. The west wing is a single story. Its north and south elevations feature sets of three, six -over -six, double -hung sash windows, each opening beneath a three light transom. The window sets open in bays divided by buttresses, and the eastern most set contains only a pair. Concrete stairs flanking the north and south sides of the wing provide access to three levels of doorways. All contain brown -painted metal doors. A small addition protrudes from the rear (west) elevation of this wing. Its west elevation contains a pair of brown -painted metal slab doors at the center. Above them opens another pair of tall, narrow, metal slab doors, apparently used to move scenery and large props onto and off of the stage. Windows in the basement level of the core's rear (west) elevation now host large, metal, louvered vents. A large window, opening beneath a Gothic arch, appears in the center of the core's south elevation, which is mostly obscured by subsequent additions. A high parapet conceals the flat roof. Engaged to the north end of the rear (west) elevation, near its junction with the west wing, is a tall, brick chimney. 1962 Addition Attached to the north elevation of the core is another addition, constructed in 1962. It is roughly L-shaped, with the inside corner facing southwest. On the front (east) elevation, at the junction of the core and this addition, is an entryway. It features a protruding, false front with a Gothic arch. The doorway hosts two sets of paired, brown -painted, one -light, metal slab doors. The entire fagade above the entryway is faced in glass with aluminum -frames. The north elevation of this addition features a doorway near its center. It contains a pair of brown -painted, one -light, metal slab doors. The doorway itself is set in a vertical bay entirely faced in glass, providing light to an interior stairwell. West of this entrance are bands of aluminum -frame windows. Each consists of two lights (horizontal) above a hopper light. A one story -wing protrudes from the west of this addition, forming the east -west - oriented section of the L. It contains similar windows. A full -height brick wall protrudes from the addition's rear (west) elevation. 11 shields an exterior, concrete stairwell. Approached from the north, the stairs lead upward to a doorway corresponding to the main floor. Approach from the south, the stairs lead downward to a doorway into the basement. This addition has a flat roof with a very low parapet. An engaged chimney emerges near the inside corner of this L-shaped addition. 1989 Addition Attached across the north 190 feet of the 1962 addition's front (east) elevation is another addition. The arrangement of its buttresses and fenestration are nearly Identical to the front (east) fagade of the core. Windows are one -over -one -light, double - hung sash, with brown aluminum frames and corresponding transom lights. This addition also has a flat roof, obscured behind a high parapet. 1948 Addition This one-story portion of the building is attached to the south elevation of the core and consists of an L-shape plan, with the Inside corner facing southwest. It has been largely obscured by subsequent additions, but the gymnasium, which protrudes westward from the rest of the structure, is still visible. The north and south elevations of the gymnasium feature bays divided by buttresses. Each bay contains a pair of five -light (horizontal), metal frame windows. The second and third lights from the bottom open as a hopper window. The easternmost bay hosts only a single window of this description. Opening low on the west end of the gymnasium's north and south elevations are paired, brown -painted, metal slab doors. While much of this addition has a flat roof, the gymnasium has a barrel roof, all behind a low parapet. 1972 Addition This expansion involved building a rectangular, one-story structure within the inside, southwest -facing corner of the 1948 addition. Most of Its window and door openings have been bricked shut. However, it still hosts two, brown -painted, metal slab doors. This portion of the building has a flat roof with a low parapet. 1990s Addition Another one-story addition has been constructed across the south and front (east) elevations of the 1948 portion. The front (east) elevation of this addition features paired windows between buttresses. Each window is three -light (horizontal), fixed -frame, with brown metal frames. Opening near the north end of this addition's front (east) elevation is a protruding entrance. The doorway opens beneath a round arch and contains a pair of two-Ilght, glass -in -metal -frame doors. Surrounding the doors are plate -glass sidelights and transom. Another doorway opens at the junction of the 1990s and 1948 additions to the original core. It contains brown -painted, paired, one -light metal slab doors, approached by a concrete ramp. Another concrete ramp, approached from the west, provides access to a doorway near the center of this addition's south elevation. The doors are paired, brown -painted, one - Fort Lupton SW CA Environmental Consultants ' 8461 Turnpike Drive ' Suite 100 08-Jul-03 Westminster, Colorado 80031 ' (303) 487-1183 200 S McKinley Avenue 5 W L 4756 (Resource nunt er) Architectural Inventory Form Page 4 of 10 light, metal slab doors. The roof is flat and the buttresses extended above the low parapet. An array of electrical, heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning, apparatus emerge from the roof of the structure. 22. Architectural style: (see front page) 23. Landscape or special setting features: This school building is set within a mature neighborhood of modest homes, wide, paved -streets, and mature trees. The school itself is part of larger complex of buildings relating to the Fort Lupton School District and expansive lawns and athletic fields. 24. Associated buildings, features or objects: 1: Type: NOTE Describe: While other structures are located on this parcel, they are related generally to the entire school complex rather than the middle school specifically. IV. ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 25. Date of Construction: Estimate: Actual: 1931-32 Source of Information: Building plans on file at the main office, Fort Lupton School District, 301 Reynolds Street, Fort Lupton. 26. Architect: P.W. Ireland Source of information: 27. Builder: Source of information: 28. Original Owner: Fort Lupton School District Source of information: 29. Construction history: The original core of this school -- a T-shaped plan still at the center of the school -- was constructed in 1931-32. To it have been attached six major additions and numerous smaller additions and modifications. 1948: P.W. Ireland, Jr., architect This one-story addition, with high, full -basement, Is attached to the south elevation of the original core. It contains a gymnasium in a west -protruding wing, giving the addition and overall L-shaped plan, with the Inside corner facing southwest. 1962: Alfred Watts Grant and Associates, architects This two-story addition, with full basement, is attached to the north elevation of the original core. It Includes a one-story portion to the west, producing an L-shaped plan, with inside corner facing southwest. 1972: Muchow Associates, architects This one-story addition filled the southwest -facing, Inside corner of the 1948 addition. 1989: W.C. Muchow & Partners, architects This project added a two-story structure with full basement across the front (east) elevation of the 1962 addition. 1990s: W.C. Muchow & Partners, architects The one-story portion of the southern addition was further expanded with this project, which wrapped around the east and south elevations of the 1948 addition. 30. Location: original Date of move(s) V. HISTORICAL ASSOCIATIONS 31. Original use(s): school 32. Intermediate use(s): school 33. Current use(s): school Fort Lupton SWCA EnOronmental Consultants - 8461 Tumpike Drive ' Suite 100 08-Jul-03 Westminster, Colorado 80031 ' (303) 487-1183 200 S McKinley Avenue 5 WL4756 (Resource number) Architectural Inventory Form Page 5 of 10 ,., w.... _..: gym.. .n,..... .._..�. ,,,, ....... ..... ...... ..� »...,.. ...�........ ..0 :m , .» ...,..... �, 34. Site type(s): high school, middle school 35. Historical background: Fort Lupton's first schools were often informal sessions within the home. The earliest school buildings in the area were simple log or frame one -room schoolhouses. However, on May 31, 1873, Weld County formally organized the Fort Lupton School District. A year later, the first school in what is now Fort Lupton was constructed on the northeast corner of Denver Avenue and First Street. As the population in Fort Lupton increased, two more buildings were constructed in the parking area near the Buddhist Temple, on the southeast corner of Ninth Street and Main Avenue. The town's first large-scale school building was completed in 1913 on First Street just west of the former library, now the Fort Lupton Museum. Additions expanded the structure to the east and west. However, even this building was not large enough to handle growing enrollment In 1931, construction began on new high school for the Fort Lupton School district. When it was completed in the 1932, the new school was a textbook example of Collegiate Gothic architecture, popular for academic buildings throughout the 1920s. The style was even more widely built after the creation of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), a Depression -era, federal make-work program. Although this particular high school was completed before the inception of the program, WPA artist Hayes Lyon created three murals for the high school library in 1941. Each depicted, in bold colors and heroic postures, scenes of frontier life in and around the original Fort Lupton. The murals were eventually removed from the library when the district converted the high school into the middle school. After years in storage, they were rehung in the new Fort Lupton Public Library. The city designated the murals historic objects on March 22, 1995. As in the past, student enrollment only continued to grow, forcing the school district to expand the original high school building. The first of those additions occurred in 1948, expanding the structure southwest. It Included a new gymnasium. This allowed the school district to convert the former dual -use auditorium/gymnasium into a full-time auditorium. In 1962, another addition pushed the building northward. It was further expanded with major additions in 1972, 1989, and in 1990s. Smaller additions and renovations occurred throughout this period and were ongoing during this survey. 36. Sources of information: Building plans on flle at the main office, Fort Lupton School District, 301 Reynolds Street, Fort Lupton. Roberts, Cleon. Fort Lupton Colorado: The First Hundred and Forty Years. Fort Lupton: The Centennial -Bicentennial Committee, 1987; reprinted 1993, 1996, 1999, and 2002, pp. 281-2; 289. Thomas, Adam. Crossroads in Eden: The Development of Fort Lupton [historic context]. Westminster, Colo.: SWCA Environmental Consultants, 2003. Fort Lupton SWCA Em4ronmental Consultants ' 8461 Tumpike Drive ' Suite 100 08-Jul-03 Westminster, Colorado 80031 ' (303) 487-1183 200 S McKinley Avenue 5WL4756 (Resourc,a number` Architectural Inventory Form Page 6 of 10 VI. SIGNIFICANCE 37. Local landmark designation: Yes No Designation authority: Date of designation: 38. Applicable National Register criteria: ❑ Associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad pattern of our history. Associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. © Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or represents the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguished entity whose components may lack individual distinction. Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in history or prehistory. Qualifies under Criteria Considerations A through (see manual). Does not meet any of the above National Register criteria. Fort Lupton Standards for Designation: A. Historical Importance (1) 0 Has character, interest, or value, as part of the development, heritage, or cultural characteristics of the city, state, or nation; A. Historical Importance (2) ❑ Is the site of an historic event with an effect upon society; A. Historical Importance (3) Is identified with a person or group of persons who had some influence on society; A. Historical Importance (4) 0 Exemplifies the cultural, political, economic, social or historic heritage of the community. B. Architectural Importance 0) ❑ Portrays the environment of a group of people in an era of history characterized by a distinctive architectural style; B. Architectural Importance (2) ❑� Embodies those distinguishing characteristics of an architectural type or specimen; B. Architectural Importance (3) Is the work of an architect or master builder whose individual work has influenced the development of the city; or B. Architectural Importance (4) Contains the elements of architectural design, detail, materials or craftsmanship which represent a significant innovation. C. Geographic Importance (1) Because of being part of or related to a square, park, or other distinctive area, should be developed or preserved according to a plan based on an historic, cultural, or architectural motif. C. Geographic Importance (2) 0 Due to its unique location or singular physical characteristics, represents an established and familiar visual feature of a neighborhood, community, or the city. 39. Area(s) of Significance: architecture 40. Period of Significance: 1931-1953 41. Level of significance: National: State Local 08-Jul-03 Fort Lupton SWCA Enmronmental Consultants ' 8461 Turnpike Dnw ' Suite 100 Westminster, Colorado 80031 ' (303) 487-1183 Opening Windows to the Past Historitecture, L.L.C. "To reconstruct a past world, doubtless with a view to the highest purposes of truth - what a work to be in any way present at, to assist in, though only as a lamp -holder!" Dedicated to the research, recordation, preservation, and promotion of historical resources in Colorado, Historitecture, L.L.C., offers professional historical con- sulting services to local, state, and federal government entities with regulatory responsi- bilities to preserve historic properties or with a mandate to do so. We are dedicated to adapting and customizing our services to individual clients, an advantage over larger environmental and cultural resource consult- ing corporations. Because Historitecture is an owner -operated company, it keeps its over- head low, reducing costs while providing flex- ibility in the business relationship. As clients have changing needs, Historitecture can change with them. We believe the cornerstone of historical consulting - whether it is architectural histo- ry, historic preservation, or museum planning - is the creation of a broad historical narra- tive set in local, state, and national contexts, and based on exhaustive research. We strive to provide usable and easy -to -read reports that are both informative and interesting. AKe .u-e committed t) pruN IdulP vuu the cer.% Kest hlstOrleal o- Its ulting ;eryiCC' �s, iec� that .irc of fordable timck, and professional. — George Eliot, Middlemarcb Historitecture is a limited -liability company organized under the laws of the State of Colorado. Principals Adam Thomas and Cheria Yost established the company to pro- mote and advance their vision of historic preservation - a philosophy that promotes the resource and its history as the foundation of all subsequent planning efforts. Located in Estes Park, Historitecture is centrally located to access the state's major repositories, including the Colorado Historical Society and Denver Public Library in Denver; the Norlin Library at the University of Colorado in Boulder; and the Morgan Library at Colorado State University and the Fort Collins Public Library in Fort Collins. We use a variety of advanced techni- cal equipment, including geosynchronous positioning systems, personal data assistants, and infrared data scopes for field surveys. Historitecture designs its contexts and reports in state-of-the-art publishing soft- ware and prints them on modern equipment. Historitecture is the perfect choice for the Poudre School District Historical Survey and Context. We hzne the experience and e:xpert- tse necessary to con) Icte the project on time and on budget. t )ther contexts Adam I hornas has written tl)r the City -f k)rt have been hudcd t(ir their 200 S McKinley Avenue Architectural Inventory Form Page 7 of 10 5 W L4756 (Resource number) 42. Statement of significance: This school is significant under Criterion C because it is an excellent example of collegiate Gothic architecture, a style popular for academic buildings constructed in the 1920s and '30s. It is the only building of its kind in Fort Lupton and is visually important because of its commanding location along South McKinley Avenue. While the structure has been extensively expanded, those additions have been limited largely to the ends (north and south elevations), preserving the original fagade. Moreover, these additions use compatible materials and are stylistically sensative to the design and feel of the original core. While these modifications would make it difficult to list this property on the National Register of Historic Places, the school should be considered eligible for the Colorado State Register of Historic Properties and as a City of Fort Lupton local landmark. 43. Assessment of historic physical integrity related to significance: This school building displays a moderate degree of physical Integrity, relative to the seven aspects of Integrity defined by the National Park Service and the Colorado Historical Society: location, setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. Additions have substantially Increased the mass of the structure, but have been generally consistent in design, materials, workmanship, and feeling. The building retains sufficient integrity to convey its architectural significance. VII. NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBILITY ASSESSMENT 44. National Register eligibility field assessment: Not Eligible Fort Lupton Local Landmark eligibility field assessment: Individually eligible for local landmark designation 45. Is there National Register district potential? Yes ❑ No Discuss: This property was surveyed as part of a project Involving parcels scattered throughout the city. Not enough data has been compiled in this particular neighborhood to determine district potential. If there is National Register district potential, is this building contributing: Yes ❑ No ❑ N/A 46. If the building is in existing National Register district, is it contributing: Yes ❑ No ❑ N/A VIII. RECORDING INFORMATION 47. Photograph numbers): Negatives filed at: 48. Report title: 49. Date(s): 50. Recorder(s): 51. Organization: 52. Address: 53. Phone number(s): FTL-3: NOT YET DEVELOPED Fort Lupton Historic Preservation Board 130 South McKinley Avenue Fort Lutpon, Colorado 80621 Fort Lupton 04/24/03 Adam Thomas SWCA Environmental Consultants 8461 Turnpike Drive Suite 100 Westminster, Colorado 80031 (303)487-1183 Fort Lupton SWCA Environmental Consultants ' 8461 Turnpike Drive ' Suite 100 08-Jul-03 Westminster, Colorado 80031 ' (303) 487-1183 No Text Proposal for a Historic Survey of Schools and Related Structures, Poudre R-1 School District detailed, stirring narratives; exhaustive research; and pol- ished presentation. We pride ourselves on documents that are easy to read, interesting, and, most importantly, usable. Moreover, Historitecture has a mandate to promote his- toric preservation and would be willing to work with the city and school district to promote this project and engi- neer the process and products to meet state -mandated cur- riculum standards for local history instruction. Let Historztecture open your window to the past. HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. Project Personnel Historitecture, L.L.C. Adam Thomas Principal Historian, Project Manager • Master of Arts in History, Colorado State University. Concentrations in architectural history, historic preser- vation, industrial history, and modern design • Bacbelor of Science in journalism, Nortbrvestern University. Concentration in American history Adam Thomas combines his writing experience, gained during a career as a reporter and editor, with a life- long passion for history and architecture. He has invento- ried and documented hundreds of properties across Colorado. Adam has written numerous historical contexts and reports. He has assisted in historical museum, interior furnishings, and site planning. He is an occasional guest lecturer for both the History and Art History departments at Colorado State University (CSU). Mr. Thomas began his career as a reporter and editor for newspapers and magazines in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Florida, and Louisiana. He has served as a communications specialist for the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway; interim manager of employee communications for Amtrak's Intercity Business Unit; and communications coordinator for the Kohl Children's Museum, all based in the Chicago area. During his time with these organizations he authored numerous local history articles. Major Projects • Reconnaissance survey of and historical context for Quonset huts in the Fort Collins, Colorado, Urban Growth Area • Reconnaissance survey, selected intensive -level survey, and context for the Arlington Neighborhood, Greeley, Colorado • Historical context and selected, intensive -level surveys of properties in Fort Lupton, Colorado (for SWCA Environmental Consultants) • Historical contexts for Germans from Russia and Hispanics in Fort Collins; intensive -level survey of the Sugar Factory Neighborhoods in Fort Collins, Colorado (for SWCA Environmental Consultants) • Intensive -level architectural survey of structures in Jefferson County Open Space Parks, including White Ranch and Blair Ranch (for SWCA Environmental Consultants) • Reconnaissance survey, Itaska Mine -Mill parcels, Montezuma, Colorado, vicinity (for SWCA Environmental Consultants) • HABS documentation of Bodo Ranch, Ridges Basin, Durango, Colorado, vicinity (for SWCA Environmental Consultants) In 2001 Mr. Thomas received the Rosser Family National Register nomination for the Bee Farm, Fort hard for his scholastic achiciements while in the gradu- ete program at CtiL. Ile was am arded first place honors during a gradu.ite symposium thatsarne tear for his lecrim, �41 the eanuomic influences 4 modern design in \nu•nra. Collins, Colorado, ncmity; officially listed in 2002 Billing Rate 530.00 per hour HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. Selected Current and Past Projects Historitecture, L.L.C. PROJECT: Reconnaissance Survey and Historical Context, Quonset Huts in the Fort Collins Urban Growth Area CLIENT: City of Fort Collins, Colorado, Advance Planning Department, funded by a Colorado Historical Fund Grant CONTACT: Karen McWilliams, Historic Preservation Planner, 970.224.6078 DESCRIPTION: This project involved the basic recordation of all Quonset huts in the Fort Collins Urban Growth Area and the creation of a historical context establishing the place of these semi -cylindrical struc- tures in the city's built environment STATUS: At completion PROJECT: Historical Contexts for Germans from Russia and Hispanics in Fort Collins; Intensive -Level Survey of the Buckingham, Andersonville, and Alta Vista Neighborhoods, Fort Collins (for SWCA Environmental Consultants) CLIENT: City of Fort Collins, Colorado, Advance Planning Department, funded by a Colorado Historical Fund Grant CONTACT: Karen McWilliams, Historic Preservation Planner, 970.224.6078 DESCRIPTION: In this project, Adam Thomas researched and wrote the historical contexts Hard Wlork Renders Life Sweet. Germans from Russia in Fort Collins, 1900-2000 and Hang Young lY/agon to a Star: Hispanics an Fort Collns, 1900-2000. Mr. Thomas also conducted an intensive -level survey of 175 properties in the Andersonville, Alta Vista, and Buckingham neighborhoods of Fort Collins. STATUS: Nearing completion PROJECT: Reconnaissance Survey, Intensive -Level Survey, and Historical Context, Arlington Neighborhood, Greeley CLIENT: City of Greeley, Colorado, funded by a Colorado Historical Fund Grant CONTACT: Betsy Kellums, Historic Preservation Specialist, 970.350.9222 DESCRIPTION: The reconnaissance survey portion of this project examined approximately 400 properties in the Arlington Neighborhood, which is located southeast of downtown Greeley. The project also includes the intensive -level survey of 30 prominent properties and the creation of an associated his- torical context. L\TC'S: Ongoing HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C. Proposal for a Historic Survey of Schools and Related Structures, Poudre R-1 School District PROJECT: Historical Context and Intensive -Level Survey, City of Fort Lupton (for SWCA Environmental Consultants) CLIENT: City of Fort Lupton, Colorado, funded by a Colorado Historical Fund Grant CONTACT: Brian Grubb, City Planner, 970.350.9222 DESCRIPTION: Mr. Thomas researched and wrote a historical context establishing the entire history of Fort Lupton in national, state, and local settings while interpreting its built environment. The project also includ- ed an intensive -level survey of 12 properties within the city. STATUS: At completion PROJECT: Historic American Building Survey (HABS) Documentation, Bodo Ranch, Durango, Colorado, Vicinity, for the Animas -La Plata Project (for SWCA Environmental Consultants) CLIENT: United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation CONTACT: Warren Hurley, Archaeologist, BOR, 970.385.6548 DESCRIPTION: In preparation for the construction of the Ridges Basin Reservoir, part of the Animas -La Plata irri- gation project, Adam Thomas performed salvage recordation of historic Bodo Ranch. This involved the production of measured drawings and photographs of each structure and the creation of an accompanying historical narrative. STATUS: Completed PROJECT: National Register Nomination, Bee Farm Historic District, Fort Collins, Colorado, Vicinity CLIENT: Bees, Inc. CONTACT: Elizabeth Bee Harrison, 970.482.2696 DESCRIPTION: Members of the Morse and Bee families have continuously occupied a quarter section northeast of Fort Collins since 1894. For more than a century the family has constructed buildings on the farm, usually without removing older structures. As a result, the property retains a remarkable collection of vernacular buildings representing changing economic, political, and social circumstances. Adam Thomas conducted an intensive -level survey of the site and completed the National Register nomi- nation form with a lengthy and thorough history. The site was officially listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 STATUS: Completed nnmr annunnnn. l< HISTORITECTURE, L.L.C.