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HomeMy WebLinkAboutBLOOM FILING ONE - PDP210014 - REPORTS - LANDSCAPE PLANWEED MANAGEMENT PLAN Baseline Inventory of Existing Noxious Weed Species Present State of Colorado listed non-native weed species growing at the Bloom Filing 1 site include Russian olives (Eleagnus angustifolia), musk thistle (Carduus nutans), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), chicory (Cichorium intybus), burdock (Arctium lappa), leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula), and knapweed (Centaurea species). These weeds will be eradicated and controlled. Goals and Objectives Non-native noxious weeds will be removed and controlled in the Natural Habitat Buffer Zones and public areas at Bloom Filing 1 in the City of Fort Collins. The goal is to have no Colorado Department of Agriculture List A weed species and less than 10% List B weed species present. Weed Control Methods A combination of manual weed control and herbicide treatment will be utilized to control noxious weeds in Natural Habitat Areas and Buffer Zones, following the guidance on the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets for each of the noxious weed species. Pre-Construction Weed Control The existing onsite weed populations will be treated before earthwork and construction begins. During Construction Weed Control & Best Management Practices - Earthmoving equipment will be washed to remove mud and seeds PRIOR to arriving onsite. - All disturbed areas and stockpiles will be managed to prevent weeds from going to seed. - The amount of bare ground and length of time ground is bare will be minimized. - Only certified weed-free material is used for erosion BMPs (fiber roll barriers, sediment logs, straw bales, erosion blankets, etc.). Monitoring and control of any Colorado Department of Agriculture List A and List B weed species will be conducted four times per year. Manual pulling using hand tools will be used to control small populations of noxious weed species. All noxious weeds that are manually controlled will be immediately removed from the site or placed into trash bags that will to be taken to a landfill. Herbicide treatment by a licensed applicator will be utilized to control any large populations of noxious weeds. Post-Construction Weed Control Weed control and monitoring will be continued, with weed populations being monitored and eradicated four times per year during the growing season. The applicant will be responsible the success of the weed management plan as outlined in the NHBZ Monitoring Plan. Schedule Weed monitoring and control at the project site and in the NHBZ restoration areas will be completed four times per year during the growing season, with weed control completed in May, June, August and October. ,© Pa© ©©© Pa© Pa© Pa©©© PaPa© Pa©©© Pa© PaPa© P© P©©P© Pa©©Pa©©©©©©©©trictrictrictrictrictrictrictrictrictricicictrictrictrictricricriictricccccriccccctk Brk Brk Bk Bk Bk Brk Brk Brk Bkk Bk Brk BrBrk Bk BBk BrkBkBkkBrBrk rreen,een,een,enen,e n,OSUOSUOSUOOOSSOS © P© P©P© PPPP© PaaaaPPPPaPa©tttttrictrictricricrriricirictricctttricrtitttcricitck Brk Brk BrBrBrBrk Brk Brkk Bkk eeeeeeeen,een,een,ee OSOSUSUSUUUSOSOU Key ID Points 1. Leaves are silvery white. 2. Branches have 1 to 2 inch thorns. 3. Yellow-red fruits on mature plants. 4. Mature trees have shedding, reddish-brown bark. Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifoilia) is a perennial tree or shrub that is native in Europe and Asia. The plant has olive-shaped fruits, silver …‘Ž‘”ƒ–Ƥ”•––Š‡„‡…‘‹‰›‡ŽŽ‘™Ǧ ”‡†™Š‡ƒ–—”‡Ǥ—••‹ƒ‘Ž‹˜‡…ƒ reproduce by seed or root suckers. Seeds are readily spread by birds and …ƒ”‡ƒ‹˜‹ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”—’–‘͗›‡ƒ”•Ǥ ’”‹‰‘‹•–—”‡ƒ†•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›ƒŽƒŽ‹‡ •‘‹Ž–‡†–‘ˆƒ˜‘”•‡‡†Ž‹‰‰”‘™–ŠǤ Š‡’Žƒ–ǯ•‡š–‡•‹˜‡”‘‘–•›•–‡ sprouts root suckers frequently. The –”‡‡…ƒ”‡ƒ…Š—’–‘͔͗ˆ‡‡–‹Š‡‹‰Š– ™‹–Š„”ƒ…Š‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡͕–‘͖‹…Š –Š‘”•Ǥ‡ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡͖–‘͗‹…Š‡•Ž‘‰ǡ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‡ǡƒ””‘™ǡƒ†Šƒ˜‡•‹’Ž‡ „Žƒ†‡•™‹–Š•‘‘–Š‡†‰‡•ǤŠ‡Ž‡ƒˆǯ• Ž‘™‡”•—”ˆƒ…‡‹••‹Ž˜‡”›™Š‹–‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡—’’‡”•—”ˆƒ…‡‹•Ž‹‰Š–‰”‡‡‹ …‘Ž‘”Ǥ Ž‘™‡”•ƒ”‡͘•ƒŽŽ•‡’ƒŽ•‹ Ž‹‰Š–›‡ŽŽ‘™…Ž—•–‡”•ǡˆ”ƒ‰”ƒ–ǡƒ† ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ›–Š”‘—‰Š —‡Ǥ ”—‹–• ƒ–—”‡ˆ”‘‡’–‡„‡”–‘‘˜‡„‡”Ǥ —••‹ƒ‘Ž‹˜‡–™‹‰•ƒ”‡ƪ‡š‹„Ž‡ǡ reddish, and have surfaces coated ™‹–Š‰”ƒ›ƒ†•…ƒŽ›’—„‡•…‡…‡ǡ „‡…‘‹‰•‘‘–ŠǤ O…‡–Š‘—‰Š––‘„‡ƒ„‡‡Ƥ…‹ƒŽ ™‹†„”‡ƒ–”‡‡ǡ‹–•‹…‡Šƒ• „‡‡†‡‡‡††‡–”‹‡–ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ—••‹ƒ‘Ž‹˜‡…ƒ ‰”‘™‹ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ•‘‹Žƒ†‘‹•–—”‡ …‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ„—–’”‡ˆ‡”•‘’‡ǡ‘‹•–ǡ riparian zones. It is shade tolerant ƒ†…ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†ƒŽ‘‰•–”‡ƒ•ǡ ƪ‘‘†’Žƒ‹•ǡƤ‡Ž†•ƒ†‘’‡ƒ”‡ƒ• —’–‘ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͜ǡ͔͔͔ˆ‡‡– in elevation. Russian-olive can ‘—–…‘’‡–‡ƒ–‹˜‡’Žƒ–•ǡ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ™‹–Šƒ–—”ƒŽ’Žƒ–•—……‡••‹‘ƒ† —–”‹‡–…›…Ž‹‰ǡƒ†–ƒš™ƒ–‡” reserves. Because Russian olive ‹•…ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆƤš‹‰‹–”‘‰‡‹‹–• ”‘‘–•ǡ‹–…ƒ‰”‘™‘„ƒ”‡ǡ‹‡”ƒŽ •—„•–”ƒ–‡•ƒ††‘‹ƒ–‡”‹’ƒ”‹ƒ ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š—••‹ƒ‘Ž‹˜‡ provides a plentiful source of edible ˆ”—‹–•ˆ‘”„‹”†•ǡ‡…‘Ž‘‰‹•–•Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘—† that bird species richness is actually Š‹‰Š‡”‹”‹’ƒ”‹ƒƒ”‡ƒ•†‘‹ƒ–‡†„› ƒ–‹˜‡˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ TŠ‡‡›–‘‡ơ‡…–‹˜‡…‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ Russian olive‹•’”‡˜‡–‹‰ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡–”‡‡•‘”•Š”—„•Ǥ If plants are already present, control ‘’–‹‘•‹…Ž—†‡…—–Ǧ•–—’–”‡ƒ–‡–• ƒ†‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ‘™‹‰ǤŠ‡•‡ –”‡ƒ–‡–•†‡’‡†‘•‹œ‡ƒ† location of the plant. Details on the back of this sheet can help you create ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–’Žƒ…‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡™‹–Š ›‘—”•‹–‡‡…‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ Russian olive is †‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†ƒ•ƒDz‹•– B” species in the Colorado ‘š‹‘—•‡‡†…–ǤIt is required to be either eradicated, contained, or •—’’”‡••‡††‡’‡†‹‰ on the local infestations. ‘”‘”‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ visit ™™™Ǥ…‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘Ǥ ‰‘˜Ȁƒ‰Ȁ™‡‡†• and click ‘–Š‡‘š‹‘—•‡‡† ƒƒ‰‡‡–”‘‰”ƒǤ ”…ƒŽŽ–Š‡–ƒ–‡‡‡† Coordinator at the ‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǡ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‡”˜‹…‡•‹˜‹•‹‘ǡ͔͗͗Ǧ͖͗͝Ǧ ͕͔͔͘Ǥ List B Russian olive Elaeagnus angustifoilia—••‹ƒŽ‹˜‡ †‡–‹Ƥ…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡– CULTURAL ‡’Žƒ…‡—••‹ƒ‘Ž‹˜‡•™‹–Šƒ–‹˜‡–”‡‡•Ǥ”‡˜‡–‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ ‡™–”‡‡•„›”‡‘˜‹‰•‡‡†Ž‹‰•ƒ†•ƒ’Ž‹‰•„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡›ƒ–—”‡Ǥ ‘–ƒ…–›‘—”Ž‘…ƒŽƒ–—”ƒŽ‡•‘—”…‡•‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‡”˜‹…‡ˆ‘” ”‡…‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ‘–Š‡”’‘••‹„Ž‡–”‡‡•‘”•Š”—„•Ǥ BIOLOGICAL —„‡”…—Žƒ”‹ƒ…ƒ‡”‹•ƒ—ƒ’’”‘˜‡†„‹‘…‘–”‘ŽǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹– ‘˜‡”™‹–‡”•‘‹ˆ‡…–‡†•–‡•ƒ†•’”‡ƒ†•˜‹ƒ”ƒ‹Ǧ•’Žƒ•Šǡƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ ‘”’”—‹‰‹’Ž‡‡–•–‘‘’‡™‘—†•‹–Š‡„ƒ”Ǥ ˆ‡…–‡†–‹••—‡ „‡…‘‡•†‹•…‘Ž‘”‡†‘”•—‡Ǥ–‹”‡•–‡•ƒ›„‡‰‹”†Ž‡†ƒ† ‹ŽŽ‡†ǡƒ†–Š‡†‹•‡ƒ•‡…ƒ†‡ˆ‘”‘”‹ŽŽ•–”‡••‡†’Žƒ–•‘˜‡”–‹‡Ǥ    ƒ’Ž‹‰•…ƒ„‡’—ŽŽ‡†™‹–Šƒ™‡‡†Ǧ™”‡…Š‘”…—–™‹–Š„”—•ŠǦ …—––‡”•Ǥ”‡‡•…ƒ„‡‰‹”†Ž‡†‘”…—–™‹–Š…Šƒ‹•ƒ™•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ •–—’•’”‘—–‹‰…‘‘Ž›‘……—”•ƒˆ–‡”…—––‹‰†‘™–Š‡–”‡‡Ǣ ƒ†•–—’‡š…ƒ˜ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‘—–”‡‘˜‹‰ƒŽŽ’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡”‘‘–•…ƒ ”‡•—Ž–‹”‘‘–•’”‘—–‹‰Ǥ”‡ƒ–‹‰…—–Ǧ•–—’•™‹–ŠƒŠ‡”„‹…‹†‡…ƒ ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡•’”‘—–‹‰Ǥ–—’„—”‹‰‹•’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ™Š‡…‘†‹–‹‘• •—’’‘”–ƒŽ‘‰ǡŠ‘–Ƥ”‡ƒ†‘•–‡ơ‡…–‹˜‡‹•—‡”‘”‡ƒ”Ž›ˆƒŽŽǤ ƒ’Ž‹‰•ƒ”‡‘•–•‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ–”‡ƒ–‡–Ǥ    Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡„‡Ž‘™‹…Ž—†‡•”‡…‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”Š‡”„‹…‹†‡•–Šƒ–…ƒ „‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘”ƒ‰‡ƒ†’ƒ•–—”‡Žƒ†•Ǥ Ž™ƒ›•”‡ƒ†ǡ—†‡”•–ƒ†ǡ ƒ†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š‡Žƒ„‡Ž†‹”‡…–‹‘•ǤŠ‡Š‡”„‹…‹†‡Žƒ„‡Ž‹•–Š‡Ǩ –‡‰”ƒ–‡†™‡‡†ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ơ‡”•–Š‡‘•–‡ơ‡…–‹˜‡…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ…‘–”‘Ž‡ơ‘”–•–Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡Dz…—–•–—’dz–”‡ƒ–‡–Ǥ”‡‡•ƒ”‡…—–†‘™™‹–ŠƒŠƒ–…Š‡–‘”…Šƒ‹•ƒ™ǡ–Š‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› –”‡ƒ–‡†™‹–Šƒƒ’’”‘˜‡†Š‡”„‹…‹†‡‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡…—–•–—’ǤŠ‡‘•–‡ơ‡…–‹˜‡–‹‹‰‹• Žƒ–‡•—‡”Ȁ‡ƒ”Ž›ˆƒŽŽˆ‘”Š‡”„‹…‹†‡–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‹–‘–Š‡”‘‘–•Ǥ y© Ch© Ch© Ch© Ch© Ch©Ch© ChChChCCh© Ch© Ch© Ch© Ch©Ch© Ch© Ch© C©C Ch©©©© C©C©Ch C©©©Ch© CCC risrisrisrisrisrisrisririsrisrisrisrrisrrissrisssrisrssrissrisrssssss NNessNessNessNessNessNessNessNessNessessNessNessNNessNesNessNessNessNNNNeNesssNess,A, Ad,A, A, Ad, Ad, AAddAdd, AAAd AAAdAdddA, A,, AAd,A,Add,AdAddamsams amsams amsaaamms ams ams amsms msms ms mssams amsmssamsaaaamsams CounCounCounCounCounCouCounCounCouCoCouCouCouCouCounCounuCoununCounCounnnnCounCCouCoCounCounuCounnnnCounCounnouCnuutytytytytytytyttytytytyttyt © Sc© Sc©Sc© Scccottott ottottott ottottt PetPetePetePePeteeteteetetePetetePetePetePePPPrsorsonrsonrsosorsorsorsorsorsors, USUSUS, USSUSSUSUSUSUSUSSSSDADADADAAADADDADAAAADADADAAAAA © Ja© Ja© Ja© Jamesmesmesme MilMillMillMilllMillliMieer,er,er,er,er,eeeee USFSUSFSUSFSUSUSFSSUSFUSFSSFS ©©©©©© © Jo©©©©©©©hn n RRR RRR RRandaandaandaandnddaanddaaall, l, , TNCTNCNTNN ‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡- Conservation Services ͔͙͗ –‡”Ž‘…‡ƒ”™ƒ› ”‘‘Ƥ‡Ž†ǡ͔͔͖͕͜ ͔͗͗Ǧ͚͜͝Ǧ͔͔͗͝ ™™™Ǥ…‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘Ǥ‰‘˜Ȁƒ‰Ȁ™‡‡†• List B Russian olive Elaeagnus angustifoilia        ”‹…Ž‘’›”ȋ ƒ”Ž‘͘ǡ‡‡†›Ȍ Undiluted ȋ͕͔͔Ψ•‘Ž—–‹‘Ȍ ’’Ž›–‘–Š‡…ƒ„‹ƒŽŽƒ›‡”‘ˆ–Š‡–”‡‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡…—–Ǧ•–—’–”‡ƒ–‡–Ǥ ƒœƒ’›”Ϊƒ–‡”ȋ ƒ„‹–ƒ–Ϊ ƒ–‡”‘””•‡ƒŽΪƒ–‡”) ‹Ž—–‡†„›‹š‹‰ ͜–‘͕͖ˆŽǤ‘œȀ͕ ‰ƒŽŽ‘‘ˆ™ƒ–‡” ’’Ž›–‘–Š‡…ƒ„‹ƒŽŽƒ›‡”‘ˆ–Š‡–”‡‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡…—–Ǧ•–—’–”‡ƒ–‡–Ǥ ƒœƒ’›”ȋ ƒ„‹–ƒ–‘”Arsenal)͘–‘͚’–ǤȀƒ…”‡ ”‘ƒ†…ƒ•–•’”ƒ›Ȁ•’”ƒ›‹‰‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ–”‡‡•ǢŽ‘™‘” Š‹‰Š˜‘Ž—‡•’”ƒ›Ǥ –‡‰”ƒ–‡†‡‡†ƒƒ‰‡‡–‡…‘‡†ƒ–‹‘• List B Key ID Points 1. Leaf with white midrib and leaf margins with spines. 2. Pappus with plumose barbed bristles. 3. Wide, stout lance-shaped bracts with spiny tips. M usk thistle Carduus nutans L. is a non-native biennial forb that re- produces solely by seed. During the first year of growth, a rosette forms in spring or fall. During the second year in mid to late spring, the stem bolts, flowers, sets seed, and the plant dies. M usk thistle can grow up to 6 feet tall. The leaves have spines, are waxy, and dark green in color with a prominent light green to white midrib that can be seen from a distance. Leaves are dentately lobed; leaf bases some- times extend down below the point of attachment. The terminal flower heads are purple, large in size (1.5 to 3 inches in diameter) and bend over as if nod- ding. These flower heads are made up of only disk flowers. They are surrounded by numerous, wide and stout lance- shaped, spine-tipped bracts that resem- ble an open pineapple. The pappus has plumose bristles that appear barbed un- der magnification. Musk thistle produces many flower heads. The tallest shoots flower first; lateral shoots develop in leaf axils. A robust plant may produce 100 or more flowering heads. Reproduction is usually via out-crossing through insect pollination, but self-pollination also occurs. Flowers emerge in May through September. Seeds develop shortly after flowers emerge. Flower buds can contain viable seeds from self-pollination. Seeds can mature on severed bud and flower- heads. Seeds remain viable in the soil for up to about 14 years. Seeds can germi- nate and emerge from spring through fall. M usk thistle habitat is found in a variety of environments extend- ing from shortgrass prairie to alpine. It is strongly associated with heavily disturbed sites, where over-use occurs or where site conditions are poor due to land management practices. This includes over-grazed areas, large fires, trails, ditches and roadsides. Infested livestock pasturs suffer from significantly decreased carrying capacity. B ecause musk thistle reproduces solely from seed, the key for suc- cessful management is to prevent seed production. Once flowers emerge and start to produce seed, effective manage- ment options will become limited. Once sites are infested, musk thistle can form dense stands. Prevention, adjusting land management practices, a robust inte- grated treatment plan and restoration are critical to eliminating this species. M usk thistle is designat- ed as a “List B” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be eradicated; some popu- lations may be contained or suppressed depending on state regulations. For management directions for each county, refer to the most recent Rule, or visit www.colorado.gov/ag/co- weedcontacts for details.Musk thistle Carduus nutans L.Musk Thistle Identification and Management 2015 Quarter Quad Survey © Chris Evans, University of IL © Bruce Ackley, OH State University © Les Mehrhoff, DiscoverLife.org Rev. 11/16 Colorado Department of Agriculture - Conservation Services 305 Interlocken Parkway Broomfield, CO 80021 (303) 869-9030 www.colorado.gov/ag/weeds List B Effective integrated management means using a variety of eradication methods that also includes restoration, prevention of seed production and dispersal, and monitoring. Maintain robust healthy native landscapes and restore degraded sites. Avoid soil disturbance. As with most biennials, prevent seed production in the first and second year of musk thistle growth. Prevent seed from dispersing, such as on contaminated equipment. Rest sites until they are effectively restored. Change land use practices. Use methods appropriate for the site.Musk thistle Carduus nutans L.Integrated Weed Management Recommendations HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Aminopyralid* (Milestone)6 oz./acre + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply in spring rosette to early bolting growth stages or in fall to rosettes. *Product not permitted for use in the San Luis Valley. Chlorsulfuron** (Telar)1-2.6 oz. product/acre + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply in spring from rosette through very early flower growth stages. (Can prevent viable seed formation if applied no later than the first viable flowers begin to open.) **This herbicide has residual soil activity that will affect all broadleaf seedlings germinating after application has occurred. Clopyralid (Transline)0.67-1.33 pints product/acre + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply to rosettes through flower bud stage in spring, or to fall rosettes. © Friends of NV Wilderness Stewardship Team MECHANICAL CONTROL METHODS Methods, such as tilling, hoeing and digging, are best for infestations smaller than 0.5 acres; weigh this against other plants present, ecology and site condition. Sever roots below the soil surface during the first year before the plant stores energy, and in the second year before flower production. Mowing, chopping and deadheading stimulates more flower production; these methods require consecutive years of season-long treatments. All flowerbuds and heads must be collected, bagged, and disposed of or destroyed; seeds will mature and germinate if left on the ground. Prescribed fire that results in high soil burn severity damage roots and above ground biomass, but is not recommended due to impacts on desired plants. Fire generally favors musk thistle germination. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL METHODS Although horses, cattle, goats and sheep may eat flower heads on a few plants, seeds pass through their digestive tracks unaltered and spread. The leaf and stalk spines can cause domestic livestock to avoid mature musk thistle. Thus, musk thistle can become an “increaser” in over-grazed systems. Properly managed grazing can improve vigor of desired species and indireclty reduce musk thistle. Trichosirocalus horridus is the only biological control agent available for musk thistle in Colorado. The other species, Rhinocyllus conicus, is not host specific and will damage native thistles, and therefore cannot be released as an agent in Colorado. For more information, visit the Colorado Department of Agriculture’s Palisade Insectary website at www.colorado.gov/ag/biocontrol. CULTURAL CONTROL METHODS Musk thistle is not tolerant of competition and needs light to germinate seeds. Cultural methods should aim to maintain or restore a competitive assemblage of forbs, cool and warm season grasses. Implement whole site restoration of soils, plants and water regimes where stands of musk thistle exist where needed. Use locally adapted species that are ecologically appropriate for the site to improve competitiveness. Include annual as well as perennial species. Incorporate soil amendments, soil microbes and mycorrhizal fungi in restoration and land management efforts. Minimize soil compaction and disturbance, especially in wetlands and moist soil. Irrigation can increase competitive species. CHEMICAL NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to pastures and rangeland. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Follow the label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! © Eric Coombs, OR Dept of Agriculture © Norman E. Rees, USDA Ag Research Service List B Key ID Points 1. Cluster of 1-5 white to purple flowers on a stem. 2. Floral bracts are spineless. 3. Small flowers that are 1 cm in diameter. 4. Perennial, rhizomatous plant with spiny, oblong, green leaves. C anada thistle (Cirsium arvense) is a non-native, deep-rooted perennial that spreads by seeds and aggressive creeping, horizontal roots called rhizomes. Canada thistle can grow 2 to 4 feet in height. The leaves are oblong, spiny, bright green, and slightly hairy on the undersurface. Unlike other noxious biennial thistles which have a solitary flower at the end of each stem, Canada thistle flowers occur in small clusters of 1 to 5 flowers. They are about 1 cm in diameter, tubular shaped, and vary from white to purple in color. C anada thistle emerges from its root system from late April through May. It flowers in late spring and throughout the summer. It produces about 1,000 to 1,500 seeds per plant that can be wind dispersed. Seeds survive in the soil for up to 20 years. Additionally, Canada thistle reproduces vegetatively through its root system, and quickly form dense stands. Each fragmented piece of root, 0.25 inch or larger, is capable of forming new plants. The key to controlling Canada thistle is to eliminate seed production and to reduce the plant’s nutrient reserves in its root system through persistent, long-term management. C anada thistle is one of the most troublesome noxious weeds in the U.S. It can infest diverse land types, ranging from roadsides, ditch banks, riparian zones, meadows, pastures, irrigated cropland, to the most productive dryland cropland. Large infestations significantly reduce crop and cattle forage production and native plant species. It is a host plant to several agricultural pests and diseases. Canada thistle prefers moist soils, but it can be found in a variety of soil types. It has been found at elevations up to 12,000 feet. E ffective Canada thistle control requires a combination of methods. Prevention is the most important strategy. Maintain healthy pastures and rangelands, and continually monitor your property for new infestations. Established plants need to be continually stressed. Management options become limited once plants begin to produce seeds. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. C anada thistle is designated as a “List B” species as described in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eliminated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information visit www. colorado.gov/ag/weeds and click on the Noxious Weed Program link or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, (303) 869-9030.Canada thistle Cirsium arvenseƒƒ†ƒŠ‹•–Ž‡ †‡–‹Ƥ…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡– 2013 Quarter Quad Survey Colorado Department of Agriculture - Conservation Services 305 Interlocken Parkway ”‘‘Ƥ‡Ž†ǡ͔͔͖͕͜ ȋ͔͗͗Ȍ͚͜͝Ǧ͔͔͗͝ ™™™Ǥ…‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘Ǥ‰‘˜Ȁƒ‰Ȁ™‡‡†• List B –‡‰”ƒ–‡†™‡‡†ƒƒ‰‡‡–‹•‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘”‡ơ‡…–‹˜‡ƒƒ†ƒ–Š‹•–Ž‡…‘–”‘ŽǤŠ‹•™‡‡†‡‡†• –‘„‡…‘–‹—ƒŽŽ›•–”‡••‡†ǡˆ‘”…‹‰‹––‘‡šŠƒ—•–”‘‘–—–”‹‡–•–‘”‡•ǡƒ†‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›†‹‡Ǥ‘™‹‰ ‘”‰”ƒœ‹‰…ƒ„‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†—’™‹–ŠŠ‡”„‹…‹†‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ˜‘‹†Šƒ†Ǧ’—ŽŽ‹‰ƒ†–‹ŽŽ‹‰™Š‹…Š…ƒ •–‹—Žƒ–‡–Š‡‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ‡™’Žƒ–•Ǥ Canada thistle Cirsium arvense –‡‰”ƒ–‡†‡‡†ƒƒ‰‡‡–‡…‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•        Aminopyralid (Milestone) 5-7 oz/acre or 1 teaspoon/gal water Apply in spring until flowering and/or to fall regrowth. Add 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant (equivalent to 0.32oz/ gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water). Can also add chlorsulfuron (Telar) at 1 oz/acre to the mix. Aminoclopyrachlor + chlorsulfuron (Perspective) 5.5 oz product/acre + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply in spring from rosette to flower bud stage and/or fall regrowth. Important: Applications greater than 5.5 oz product/acre exceeds the threshold for selectivity. DO NOT treat in the root zone of desirable trees and shrubs. Not permitted for use in the San Luis Valley. Clopyralid + triclopyr (Prescott; others) 3 pints product/acre or 1.25 oz/gal water Apply in spring until flowering and/or fall regrowth. Add 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant. CHEMICAL The table below includes recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to rangeland and some pastures. Treatments may be necessary for an additional 1 to 3 years because of root nutrient stores. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. MECHANICAL Due to Canada thistle’s extensive root system, hand-pulling and tilling create root fragments and stimulate the growth of ‡™’Žƒ–•Ǥ‘™‹‰…ƒ„‡‡ơ‡…–‹˜‡‹ˆ†‘‡‡˜‡”›͕͔–‘͖͕ days throughout the growing season. Combining mowing with herbicides will further enhance Canada thistle control. BIOLOGICAL Cattle, goats, and sheep will graze on Canada thistle when plants are young and succulent in the spring. Follow up grazing with a fall herbicide application. Insects are available, and provide limited control. Currently, collection and distribution methods for Canada thistle rust (Puccinia punctiformisȌƒ”‡„‡‹‰”‡Ƥ‡†Ǥ ‘”‘”‡ information on Canada thistle biocontrol, contact the Colorado Department of Agriculture - Palisade Insectary at (970) 464-7916. CULTURAL Prevention is the best control strategy. Maintain healthy pastures , riparian areas, and rangelands. Prevent bare ground caused by overgrazing, and continually monitor your property for new infestations. Establishment of select grasses can be an effective control. List C Key ID Points 1. Downy leaf blades, sheaths, ligules 2. Glumes are unequal size, lemmas are downy 3. One-sided panicle that droops, red-purple during seed set & senescence 4. Fibrous roots C heatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) is a winter annual grass in the Poaceae family, also known as downy brome. Mature plants reach up to 24 inches tall. The stems are smooth but the leaf blades and sheath are hairy (downy). The ligules are fringed, short and membra- nous. The culms range from five to 90 cm long, can be prostrate or vertical, and have fine short hairs. Its fibrous roots can be up to 60 inches long, but the majority of root biomass is within first 12 inches of the soil surface. Roots are efficient at absorbing soil moisture, allowing cheatgrass to grow quickly early in season, while other plants are still dormant. Green up can occur twice per season. Cheatgrass has an unique spectral signature during seed set and senescence when it turns reddish purple. During these shoulder growing season events, it is easily detectable from other vegetation with satellite imagery. The flower is a simple one-sided panicle that characteristically flops over and hangs, branches and is open. Spikelets are usually terminal. Usually there are five to many florets; it has perfect flow- ers. The upper and lower glumes are usu- ally unequal in length and shorter than florets; the lower glume ranges from 4 to 14 mm in length and is one veined. The upper glume is three-veined. The plant disarticulates above the glumes. The lemmas are usually downy, narrowly lanceolate with sharp tips and about 9 to 12 mm long. Usually there are five to many lemmas. Awns are usually pres- ent and range from 10 to 18 mm long. It is a prolific seed producer, capable of two seed crops per season. Seeds need to be buried in soil or litter and have fall moisture to germinate. The fall seed crop has greater reproductive success than spring. Seeds lack dispersal anatomy so fall close to parent plants but transport readily with animals, people and equip- ment. Seed longevity is about three years. Both inbreeding and cross breed- ing occur. Cheatgrass is one of the most com- petitive non-natives in the Western US. It thrives in arid, semi arid, and cold environments. Colorado’s high eleva- tion range is not an issue for cheatgrass; plants were recently detected as high as 9,500 feet. It exhibits phenotypic plastic- ity and genetic diversity, making it high- ly adaptable to a variety of conditions, likely due to multiple introductions. Its presence has significant negative impacts throughout the West. Most no- tably, it alters fire regimes and thus engineers a posi- tive fire feedback loop that favors its growth over other plants. This feedback loop is why cheatgrass forms monocultures throughout the West. It is often confused with Japanese brome (Bromus ja- ponicus), which has denser more compact spikelets, shorter awns, and changes from green to gold through the growing season.Cheatgrass Bromus tectorum L.Cheatgrass Identification and Management © Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of CT © Veronika Johansson, iNaturalist © Priyantha Wijesinghe, iNaturalist ©James Bailey, iNaturalist Rev. 2/19 Colorado Department of Agriculture - Conservation Services 305 Interlocken Parkway Broomfield, CO 80021 (303) 869-9030 www.colorado.gov/ag/weeds List C Cheatgrass Bromus tectorum L.Integrated Weed Management Recommendations Effective integrated management means using a variety of eradication methods in the same site along with restoration, prevention of seed production and dispersal, and monitoring. Maintain robust healthy native landscapes. Restore degraded sites. Avoid soil disturbance. Prevent seed production and seed dispersal, e.g. on contaminated equipment. Rest sites until restored. Modify land use practices. Use methods appropriate for the site, including land use practices. MECHANICAL Mechanical methods are best for residential areas and small infestations. Mowing and chopping are not recommeded; they leave roots behind, stimulate flower production, disperse seeds, and expand the size of the infested area. Collect, bag, and dispose of or destroy flowers; seeds can mature and germinate if left. Tilling must be deeper than 6 inches to work. Prescribed fire applied before seed maturity, (late spring or early summer), may kill seeds; the trick is to get green cheatgrass and litter to carry fire and at a hot enough temperature to destroy seeds and seedlings. Always combine prescribed fire with cultural methods, timed appropriately, and base it on site conditions and other plants present. Monitoring and adaptive management are critical if prescribed fire is used as a tool for control. CHEMICAL Pseudomonas fluorescens D7 inhibits cheatgrass and is currently approved by EPA and Colorado. NOTE: Herbicide recommendations to control cheatgrass in pastures and rangeland are found at: https://goo.gl/ TvWnv9. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Follow the label for exact rates. Consult local turf and ornamental experts for residential settings. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! BIOLOGICAL Sheep and cattle will select green cheatgrass which also affects desired cool-season grasses. Properly managed grazing can improve vigor of desired species and directly reduce cheatgrass. Post-fire grazing management varies depending on site potential and objectives. Currently there are no biological control agents for cheatgrass authorized in Colorado. For more biocontrol information, visit the Colorado Department of Agriculture’s Palisade Insectary website at: www.colorado.gov/ag/biocontrol CULTURAL Biological soil crust is a soil health indicator of arid and semi arid sites; crusts inhibit cheatgrass seed germination. Aerial spread and cultivate soil crust where it is absent. Aerial and drill seeding bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) and Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda) with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae; these are drought tolerant natives that are highly competitive against cheatgrass but require mycorrhizae. As these grasses establish and cheatgrass wanes slowly introduce additional species such as thickspike wheatgrass (Elymus lanceolatus), winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata), yarrow (Achillea millefolium) in the plant interspaces in subsequent years. Be cautious when purchasing seed as cheatgrass is often a contaminate, especially in mixes. Use seed pillows to disperse seeds. © Stacy Litz, Associated Press © Bureau of Land Management© Martin Bernetti, Associated Press © Helena Weed Control, Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation White flower © Mary Ellen Harte, Invasive.org. All other photos © Kelly Uhing.Field bindweedLeaves are shaped like ar- rowheads. Flowers are funnel-shaped, white to pink, and have two small bracts one inch below the flower base. 1. 2. Identification and Impacts F ield bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) is a non-native deep- rooted perennial that reproduces from seed and creeping, horizontal roots (rhizomes). Field bindweed stems are prostrate (grows low to the ground) and twining, and grow up to 6 feet long. Leaves are distinguishable by their arrowhead shape. The flowers are bell or trumpet-shaped, white to pink in color, and are about 1 inch long. Field bindweed seeds can remain viable in the soil for up to 40 years. F ield bindweed emerges from its root system in the spring. Flowering occurs from June to September and until the first fall frost. The number of seeds produced per plant ranges from 25 to 300 and seed production is variable depending on environmental conditions. Field bindweed is an extremely difficult noxious weed to control because, in part, of its taproot that may go 20 feet deep into the soil, and which repeatedly gives rise to numerous long rhizomes. F ield bindweed is a problem throughout Colorado. It is one of the most competitive perennial weeds. It is widespread in cultivated areas, pastures, lawns, gardens, roadsides, and waste areas from 4,000 to 8,000 Key ID Points Convulvulus arvensisField bindweed Identification and Management feet in elevation. T o successfully manage field bindweed, containment and persistence in controlling existing stands are necessary in order to exhaust the root system and deplete the soil seed bank. This weed needs to be continually stressed, forcing it to exhaust root nutrient stores and eventually die. Of all control methods, prevention is most important. Maintain healthy pastures and rangeland and continually monitor your property for new infestations. A healthy cover of desirable perennial plants will assist in discouraging field bindweed establishment. F ield bindweed is designated as a “List C” species on the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local jursidictions managing this species. O n the back of this sheet are field bindweed management recommendations. For more information, visit www.ag.state. co.us/csd/csdhome.html. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303- 239-4100. List C Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations List C Species CULTURAL Establishment of selected grasses can be an effective cultural control of field bindweed. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Maintain healthy pastures and prevent bare spots caused by overgrazing. Bareground is prime habitat for weed invasions. BIOLOGICAL The bindweed gall mite, Aceria mahlerbae, has proven to be effective in reducing field bindweed infestations. This is an option for large infestations. To obtain a mite release, contact the Colorado Department of Agriculture, 970-464-7916. MECHANICAL Cutting, mowing, or pulling has a negligible effect unless the plants are cut below the surface in the early seedling stage. Well-established populations have a large seed bank in the soil that can remain viable for over 40 years. Bindweed mite damage Field bindweedIntegrated Weed Management: Field bindweed requires active management once it is established because of its potential to regenerate rapidly. Even small infestations should be viewed as a serious threat and managed aggressively. Contain and persistently control infestations in order to exhaust the root system and deplete the soil seed bank. Maintain a healthy cover of perennial plants to discourage field bindweed establishment. http://www.ag.state.co.us/csd/csdhome.html HERBICIDES : The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gallons per acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbi - cide label is the LAW! Management RecomendationsHERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Clarity + 2,4-D Amine 1 qt./acre or 1 oz/gal water Just after full-bloom and/or fall. DO NOT apply near or under trees/shrubs or where soils have rapid permeability. DO NOT apply when outside temperatures will exceed 85 degrees. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Tordon 22K *this is a Restricted Use Pesticide* 1 qt./acre or 1 oz/gal water Just after full-bloom and/or fall. DO NOT apply near or under trees/shrubs or where soils have rapid permeability. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1qt/100 gal water. Roundup Ultra *non-selective herbicide, will kill all vegetation* 4 - 5 qts./acre or 4 - 5 oz/gal water Apply at full-bloom and/or fall. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1qt/100 gal water. Use caution when applying near grasses or other desirable vegetation. Integrated Weed Management recommendations List C Species List C Key ID Points 1. Ligulate flowers with 5 teeth at ends 2. Blue stamens, style and bilobed stigma 3. Stiff short hairs on stems, leaves and achene 4. Persistent basal leaves resembling dandelion leaves C hicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is a perennial forb in the Asteraceae fam- ily, also known as coffeeweed, French endive, and succory, not to be confused with curly endive (Cichorium endivia L.) (iNaturalist 2019). Mature plants can be four feet tall. Oblanceolate basal leaves range in size from 5 to 35 cm long and are persistent (SEINet 2019). Their margins are highly variable, sometimes dentate or denticu- late like dandelion leaves, sometimes pinnatifid (Plants of the World Online 2019). The rigid ascending stems have stiff short hairs. Branches are widely apart. Stems are hollow, have milky sap and linear ribs (University of Wisconsin- Madison 2019). Its stem leaves are ses- sile, rigid, oblong to lanceolate, usually with smooth margins, and are narrower than the basal leaves; short stiff hairs are on both surfaces and leaf margins. The base of leaves clasp the stem. Chicory has a very robust, long taproot and rootlets. The peduncles leading to the flowers are very short, less than 2 mm. The inflores- cence is an open panicle. The green stiff phyllaries are in two rows, each series has between five and six sepals; the outer row is reduced in size. The phyl- laries are lanceolate and have glandular tipped hairs visible with a hand lens. The inflorescence has only ray flowers which are ligulate with five teeth on the edge (Jepson eFlora 2019). Flower color rang- es from cornflower blue to off white. The stamens, style and bilobed stigma are usually blue. The pappus on the achene is nearly absent, consisting of minute toothed scales (Leach 1921). The achene has five ribs and since it lacks a feathery pappus architecture like many other Asteraceae plants, the seeds fall near the parent plants (Leach 1921). Chicory reproduces by seed and its longevity is at least 10 years (Priestley et al. 1985). Chicory is often confused with blue flax (Linum lewisii Pursh) mainly due to their blue flower color and overlapping distri- butions. Being in a different plant family, upon closer inspection it becomes apparent that it lacks basal leaves, stem leaves are slender, the five petals are bi-lobed. Chicory is native to Mediterranean areas in Europe, Africa, and Middle East. It has a long cultivation history for pharmacol- ogy dating back to ancient Egypt, Greek and Roman eras, 2000 BC. (Bahmani et al. 2015). Modern cultivation is for coffee substitution (roots) and salad (leaves). It has worldwide distribution. It has been in Colorado since at least 1872 when Townshend Stith Brande- gee collected a specimen in Fremont County (SEINet 2019). In Colorado its either under-reported or rare. It is ruderal, inhabiting roadsides and disturbed areas at elevations below 8,000 feet.Chicory Cichorium intybus L.Chicory Identification and Management © Ron Burket, iNaturalist © Andreas Stiller, iNaturalist Rev. 2/19 Colorado Department of Agriculture - Conservation Services 305 Interlocken Parkway Broomfield, CO 80021 (303) 869-9030 www.colorado.gov/ag/weeds List C Chicory Cichorium intybus L.Integrated Weed Management Recommendations Effective integrated management means using a variety of eradication methods in the same site along with restoration, prevention of seed production and dispersal, and monitoring. Maintain robust healthy native landscapes. Restore degraded sites. Avoid soil disturbance. Prevent seed production and seed dispersal, e.g. on contaminated equipment. Rest sites until restored. Modify land use practices. Use methods appropriate for the site, including land use practices. MECHANICAL Mechanical methods are best for residential areas, small infestations or soils where the entire taproot can be removed. Mowing is not recommended; it leaves roots behind, stimulates flower production, disperses seeds, and expands the size of the infested area. Chopping the inflorescence just below the root crown and bagging the biomass may reduce vigor with consecutively treatment; effectiveness is dependent on cultivare type. Collect, bag, and dispose of or destroy flowers; seeds can mature and germinate if left. Subsoiling must be deeper than 10 inches; use a subsoiler. Fall prescribed fire may kill seeds if hot enough; chicory sets seed through the growing season so timing is important. Fire is unlikely to affect its deep taproot. The effects to chicory from prescribed fire is not tested. CHEMICAL NOTE: Herbicide recommendations to control chicory in pastures and rangeland are found at: https://goo.gl/ TvWnv9. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Follow the label for exact rates. Consult local turf and ornamental experts for residential settings. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! BIOLOGICAL Chicory provides high quality forage for goats, sheep and cattle. It is sensitive to grazing; fall is best for control (Alemseged et al. 2003, Barry 1998, Li and Kemp 2005, Li et al. 2003). Properly managed grazing can improve vigor of desired species and indirectly reduce chicory. Currently there are no biological control agents for chicory authorized in Colorado. For biocontrol information, visit the Colorado Department of Agriculture’s Palisade Insectary website at: www.colorado.gov/ag/biocontrol CULTURAL Since chicory is sensitive to competition from grasses, maintain or drill seed bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) and Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda) with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae; these are drought tolerant natives that are highly competitive against chicory but require mycorrhizae. Native shrubs with competitive robust root biomass is another option. It is ruderal so minimize soil disturbance, especially near infestations. For cultivated sites, select native plants with blue flowers instead of chicory: Scutellaria brittonii, Gentiana parryi, Mertensia lanceolata, Penstemon glaber, Eritrichium aretoides, or Aconitum columbianum. Be cautious when purchasing seed as chicory may be in mixes. Use seed pillows to disperse seeds. © EverGraze © California Department of Transportation© Weedsak, Alaska Bureau of Land Management © Aspen Public Radio Photos © All Photos from Kelly Uhing, Department of Agriculture 1 Common burdockIdentification and Impacts C ommon burdock (Arctium minus) is a biennial forb that is native to Europe. The first year of growth is a basal rosette, producing large cordate, thickly hairy leaves. The second year of growth, is a coarse, multi-branched, erect stem that will grow to heights of 3 to 10 feet tall. The large, dark green leaves are alternate and appear to have toothed or wavy margins. They are broadest and the base of the leaf and diminish as they approach the tip of the leaf, and have a hairy underside. The flowers appear at the end of the branches, numerous, clustered and are pink to purple in color. At the base of the flower there are many spines that often have a hook on the end. The flower and the spines dry and becomes an easily dispersible bur. Flowering and seed production occur from July to October. The plant grows from a sturdy taproot that is brown and fleshy in color. H abitats for Common burdock include roadsides, ditch banks, waste places, pastures, and fence rows. Animals will avoid eating the plant in both years of growth, the first year due to the hairy leaves and the second Key ID Points Arctium minusIdentification and Management year due to the spines and burs. The burs can easily get entangled into livestock fur, make distribution easy over large areas. T he key to effective control of minimizing soil disturbance and preventing the establishment of plants. Using an integrated weed management approach combining chemical, cultural, and mechanical methods to control these plants is effective. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. C ommon burdock is designated as a “List C” species on the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local jurisdictions managing this species. For more information, visit www.colorado.gov/ag/weeds or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303-239-4100. List C Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations Updated on: 08/09 CULTURAL Minimizing soil disturbance and encouraging the establishment of desirable grasses and forbs, can assist in controlling Common burdock. For specific seed recommendations contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Services for seed mixes. BIOLOGICALCurrently there is not any biocontrol available for Common burdock. Biocontrol takes many years of research and development. For more information, contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916 for more information. MECHANICAL Hand pull or dig when soil is moist, but make sure to wear gloves. Bag specimens carefully so as not to scatter seeds. Mowing is also effective, cutting the top growth of the plant. The key to effective control is to prevent seed production and/or spread. Photos © Top to Bottom; Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture; Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org; Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture Common burdockI ntegrated Weed Management: Preventing the establishment and minimizing soil disturbance is an effective way to control Common burdock. Combining treatment methods of cultural, mechanical and chemical assist with controlling these plants.http://www.colorado.gov/ag/weedsHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Aminopyralid (Milestone) 4-7 oz/acre or 1 teaspoon/gal water Apply in rosette stage in spring or fall. Add non-ionic surfactact @ 0.32 oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Clopyralid (Stinger)1/2-1 1/3 pts/acre Apply to young to actively growing plants in the spring. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32 oz/gal water or 1 pt/100 gal water. 2,4-D Amine 2 pts/acre Apply to young to actively growing plants in the spring. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32 oz/gal water or 1 pt/100 gal water. 2,4-D Dicamba 1 pt/acre Apply to young to actively growing plants pre-flower stages in spring. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32 oz/gal water or 1 pt/100 gal water.Management Recommendations2 Integrated Weed Management recommendations List C Species Updated on: Leafy spurgeFlowers are yellowish-green and have a pair of heart shaped yellow- green bracts below each inconspicuous flower. The entire plant contains white, milky latex. 1. 2. Identification and Impacts L eafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) is a non-native deep-rooted perennial that spreads by seed and extensive, creeping roots. The roots can extend as deep as 30 feet into the soil and are extremely wide-spreading. The roots are brown and contain numerous pink buds that generally produce new shoots or roots. Leafy spurge can grow from 1 to 3 feet in height. The stems are smooth, pale green, and thickly clustered. Leaves are alternate, narrow, linear, and 1 to 4 inches long. The flowers are very small and yellowish-green. They are enclosed by very visible yellowish-green, heart-shaped bracts. The entire plant contains white, milky sap that exudes readily upon stem or leaf breakage. This sap can damage eyes and sensitive skin. Leafy spurge is one of the earliest plants to emerge in the spring. Flower clusters develop 1 to 2 weeks after stem emergence which is from mid-April to late May. One large leafy spurge plant can produce up to 130,000 seeds. Three-sided seed capsules explode when ripe and project the seeds up to 15 feet away from the parent plant. L eafy spurge has adapted to a wide variety of habitats in the state and is very competitive with other plant species. Where it becomes established in rangeland, pasture, and riparian sites, it crowds out practically all other vegetation. The competitive, Key ID Points Euphorbia esulaLeafy spurge Identification and Management rapidly growing, and extensive root system makes leafy spurge very difficult to manage. Develop a management plan that uses several control methods that are compatible with your site. T he most effective method of control for Leafy spurge is to prevent its establishment through proper land management. Maintain healthy pastures and rangeland and continually monitor your property for new infestations. New infestations are much more easily controlled than established infestations. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. L eafy spurge is designated as a “List B” species on the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. On the back of this sheet are leafy spurge management recommendations. For more information, please visit www.colorado. gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Program link. Or contact the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303-239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations Flower photo, top, © Norman Rees, USDA, APHIS. Invasive.org. All other photos © Kelly Uhing. CULTURAL Establishment of selected grasses can be an effective cultural control of leafy spurge. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Maintain healthy pastures and prevent bare spots caused by overgrazing. Bareground is prime habitat for weed invasions. BIOLOGICAL Both sheep and goats can be effective grazers of leafy spurge. The flea beetles Apthona nigriscutis, A. lacertosa, and A. cyparissiae, are effective especially when combined with grazing and/or herbicides. For more information, contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture, 970-464-7916. Photo © USDA. MECHANICAL Due to the extensive root system, hand- pulling this plant is not a viable option. Mowing will reduce seed production if repeated every 2 to 4 weeks during the growing season, but will provide little long-term control. Leafy spurgeIntegrated Weed Management: Persistent monitoring of areas with known or potential infestations is crucial to managing leafy spurge. A combination of management methods in a long- term management plan is imperative. The management objective is to exhaust the root system and deplete the soil seed bank. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csd HERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gallons per acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! Management RecomendationsHERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Fosamine (Krenite S)1.5 gal/acre or 6.5 oz/gal water Spring only, during bloom to post-bloom stage. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Picloram (Tordon 22K *this is a Restricted Use Pesticide*) 1 qt./acre or 1 oz/gal water Spring, just after full-bloom and/or fall. DO NOT apply near or under trees/shrubs or where soils have rapid permeability. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1qt/100 gal water. Imazapic (Plateau )12 oz/acre or 0.4 oz/gal water Fall only treatment prior to hard freeze. Add a methylated seed oil surfactant (MSO) @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1 qt./100 gal water. 2,4-D Amine 2-3 qts/acre or 2-3 oz/gal water Apply early spring and fall. Prevents seed formation only. Retreatment will be necessary. DO NOT apply when outside temperatures will exceed 85 degrees. Add non-ionic surfactant @ .32oz/gal water or 1qt/100 gal water. Integrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Diffuse knapweedFloral bracts have yellow spines with teeth appearing as a comb and a distrinct terminal spinte. Flowers are white or lavender. Seedlings have finely divided leaves 1. 2. 3. Identification and Impacts D iffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) is a non-native biennial forb that reproduces solely by seed. A biennial is a plant that completes its lifecycle within two years. During the first year of growth, diffuse knapweed appears as a rosette in spring or fall. During the second year in mid to late spring – the stem bolts, flowers, sets seed, and the plant dies. Once the plant dries up, it breaks off at ground level and becomes a tumbleweed which disperses the still viable seeds over long distances. A prolific seed producer, diffuse knapweed can produce up to 18,000 seeds per plant. Therefore, the key to managing this plant is to prevent seed production. Diffuse knapweed can grow 1 to 3 feet tall, and is diffusely branched above ground. This gives the plant a ball- shaped appearance and tumble-weed mobility when broken off. Leaves are small, and are reduced in size near the flowering heads. Flowers are mostly white, sometimes purple, urn-shaped, and are located on each branch tip. Bracts that enclose the flowerheads are divided like the teeth of a comb, and are tipped with a distinct slender spine. Upon drying, the bracts become rough, rendering them injurious to the touch. Flowers bloom July through August. Seed set usually occurs by mid-August. D iffuse knapweed tends to invade disturbed, overgrazed areas. Other habitats may also include rangeland, roadsides, riparian areas, and trails. It is a tough competitor Key ID Points Centaurea diffusaDiffuse knapweed Identification and Management on dry sites and rapidly invades and dominates disturbed areas. Once established, diffuse knapweed outcompetes and reduces the quantity of desirable native species such as perennial grasses. As a result, biodiversity and land values are reduced, and soil erosion is increased. T he key to effective control of Diffuse knapweed is to prevent the plant from flowering and going to seed. An integrated weed management approach dealing with Diffuse knapweed is highly recommended. There are many options of mechanical, chemical, and biological controls, available. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. D iffuse knapweed is designated as a “List B” species on the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information, visit www.colorado. gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Program link or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division at 303-239-4100. Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations Plant photo, top © Kelly Uhing. Infestation map above, Crystal Andrews. Flower photo © Cindy Roche. Rosette and leaf photos © Dale Swenarton. List B Species Updated on: CULTURAL Establishment of selected grasses can be an effective cultural control of diffuse knapweed. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Maintain healthy pastures and prevent bare spots caused by overgrazing. Bareground is prime habitat for weed invasions. BIOLOGICAL The seedhead weevil (Larinus minutus) and the root weevil fly (Cyphocleonus achates) provide fair to good control when used in combination with each other. Expect to wait at least 3 to 5 years for the insects to establish and achieve optimum results. This is an option for large infestations. To obtain the insects, contact the Colorado Department of Agriculture, 970-464-7916. MECHANICAL Any mechanical or physical method that severs the root below the soil surface will kill diffuse knapweed. Mowing or chopping is most effective when diffuse knapweed plants are at full-bloom. Be sure to properly dispose of the flowering cut plants, since seeds can mature and become viable after the plant has been cut down. Diffuse knapweedIntegrated Weed Management: Diffuse knapweed is best controlled in the rosette stage. It is imperative to prevent seed production. Do not allow diffuse knapweed flowers to appear. Management must be persistent in order to deplete the seed bank in the soil. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csd HERBICIDES : The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. The herbicide label is the LAW! Management RecomendationsHERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Aminopyralid (Milestone) 5-7 ounces/acre or 1 teaspsoon/gal water Spring at rosette to early bolt stage and/or in the fall to rosettes. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. 2,4-D Amine 1 qt./acre or 1 oz/gal water Apply to spring/fall rosettes - before flowering stalk lengthens. DO NOT apply when outside temperatures will exceed 85 degrees. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1qt/100 gal water. Clopyralid + Triclopyr (Redeem R&P) 1.5-2 pints/acre or 0.75 oz/gal water Apply from rosette to early bolt stage of growth and/or in the fall to rosettes. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1qt/100 gal water. Picloram (Tordon 22K *this is a Restricted Use Pesticide*) 1-2 pts/acre or 0.75 oz/gal water Apply to spring rosettes through mid-bolt and in fall to rosettes. DO NOT apply near trees/ shrubs/high water table. Integrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Weevil photo © J. Johnson, Univ. Idaho, bugwood.org. All other photos © Kelly Uhing.