HomeMy WebLinkAboutWEST FOSSIL CREEK PUD, FIRST FILING, PACE WAREHOUSE - PRELIMINARY - 61-88, D - REPORTS - CITIZEN COMMUNICATIONs • •
Planning and Zoning Board
We represent the homeowners of Fossil Creek Meadows. Enclosed is
a list of criteria that we feel need to be addressed regarding the PACE
project. They are taken form the Goals and Objectives, Land Use Policies
Plan and the LDGS. Our concerns are noted next to each.
Thank you for your time in this matter.
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PACE Warehouse and Re -alignment of Fossil Creek Parkway
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES CRITERIA TO BE MET: PACE
Community Design (p4-5)
#2 Educate people to the importance
of aesthetic considerations in
community development...
#4 Encourage the use of materials
...which have local meaning and
which harmonize with the
environment.
Insure the developers consider
aesthetics in the designing and
planning of projects.
#4 Protect the view of the foothills
by requiring developers to consider
the view impacts of their project on
existing development.
Economic Development (p12)
Growth
#1 Provide mechanisms for assessing
the public benefits and costs of
economic development in the
community.
Commercial/Indu. development
#1 Encourage development of some
facilities and services at locations
other than College Avenue.
#2 Require adequate demonstration
of community need for proposed
commercial facilities.
#4 Discourage strip commercial
development throughout the City.
Promote increased development in
the north and northeast of the City.
#3 Encourage residential,
commercial and industrial
development in the northeastern
area of Ft. Collins in a manner
conducive to the desirable
redevelopment of North College ....
We request documentation of public
benefits and costs of this project.
Provide scale of employee wages, #
of hours, benefits; estimate of new
monies vs. recirculated monies.
PACE will be #9 in a long line of
discount stores on College Avenue as
well as being the base for further
proliferation of strip commercial
development.
We encourage location in the
Northeast, especially East Mulberry.
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Develop and utilize as fully as
possible ... (p13)
#3 Encourage location of major
retail, governmental, financial
institutions and other service
functions in the downtown area.
Land Use Compatability (pl7)
Encourage the development of a
future land use plan...
#1 Protect the character of new and
existing residential neighborhoods
against intrusive and disruptive
surrounding development.
#3 Encourage neighborhood
commercial facilities which blend
with the residential character of the
area. See also: LDGS (p-iii-), (p-vi-),
(P-1-)
Insure that future development will
be accomplished so as to create...
#5 Direct growth away from
environmentally unique lands
which can be shown to have special
values to people - natural
resource,...
Encourage land use planning ... (pl8)
#1 Discourage development within
the floodplain areas of Spring Creek,
Fossil Creek and Dry Creek.
413 Incorporate detention of storm
water runoff to minimize costs and
downstream flood hazards. See also
LDGS All Development Criteria #20,28
Encourage City and County officials
to consider environmental impacts
of new development as a significant
factor in project evaluation ...
#1 Use air quality data and
monitoring results to determine
areas of high pollution build-up,
considering topographic and
Existing residential neighborhood
finds this project intrusive and
disruptive. Problems include blocking
the view of the foothills, drainage,
aesthetics, wetlands, compatability,
fossil formations, traffic congestion
and air quality.
Due to this environmentally unique
fossil formation, wetlands and
wildlife habitat we suggest this area
be designated Open Space. We
understand a 404 permit has been
required.
Flooding, sump pumps and shoring
up of Fossil Creek are already
realities. We request documentation
from Army Corps of Engineers and
the E.P.A. in regard to the
f loodplain.
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atmospheric characteristics, existing
development and patterns of use.
#2 Use care in the siting of large
developments ... which will be direct
or indirect(traffic) sources of
pollution or otherwise degrading to
the environment. See also LDGS All
Develonr ent Criteria #1q
Pollution(p20)
#1 Cooperate with other government
entities in maintaining air quality
in the -air basin.
The Environmental Management
Plan, as called for in the 1979 Goals
does not exist; we as citizens wish to
address traffic as a source of
pollution. We demand an air quality
study be done for this area before
any further large scale development
be considered.
LAND USE POLICIES PLAN CRITERIA TO BE MET: PACE
Project Impact Assessment System
(p16 #21)
A project evaluation system which
can be used to describe the positive
and negative aspects of particular
proposals and aid in the decision
making process. (Pg 30 #19) This
system would cover positive and
negative environmental, social,
economic and fiscal impacts.
Point System (p29)
#18 This point system will include
incentives for the industries to
adjust to all publicly desired and
adopted goals and objectives such as
contiguity... alleviation of air
pollution, congestion and conserving
water and energy. Only industries
which will have an overall positive
influence in the area will be allowed
to locate here.
Land Use (p30)
#20 Land use, site planning and
urban design criteria shall be
developed to promote pleasant,
functional and understandable inter-
relationships through and between
land uses.
We request the results of this study
concerning impacts.
We believe this policy should apply
to all development.
We understand the City sees College
Ave. as a regional access. Let's do
that with insight and concerns for
environmental and aesthetic aspects
of growth.
E
Traffic (p30-31)
*21 This policy recognizes that the
traffic problems on South College
Avenue are land use and
transportation related and can be
solved through both land use
policies and transportation
improvements. See also LDGS All
Development Criteria #4
Northeast Development (P36-37)
#40 The City should promote the
utilization of existing vacant land in
the northeast by offering
incentives...
*39, 40, 41 These three policies are a
refinement of Policy 25 to
specifically designate the northeast
as a "publicly desired direction" for
growth.
Environmental (p39-43)
#43b. Identification of
environmentally scarce and
valuable lands, such as wildlife
habitats and lands of agricultural
importance.
#43d. Promoting the incorporation of
environmentally scarce and
valuable lands, ... into open spaces
or historic preserves.
#43e. Identification of the effects of
development on ambient air
quality, both in the vicinity of the
site and to the Ft. Collins basin as a
whole.
#46 Conservation of resources and
energy shall be addressed by land
use, site planning and design
criteria.
#49 The City's L.U.P.P. shall be
directed toward minimizing the use
of private automobiles and toward
alleviating and mitigating the air
We discourage proliferation of the
strip aspect and the traffic air
pollution it will generate; encourage
increased TransFort operations.
Adherence to these policies is
strongly encouraged.
Due to the potential geologic hazard,
as well as the natural significance of
this site we demand results of a
geological study; documented
affirmative answers to all 8
concerns raised by Bob Wilkinson in
his letter of 11/08/88.
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quality impacts of concentrated uses
of automobiles. See also LDGS All
Development Criteria #2,4,12,13,14,18
Flood Plain (p42-43)
*54 Flood prone areas ... shall be
designated as "flood plain
management areas" and special
development standards applied
therein.
#56 Within the floodway... the City
shall encourage light recreational
and open space uses...
*57 Development within the less
hazardous flood fringe classifications
shall only be allowed with
modifications which mitigate flood
hazard. See also LDGS All
Development Criteria #20,28
A significant natural hazard area in
the City's urban growth area are
the flood plains of the Poudre River
and Spring, Dry and Fossil Creeks.
These policies establish the City land
use policy on how to handle
development proposals in flood plain
areas.
*51 The City should protect the
scenic and recreational values of the
City's lakes, rivers and streams
from encroachment by incompatible
uses.
Fossil Creek is a recognized natural
hazard area in a floodplain.
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GOALS AND OBJECTIVES CRITERIA TO BE MET: RE-ALIGNMENT/STOPLIGHT
Maintain and develop a street
system... (p7)
#3 Maintain low traffic volumes on
local streets passing through
residential areas.
Reduce time spent in travel. (p8)
#1 minimize idling time of vehicles...
#2 minimize disruption of the
smooth flow of traffic on routes
designed to carry heavy traffic
loads.
Promote better integration of land
development and trans ... (17)
#2 Encourage more land -efficient
street and highway systems
#5 Recognize and define
transportation impacts, both
positive and negative, in land use
decisions.
Insure that future
development ... (pl8)
#4 Encourage the
development...which deals
sensitively with the relationship
betweenthe man-made and natural
environments.
Encourage land use planning which
will protect ... (pl8)
#1 Discourage development within
the floodplain areas of Spring Creek,
Fossil Creek, Dry Creek, ...
We oppose turning Fossil Creek
Parkway into an arterial street. We
find this totally inappropriate for a
residential area. This will cause
children to the south to have to
cross a major arterial to get to
their school; it will also cause those
to the north to have to cross a
major arterial to get to their park
and recreation area.
State Highway 287 is a Regional
access designed to transport heavy
traffic in an efficient manner. The
four proposed stoplights between
Harmony and Trilby will maximize
idling time and disrupt smooth
traffic flow.
We oppose oversizing of streets
especially in a case like this where
it will provide only limited access
between College and Lemay. A more
appropriate location would be
Smokey or Caji.
Already, Fossil Creek has had to be
shored up to prevent flooding.
Sensitivity to this environment is
absolutely essential.
We oppose the re -alignment of Fossil
Creek Parkway as this will infringe
on the floodplain and disrupt Fossil
Creek as well as significant
wetlands.
A
Encourage City and County officials
to consider environmental impacts
of new development as a significant
factor in project evaluation as land
use decisions are made.(pl8)
Maintain and preserve ... (p20)
#8 Consider local atmospheric and
geological factors in transportation.
We feel environmental impacts
have not been sufficiently
addressed. As a result a Citizen
Coalition to encourage awareness of
environmental impacts (including
air quality) is currently being
formed to aid the City in
environmentally/fiscally sound
development.
Beside the fact the re -alignment is
being proposed in a floodplain, the
stoplight is being proposed in a
basin. Specific air quality measure-
ments were done for the Foothills
Mall Expansion. We believe this
project warrants a specific measure-
ment as well.
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SUMMARY OF VERBAL SUBMISSION TO PLANNING AND ZONING BOARD, CITY OF FORT
COLLINS, IN RESPECT TO PACE WAREHOUSE PUD PROJECT, JANUARY 23rd, 1989.
by
Michael D. Harvey, Ph.D.
5323 Fossil Ridge Dr.
Fort Collins, Colorado 80525
A) GEOLOGY/GEOMORPHOLOGY
1) Proposed Pace Warehouse site is located on a pediment surface
that developed on the Pierre Shale in response to base -level
lowering of the South Platte River system in the last 2 million
years. The pediment has intrinsic value because it records the
geologic/geomorphic development of the Colorado Piedmont. Many
of the existing pediments have already been urbanized.
2) The unconsolidated sediments that overlie the Pierre Shale and
form the surface of the pediment constitute a shallow acquifer.
The geololgical setting controls the flow of groundwater and the
presence of the springs and wetlands. Excavation will disturb
the groundwater -topographic relationship.
3) The Pierre Shale is a fossiliferous unit, and there are numerous
shallow marine fossils exposed on and adjacent to the Pace site.
B) HYDROLOGY
1) Surface Water
(i) Runoff will increase as a result of the development
(refer to effects of Arbor Plaza development on Mail
Creek).
(ii) Sediment yield will increase initially as a result of
development.
(iii) Increased runoff will increase the magnitude of the
frequent discharges of Fossil Creek which will cause the
channel to adjust;
a) channel incision
b) channel widening
(iv) Increased sediment may cause aggradation of Fossil
Creek, thereby promoting increased lateral erosion of
the channel.
(v) Following construction and paving, sediment yield will
be reduced and the channel will again respond, probably
by incising.
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(vi) Proposed drop structures in Fossil Creek, upstream of
the point of discharge from the development will;
a) have no beneficial affect on channel stability
downstream; they may in fact induce downstream
degradation.
b) indicate that channel degradation is expected from
the increased runoff.
(vii) Storm water detention facilities requirements have been
omitted on the assumption that Fossil Creek has
sufficient in -bank channel capacity to hold the
increased runoff. The in -bank capacity of the creek is
smaller between Highway 287 culvert and the confluence
with Mail Creek.
(viii) The sedimentation pond/wetland will have to be sized to
contain all surface runoff and captured/diverted
groundwater from a wide range of storm events if it is
to protect water quality in Fossil Creek. Failure to
contain all runoff could in fact cause a concentration
of toxic substances in an overspill situation.
(ix) The use of the pond for sedimentation and the
development of a wetland area appear to be incompatible.
Sedimentation and concentration of hydrocarbons,
asbestos, lead, etc. may not be conducive to the
existence of a healthy wetland community.
(x) Sedimentation in the pond is likely to seal the pond and
prevent percolation of the captured runoff to
groundwater. This could result in significant overspill
to Fossil Creek.
2) Groundwater
(i) Excavation and drainage installations on the pediment
will effect the groundwater flow on the pediment.
(ii) The effects could well be felt upslope:
a) increased groundwater flow velocities
b) dewatering of the shallow acquifer
c) settlement of the ground surface
C) RECOMMENDATIONS
1) The effects of both Pace and future developments on the
hydrology and stability of Fossil Creek should be investigated
quantitatively.
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2) The effects of the Pace development on shallow groundwater
should be investigated quantitatively.
3) The cumulative effects of development on both Mail and Fossil
Creeks should be investigated quantitatively. Development in
these drainages could severely impact the stability of Fossil
Creek through Fossil Creek Park that is owned by the City of
Fort Collins.
4) The effects of increased runoff on already existing access and
drainage problems in the Fossil Creek Meadows subdivision should
be evaluated.
5) Delivery of toxic substances to the proposed wetland mitigation
area should be prevented until it can be demonstrated that the
toxic substances will not adversely effect the flora and fauna
of the wetland.
CURRICULUM VITAE
NAME:
MICHAEL DAVID HARVEY
TITLE:
Vice President, Water Engineering & Technology, Inc.
BIRTHDATE:
May 19, 1947
CITIZEN:
New Zealand
VISA STATUS:
U.S. Permanent Resident
EDUCATION:
B.S. 1969 University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Soil Pedology, Soil and Water Engineering
M.S. 1973 University of Canterbury, New Zealand
(Hons) Soils, Geomorphology, Hydrology
Ph.D. 1980 Colorado State University
Fluvial Geomorphology, Sedimentology
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
1970-1971 Soil Conservator, Water and Soil Division
Ministry of Works and Development, New Zealand
1973-1974 Scientist, Water and Soil Division
Ministry of Works and Development, New Zealand
1975-1977 Project Leader, Water and Soil Division
Ministry of Works and Development, New Zealand
1977-1978 Graduate Research Assistant, Colorado State University
1981-1983 Senior Research Associate, Colorado State University
1983-1988 Senior Research Scientist, and Associate Professor of
Geology, Colorado State University
1983- Vice President, Water Engineering & Technology, Inc.
PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES:
Geological Society of America
Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists
American Geophysical Union
Sigma Xi
Associate Editor, Rocky Mountain Geologist
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Michael David Harvey
TEACHING:
Courses Taught
Guest Lecturers:
1983-1984
ER 454
1983-1984
ER 376
1984
ER 592
1984-1987
ER 480
1984
ER 696
1985
ER 544
1986-1987
ER 692
Geomorphology
Field Methods
Seminar in Glacial Geology
Continental Depositional Processes
Group Study in Engineering Geology
Engineering Geology
Geomorphology Seminar
1983-1984 ER 440 Watershed Problem Analysis
1983-1984 CE 413 Environmental River Mechanics
1983 CE 717 River Mechanics
Short Courses and Seminars:
Page 2
1983 Soil Conservation Service - Geomorphology in channel design, Fort Worth, Texas,
Greenville, S.C., Washington, D.C.
1984 Soil Conservation Service - Stream Mechanics - Colorado State University
1984 Erosion and River Behavior Analysis - Colorado State University
1986 Office of Surface Mining - Design of Reclaimed Channels - Salt Lake City, Utah
1987 Soil Conservation Service - Use of Geomorphology in Erosion Control and Channel
Design, Portland, Oregon
1988 Soil Conservation Service - Geomorphology and channel design, Fort Worth, Texas
1988 USACE Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) - Applied geomorphology, Davis,
California
Committees: American Society of Civil Engineers Hydraulics Division, River Bank Erosion Task
Committee
National Academy of Sciences, Earth Surface Processes Panel
CONSULTING:
Smith and Sanders, Engineering, Jackson, Mississippi
USDA Soil Conservation Service
Woodward Clyde Consultants, Denver, Colorado
Atlantic Richfield, Denver, Colorado
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Michael Baker, Jr., Inc., Engineers, Jackson, Mississippi
Water Engineering and Technology, Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado
Hansen Ranch, Jackson, Wyoming
NUS Corporation, Denver, Colorado
Indiana Port Commission
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento District
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg District
Office of Surface Mining
BHP - Utah International Inc.
Neel -Schaffer Engineers, Jackson, Mississippi
U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.
Glenn-Colusa Irrigation District, California
CH2M-Hill, Redding, California
Dames and Moore, Phoenix, Arizona
Michael David Harvey Page 3
PUBLICATIONS:
Harvey, M.D. and Williams, N.W., 1972. Land use capability survey of the Awatere River Catchment,
Marlborough. New Zealand, Ministry of Works and Development Publication. 85 p.
Harvey, M.D., 1973. Soil studies in a high country catchment, Paddle Creek, South Canterbury.
Unpublished M.S. Thesis, University of Canterbury, 240 p.
Harvey, M.D., 1974. Periodic instability in a high country catchment. Proc. Annual NZIAS
Conference, Lincoln College, May 1974.
Harvey, M.D., 1974. Erosional and deposition aspects of the Puketeraki soil series. Proc. Annual
NZIAS Conference, Lincoln College, May 1974.
Harvey, M.D., 1975. Characterization of the physical, chemical and hydraulic properties of a
Puketeraki silt loam. Proc. Annual NZIAS Conference, Massey University, May 1975.
Harvey, M.D., 1976. Site tolerance in urban subdivision. Proc. Annual NZIAS Conference, Lincoln
College, May 1976.
Harvey, M.D., 1977. An analysis of soil slip erosion and sedimentation that occurred on the Port
Hills, Canterbury as a result of the August 19-25, 1975 storm. Water and Soil Technical
Publication, No. AP 2, New Zealand Ministry of Works.
Harvey, M.D. and McSavenny, M.J., 1979. Sediment yield of Little Hopwood Burn, Lake Hawea,
Clutha Catchment. Water and Soil Division, Technical Publication No. AP 17, New Zealand
Ministry of Works. 16 p.
Harvey, M.D., 1980. The Cache la Poudre River: a coarse grained meandering river in the Colorado
Piedmont. Field Trip Guidebook for Third Biennial Course on the Fluvial System with
Applications to Economic Geology, March 17-21, 1980. Colorado State University, pp. 27-
40.
Harvey, M.D., 1980. Steepland channel response to episodic erosion. Unpublished Ph.D.
Dissertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 253 p.
Harvey, M.D., Rentschler, R.E., and Schumm, S.A., 1981. Environments of deposition: Controls on
channel erosion in Northern Mississippi. Geological Soc. Am. (Abs.), v. 14, no. 7.
Harvey, M.E., 1982. Use of a physical model to determine the effects of periodic erosion in steep
terrain on sediment characteristics and loads. Proc. Symp. on Sediment Routing and
Budgeting in Forest Watershed, Corvallis, OR, USFS, PNW, FRES., General Technical
Report, PNW-141, pp 50-58.
Schumm, S.A., Bean, D.W., and Harvey, M.D., 1982. Bed -form -dependent pulsating flow in Medano
Creek, Southern Colorado. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol. 7, pp. 17-28.
Harvey, M.D., Watson, C.C., and Schumm, S.A., 1982. A Geomorphic Approach to Channel
Rehabilitation. Geol. Soc. Am. (Abs.), Vol. 15, No. 7.
Harvey, M.D., 1982. Late Pleistocene -Holocene stratigraphy of Northern Mississippi Valleys.
Journal, Colorado -Wyoming Academy of Sciences, vol. XIV, no. 1, April 1982, pp. 26-27.
Schumm, S.A., and Harvey, M.D., 1982. Natural erosion rates in the U.S.A. American Society of
Agronomy Special Paper, ASA Publication No. 45, pp. 15-22.
Michael David Harvey Page 4
PUBLICATIONS (continued)
Harvey, M.D., Watson, C.C., and Schumm, S.A., 1983. Channelized Streams: An analog for the
Effects of Urbanization. Proc. Tenth Int. Symp. on Urban Hydrology, Hydraulics and
Sediment Control: Sterling, H.J., and DeVore, R.W. (eds), Univ. of Kentucky. Pub. No.
UKYBU131, pp. 401-410.
Watson, C.C. and Harvey, M.D., 1983. Equilibrium Criteria for Channelized Streams. Proc. of the
Conference on Frontiers in Hydraulic Engineering, Hyd. Div. Am. Soc. of Civil Engr., Hung
Tao Shen (ed), Cambridge, MA, p. 602.
Harvey, M.D., 1983. A geomorphic evaluation of a grade -control structure in a meandering channel.
Proceedings of the conference on River Meandering, Waterways, Ports, Coastal and Ocean
Division, ASCE, October, 1983, New Orleans, Louisiana, C.M. Elliott (ed), pp. 284-294.
Watson, C.C., Schumm, S.A., and Harvey, M.D., 1983. Neotectonic Effects on River Pattern.
Proceedings of the Conference on River Meandering, Waterways, Ports, Coastal and Ocean
Division, ASCE, October, 1983, New Orleans, Louisiana, C.M. Elliott (ed), pp. 55-66.
Harvey, M.D., and Watson, C.C., 1984. Erosion control in channelized streams. Proc. International
Erosion Control Assoc., Denver, CO, February 1983, pp. 31-40.
Watson, C.C., and Harvey, M.D., 1984. Equilibrium criteria for some incised channels of Western
United States. Proceedings of Specialty Conference, Irrigation and Drainage Division, ASCE,
July, 1984, Flagstaff, Arizona, J.A. Replogle and K.G. Renard (eds), pp 537-543.
Harvey, M.D., Watson, C.C., and Schumm, S.A., 1985. Stream channel restoration criteria, Proc.
2nd Hydrology Symp. on Surface Coal Mining in the Northern Great Plains, Feb. 26-27,
1985, Gillette, WY, pp. 61-73.
Finley, J.B., Harvey, M.D., and Watson, C.C., 1985. Experimental Study: Erosion of overburden cap
material protected by rock mulch. Proc. 7th Symp. on Management of Uranium Mill
Tailings, Low -Level Waste and Hazardous Waste, Geotechnical Eng. Program, Colorado
State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Feb. 6-8, 11985, pp. 273-282.
Flores, R.M. and Harvey, M.D., (Eds), 1985. Field guidebook to modern and ancient fluvial systems
in the United States. Third Int. Fluvial Sedimentology Conf., Ft. Collins, Colorado, August
7-9, 1985, 113 p.
Harvey, M.D., Crews, S., Pitlick, J., and Blair T., 1985. Holocene braided streams of eastern
Colorado and the sedimentologic effects of Lawn Lake Dam failure, Rocky Mountain
National Park. In: Field Guidebook to Modern and Ancient Fluvial Systems in the United
States, Flores, R.M. and Harvey, M.D. (Eds), Third International Fluvial Sedimentology
Conference, Ft. Collins, Colorado, August 7-9, 1985, pp. 87-106.
Harvey, M.D. and Pitlick, J., 1985. Low -flow erosion of a sediment storage zone. (Abs.). EOS
Trans. AGU, Vol. 66, No. 46, p. 912-911
Pitlick, J. and Harvey, M.D., 1985. Variability associated with portable bedload samplers. (Abs.).
EOS, Trans. AGU, Vol. 66, No. 46, p. 910.
Clarkin, K.L., and Harvey, M.D., 1986. Sediment storage and delivery in four small watersheds
eastern Colorado. In: Proc. Fourth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, v. 1,
p. 3.54-3.63.
Michael David Harvey Page 5
PUBLICATIONS (continued)
Watson, C.C., Harvey, M.D., and Garbrecht, J., 1986. Geomorphic -hydraulic simulation of channel
evolution. In: Proc. Fourth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, v. 2, p. 5.21-
5.30.
Harvey, M.D., Watson, C.C., and Bernard, J., 1986. Predicting Channel Adjustment to
Channelization. In: Proc. Fourth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, v. 2, p.
5.21-5.30.
Harvey, M.D., and Watson, 1986. Fluvial processes and morphologic thresholds in stream channel
restoration. Water Resources Bulletin, v. 22, no. 3, p. 359-368.
Laird, J.R. and Harvey, M.D., 1986. Complex -response of chaparral drainage basin to fire. In:
Proc. Int. Symp. on Drainage Basin Sediment Delivery, IAHS Spec. Pub[. No. 159, p. 165-
184.
Harvey, M.D., and Forsythe, P., 1986. Geologic origin of some dispersive soils in Mississippi. Bull.
Eng. Geol.
Harvey, M.D., 1986. Review. Fluvial Forms and Processes, by David Knighton, Edward Arnold,
Baltimore. Journal of Geology, 94(6), p. 907.
Harvey, M.D. and Watson, C.C., 1986. Fluvial processes and morphological thresholds in incised
channel restoration. Water Resources Bulletin, v. 22, no. 3, p. 359-368. Reprinted in
Engineering Considerations in Small Stream Management, W.L. Jackson (ed), AWRA
Monograph Series, No. 5.
Harvey, M.D. and Schumm, S.A., 1987. Response of Dry Creek, California, to land use change,
gravel mining and dam closure. Erosion and Sedimentation in the Pacific Rim. IAHS Publ.
No. 165, p. 451-460.
Harvey, M.D., Pitlick, J. and Laird, J.R., 1987. Temporal and spatial variability of sediment storage
and erosion in Ash Creek, Arizona. Erosion and Sedimentation in the Pacific Rim. IAHS
Publ. No. 165, p. 281-282.
Anthony, D.J. and Harvey, M.D., 1987. Response of bed topography to increased bed load, Fall
River, Colorado. Erosion and Sedimentation in the Pacific Rim. IAHS Publ_ No. 165, p. 387-
388.
Pitlick, J. Blair, T.C., Anthony, D.J. and Harvey, M.D., 1987. Sedimentology of Lawn Lake flood
deposits and geomorphic processes in Fall River, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado.
Field Trip Guidebook for the Geological Society of America Rocky MOuntain Section Spring
Meeting, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado. 37 p.
Anthony, D.J. and Harvey, M.D., 1987. Stage dependent point bar adjustments, Fall River, Colorado
(Abs) EOS, Trans. AGU, v. 68, No. 44, p. 1297.
Harvey, M.D., Pitlick, J., and Hagans, D.K., 1987. Adjustments of point bar morphology during a
snowmelt runoff period. (Abs) EOS, Trans. AGU, v. 68, No. 44, p. 1297.
Harvey, M.D., and Watson, C.C., 1988. Channel response to grade -control structures on Muddy
Creek, Mississippi. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management, v. 2, p. 79-92.
Michael David Harvey Page 6
PUBLICATIONS (continued)
Harvey, M.D., Biedenharn, D.S., and Combs, P., 1988. Adjustments of Red River following removal
of the Great Raft in 1873. (Abs) EOS, Trans, AGU, v. 69, no. 18, p. 567.
Anthony, D.J., and Harvey, M.D., 1988. Bedload transport and sorting in a meandering river (Abs)
EOS, Trans. AGU, v. 69, no. 18, p. 566.
Watson, C.C., and Harvey, M.D., 1988. Channel response to SCS Type-C grade -control structures
on Burney Branch, Mississippi, ASCE Hyd. Div., 1988 National Conference, S.R. Abt and J.
Gessler (eds.), p. 776-781.
Harvey, M.D., Pranger, H.H. ll, Biedenharn, D.S., and Combs, P., 1988. Morphologic and hydraulic
adjustments of Red River from Shreveport, LA, Fulton, AK, between 1886 and 1980; ASCE,
Hyd. Div., 1988 National Conference, S.R. Abt and J. Gessler (eds.), p. 764-769.
Watson, C.C., Harvey, M.D., Biedenharn, D.S., and Combs, P., 1988. Geotechnical and hydraulic
stability numbers for channel rehabilitation: Part I, The Approach, ASCE, Hyd. Div., 1988
National Conference, S.R. Abt and J. Gessler (eds.), p. 120-125.
Watson, C.C., Peterson, M.R., Harvey, M.D., Biedenharn, D.S., and Combs, P., 1988. Geotechnical
and hydraulic stability numbers for channel rehabilitation: Part II, application, ASCE Hyd.
Div., 1988 National Conference, S.R. Abt and J. Gessler (eds.), 126-131.
Germanoski, D., Harvey, M.D., and Schumm, S.A., 1988. Experimental and field studies of terrace
development in degrading braided rivers. N.E. Section, Geol. Soc. Amer. Abs. with
programs, v. 20, no. 1, p. 21.
Erslev, E.A., Rogers, J.L., and Harvey, M.D. The Northeastern Front Range revisited: Horizontal
compression and crustal wedging in a classic locality for vertical tectonics. Field Trip
Guidebook. G.S.A. Annual Meeting, Denver, CO.
Flam, L., Harvey, M.D. and Schumm, S.A., 1988. Prehistoric Soil and Water Conservation structures
in Sind Kohistan, Pakistan. Geol. Soc. Amer. Abs. with Programs, v. 20, p. A37.
Harvey, M.D., Germanoski, D., and Pitlick, J., 1988. Terrace -forming processes in modern fluvial
systems: Implications for Quaternary Studies. Geol. Soc. Amer., Abs. with Programs, v. 20,
p. A374
Harvey, M.D., 1988. Meanderbelt dynamics of Sacramento River, California. In. Proc. California
Riparian Systems Conference, Davis, California (in press).
Harvey, M.D. and Watson, C.C., 1988. Effects of bank revetment on Sacramento River, Calirofnia.
In. Proc. California Riparian Systems Conference, Davis, California (in press).
Combs, P., Biedenharn, D.S. and Harvey, M.D., 1989. A design approach for providing channel
stability in Loess Hills streams. Proc. US -China Sedimentation Conference (in press).
BOOKS
Schumm, S.A., Harvey, M.D., and Watson, C.C., 1984. Incised Channels: Morphology, Dynamics
and Control. Water Resources Publications, Littleton, Colorado, 200 p.
Michael David Harvey Page 7
BOOKS (continued)
Harvey, M.D., Watson, C.C., and Schumm, S.A., 1985. Gully erosion. Technical Note No. 366, U.S.
Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1985-578-
193/25153, March 1985, 181 p.
Ethridge, F.G., Flores, R.M., and Harvey, M.D., 1987 (eds.). Recent Developments in Fluvial
Sedimentology, SEPM. Spec. Publ. No. 39.
PROJECT REPORTS:
Harvey, M.D., 1975. The distribution and characterization of different aged sand surfaces on the
North Auckland Peninsula and their effects on forest establishment. Unpublished Internal
Report, Ministry of Works and Development. 26 p.
Harvey, M.D., Schumm, S.A., and Watson, C.C., 1980. The geology and geomorphology of Cypress
Creek Watershed, Yalobusha County, Mississippi. Report prepared for Smith and Sanders,
Inc., Jackson, MS. Water Engineering and Technology, Inc., Shreveport, LA. 37 p.
Harvey, M.D., and Schumm, S.A., 1981. Geomorphic evaluation of the long-term stability of Atlas
Minerals Uranium Mill Site, Moab, Utah. Report prepared for Woodward Clyde, Consultants,
Denver, CO 28 p.
Schumm, S.A., and Harvey, M.D., 1981. Report on alluvial valley floor mapping, landform
identification and erosion hazards, Coal Creek Mine, Wyoming. Report prepared for ARCO
Coal Company, December, 1981. 12 p.
Harvey, M.D., Schumm, S.A., Buchanan, J.B., and Mizuyama, T., 1981. Geomorphic evaluation of
Lower Truckee River, between Wadsworth and Marble Bluff Dam, Nevada. Report prepared
for Bureau of Indian Affairs, December, 1981. 21 p.
Harvey, M.D., and Schumm, S.A., 1981. The geomorphology of Oaklimiter Creek, Northern
Mississippi. Report, Soil Conservation Service, Project SCS-23-MS-80. 76 p.
Schumm, S.A., Harvey, M.D., and Watson, C.C., 1981. Yazoo Basin Geomorphology. Soil
Conservation Service, Project SCS-23-MS-80. 483 p.
Schumm, S.A., and Harvey, M.D., 1983. Geomorphic evaluation of the Grand Junction and Rifle
Uranium Mill Tailings Piles. Report to NUS Corp., Denver, CO, Water Engineering &
Technology, In.c, February, 1983. 17 p.
Harvey, M.D, and Schumm, S.A., 1983. Report on the alluvial valley floor mapping Coal Creek Mine,
Wyoming. Report prepared for Thunder Basin Coal Company, Wright, Wyoming, February,
1983. 6 p.
Harvey, M.D., and Schumm, S.A., 1983. Geomorphology of Toposhaw, Abiaca and Pelucia Creeks,
Mississippi Final Report, Project 53-44423-1-221, USDA, Soil Conservation Service, July,
1983. 14 p.
Harvey, M.D., and Schumm, S.A., 1983. Geomorphology of Middle Fork Tillatoba Creek, Mississippi.
Final Report, Project 53-44423-1-221, USDA, Soil Conservation Service,e July, 1983. 60 p.
Harvey, M.D., Watson, C.C., and Schumm, S.A., 1984. Geomorphic study of Muddy Fork, Silver
Creek Watershed, Clarke, Floyd and Washington Counties, Indiana. Final Report, Project
SCS-AS-80, 8/79, USDA Soil Conservation Service, June, 1984. 77 p.
Michael David Harvey Page 8
PROJECT REPORTS (continued)
Schumm, S.A., Watson, C.C., Gregory, D.I., and Harvey, M.D., 1984. Episodic behavior of sand -
bed rivers. U.S. Army Research Office, Contract NO. DAA929-81-C-0037, Final Report. 61
P.
Finley, J., Harvey, M.D., and Watson, C.C., 1984. Experimental studies of erosion from slopes
protected by rock mulch. Final Report, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Contract No.
68-02-4040. 39 p.
Harvey, M.D., and Schumm, S.A., 1985. Geomorphic analysis of Dry Creek, Sonoma County,
California from Warm Springs Dam to Russian River Confluence. Report, U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers, Sacramento District, Contract No. DACW-0585-POOyr, August, 1985, 91 p.
Pitlick, J.C., and Harvey, M.D., 1986. A summary of 1985 channel changes and sediment transport
on Fall River, Rocky MOuntain National Park. Report to National Park Service, March, 1986.
38 p.
Schumm, S.A., and Harvey, M.D., 1986. Preliminary geomorphic evaluation of the Sacramento
River, Red Bluff to Butte Basin. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento
District, Contract NO. DACW05-86-P-0293. 45 p.
Watson, C.C., Harvey, M.D., Gregory, D.i., 1986. Investigation of hydrologic, geomorphic and
sedimentologic characteristics of the Lower Alabama River. Report to U.S. Army Corps of
Engineer,s Mobile District, Contract NO. DACW01-85-D-0018. 196 p.
Laird, J.R., and Harvey, M.D., 1986. Complex response of a small chaparral vegetated basin to
geomorphically-effective fire, El Oso Creek, Tonto Basin, Arizona. Report to U.S.D.A. Forest
Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Tempe, Arizona. 192 p.
Harvey, M.D., and Spitz, W.J., 1986. Investigation of the causes of timber mortality, Cooper
property, Itawamba county, Mississippi. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile
District, Contract No. DACW01-86-M-5018, September, 1986. 69 p.
Watson, C.C., Harvey, M.D., Schumm, S.A., and Gregory, D.I., 1986. Geomorphic study of
Oaklimiter Creek, Burney Branch, and Muddy Creek, in Benton, Lafayette and Tippah
Counties, Mississippi. Section 1. Simulation of Oaklimiter Creek Evolution and Alternative
Designs for Flood Mitigation. Report to USDA, Soil Conservation Service, MS, Project No.
SCS-54-MS-83, June, 1986. 197 p.
Watson, C.C., Harvey, M.D., Schumm, S.A. and Gregory,D.l., 1986. Geomorphic study of Oaklimiter
Creek, Burney Branch and Muddy Creek in Benton, Lafayette and Tippah Counties, MS.
Performance of Burney Branch and Muddy Creek Channel Stabilization Measures. Report
to USDA, Soil Conservation Service, MS, Project NO. SCS-54-MS-83, 117 p.
Anthony, D.J. and Harvey, M.D., 1986. Internal channel adjustments, velocity patterns, and bedload
movement, 1986 field season, Fall River, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Report
to U.S.D.I., National Park Service, Rocky Mountain National Park, November, 1986. 37 p.
Harvey, M.D., 1987. Observations on the status of the tributaries to Dry Creek, Sonoma County,
California, from Warm Springs Dam to Russian River Confluence. Report to USACE,
Sacramento District, Contract DACW05-86-P-2744, February, 1987. 34 p.
Harvey, M.D. and Schumm, S.A., 1987. Geomorphology and sedimentology of Sink Valley, Alton,
Utah. Report to BHP -Utah International Inc., Alton Coal Project, June, 1987. 33 P.
Michael David Harvey Page 9
PROJECT REPORTS (continued)
Harvey, M.D., Watson, C.C. and Peterson, M.R., , 1987. Recommended Improvements for
Stabilization of Hotopha Creek Watershed, Mississippi: Report to U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, Vicksburg District, Contract DACW38-86-D-0062/3, April, 1987. 97 p.
Watson, C.C., Harvey, M.D. and Peterson, M.R., 1987. Investigation of erosion and flood control
alternatives for Batupan Bogue Watershed. Report to U.S. Armyu Corps of Engineers,
Vicksburg District, Contract DACW38-86-D-0062/5, July, 1987. 95 p.
Harvey, M.D., Watson, C.C., Schumm, S.A. and Pranger, H.H., 1987. Geomorphic and hydraulic
analysis of Red River from Shreveport, Louisiana to Dennison Dam, Texas. Report to U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg District, Contract DACW38-86-D-0062/7, August, 1987.
226 p.
Pitlick, J.C. and Harvey, M.D., 1987. Geomorphic response of Fall River following the lawn Lake
flood, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Report to U.S. Army Laboratory Command,
Army Research Office, Contract No. DAAG29-85-K-0108, June, 1987. 33 p.
Harvey, M.D., Watson, C.C. and Schumm, S.A., 1987. Geomorphic analysis of Sacramento River
Phase I Report. Geomorphic Analysis of Butte Basin reach, RM 174 to RM 194. Report to
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento District, Contract NO. DACW05-87-C-0094, 303
P.
Harvey, M.D., Watson, C.C., and Schumm, S.A., 1988. Geomorphic analysis of Sacramento River,
Phase II Report. Geomorphology of Sacramento River from Colusa to Red Bluff. Report
to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento District, Contract DACW05-87-C-0094, 343
P-
Peterson, M.R., Watson, C.C. and Harvey, M.D., 1988. Performance evaluation of channels
stabilized with ARS-Type low -drop structures. Report to Waterways Expt. Station, U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS. Contract No. DACW39-87-CO9921, 114 p.
Harvey, M.D., Peterson, M.R. and Watson, C.C., 1988. Geomorphic and hydraulic engineering study
of Sacramento River from Hamilton City to Woodson Bridge. Report to California Dept. Fish
and Game and Glenn-Colusa Irrigation District, 174 p.
Anthony, D.J. and Harvey, M.D., 1988 Report for the 1987 field season, Fall River Research, Rocky
Mountain National Park. Report to USDIk, National Park Service, June, 1988, 50 p.
Harvey, M.D. and Fisher, K.J., 1988, Geomorphological and sedimentological characteristics of Sink
Valley, Kane County, Utah. Report to Nevada Electric Investment Company, August, 1988,
86 p.
•
DELWAYNE R. NIM140
AQUATIC TOXICOLOGIST
EDUCATION
Ph.D. in Zoology (Limnology), Colorado State University
M.S. in Biology, Wichita State University
B.S. in Biology, Evangel College
PRESENT AND RECENT PAST RESPONSIBILITIES S-C-•-
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY D.
Major duties are with the Water Management Division with a classification of
Aquatic Ecologist (aquatic toxicologist). Assignments include site -specific
testing in the six regional states, review of state standards with an emphasis on
Montana and Wyoming, and technical assistance --particularly in the area of toxics
testing and water quality. Other duties include reviews of regional activities
in acid precipitation, salinity, hazard -evaluation, and impact of complex wastes.
Cooperative efforts are primarily with state standards enforcement, fish and
wildlife, and health agencies. On a national scope, research effort is directed
towards the use of Ceriodaphnia in effluent testing.
PRESENT RESPONSIBILITIES
COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FISHERY AND WILDLIFE BIOLOGY
Two days a week, Del has been detailed to CSU to work on joint EPA/CSU related
activities. Primary responsibilities were research projects in conjunction with
other investigators on campus. Other activities are to serve on graduate commit-
tees, faculty advisory groups, research teams, and to teach courses in water
quality and aquatic toxicology. Two recent projects involved studies on (1) use
of laboratory populations of Ceriodaphnia tested with a chitin inhibitor insecti-
cide and (2) methods development on culturing the marine mysid, Mysidopsis bahia,
in artificial saltwater.
PAST RESPONSIBILITIES
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
1979-1983
Del was the Aquatic Division Manager and Senior Aquatic Toxicologist. He was
responsible for directing and monitoring the professional and administrative
performance of 19 aquatic biologists, fisheries biologists, and toxicologists
within the division. Staffing, marketing, proposal preparation, financial and
technical planning, project management, and client interface for aquatic programs
were major activities. Other responsibilities included participation in national
planning, policy formulation, and business development in aquatic ecology and
toxicology for the company.
0
DELWAYNE R. NIMMO
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1968-1979
Experience included 11 years with EPA's Research and Development Laboratory, Gulf
Breeze, Florida. Research was to develop methods for assessing long-term toxic
effects of organics and metals on marine fishes and crustaceans. Methods in-
cluded culture techniques, static and flow -through tests, acute and life cycle
procedures, and methods for bioconcentration and food chain tests. Resulting
methods have been used by various governmental and state regulatory agencies for
determining the effects of (1) disposal of -dredged materials, (2) pesticide and
toxic wastes, and (3) effluents.
INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
1982-1983
Reviewed pollution -related programs in Egypt (1982) on behalf of EPA which
included pesticide research at the Fayoum Laboratory (Lake Quarum), municipal
effluents research at Alexandria, and oil pollution programs at Al-Ghardaqu (Red
Sea). At the University of Alexandria, Dr. Nimmo assisted two additional EPA
personnel in presenting a three-day short course on aquatic toxicology. A second
review (1983) involved a review of a massive oil spill on coral and mangrove
communities in the Red Sea and some factors affecting fish and shrimp production
in the Fayoum. These programs have been finalized for a five-year cooperative
program between the U.S. and Egyptian governments.
REGIONAL EXPERIENCE
1983-1984
Conducted a workshop emphasizing biological testing to address site -specific
water quality criteria, biomonitoring, and mobile bioassay for EPA Region VIII.
Discussion included the use of Ceriodaphnia to test the toxicity of complex
waters. A second workshop (1984) was nationaT in scope and addressed methods for
culturing and using Ceriodaphnia to test effluents.
TEACHING EXPERIENCE
Taught two semesters of graduate courses in the Coastal Zone Management Program
entitled "Impacts of Man's Activities on Estuarine and marine Environments,"
University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida, 1977-1984.
Presented a three-day course in Aquatic Toxicology (in association with EPA
staff), University of Alexandria (Egypt), May 1982.
Taught Environmental Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation, Colorado School of Mines/
Metropolitan State University, January -April Semester, 1984.
0
DELWAYNE R. NIMMO
Taugnt Water Quality, FW-420. Fall Semester, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado. September -December, 1985.
Taught Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation, Envr. 525. Colorado School of
Mines, Golden, Colorado. September -December 1987.
Taught Water Quality, F'W-420, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
February -May, 1988r i IQ89.
DELWAYNE R. NIMMO
PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS
Society of Sigma XI (Colorado State University)
American Society for Testing and materials
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (Nominated for Board of Direc-
tors)
Colorado -Wyoming Chapter, American Fisheries Society
PUBLICATIONS
Nimmo, D.R. 1964. The role of inorganic and organic molecules in the main-
tenance of the osmoconcentration in the hemolymph of Simocephalus. M.S.
Thesis, Wichita State University.
Nimmo, D. 1966.
Simocephalus.
22 strac ).
Nimmo, D.R. 1968.
University.
The role of inorganic ions in maintaining osmotic balance in
The Journal of the Colorado -Wyoming Academy of Science, 5(7):
Osmotic balance in amphipods. Ph.D. Thesis, Colorado State
Nimmo, D. 1968. Electrophoretic analysis of induced changes in the blood vol-
umes and proteins of amphipods. The Journal of the Colorado -Wyoming Academy
of Science. 6(1) 8 (Abstract).
Nimmo, D.R. and R.R. Blackman. 1970. Physiology of estuarine organisms. In
Progress Report of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Center for Estuarine
and Menhaden Research, Pesticide Field Station, Gulf Breeze, Florida.
Circular 335: 29-31.
Nimmo, D.P,., A.J. 'Wilson, Jr., and R.R. Blackman. 1970. Localization of DDT in
the body organs of pink and white shrimp. Bulletin of Environmental Contam-
ination and Toxicology. 5(4) 333-341.
Nimmo, D.R., R.R. Blackman, A.J. Wilson, Jr., and J. Forester. 1971. Toxicity
and distribution of Aroclor 1254 in the pink shrimp Penaeus duorarum.
Marine Biology 11(3) 191-197.
Nimmo, D.R., P.D. Wilson, R.R. Blackman, and A.J. Wilson, Jr. 1971. Poly-
chlorinated biphenyls absorbed from sediments by fiddler crabs and pink
shrimp. Nature (London) 231: 50-52.
Heitmuller, P.T. and D.R. Nimmo. 1972. A cage for exposing aquatic animals to
bottom sediments. Progressive Fish-Culturist 34(2) 120.
Nimmo, D.R. and R.R. Blackman. 1972. Effects of DDT on cations in the hepato-
pancreas of penaeid shrimp. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 101(3) 547-549.
n
DELWAYNE R. NIMMO
Nimmo, D.R., J. Forester, P.T. Heitmuller, and G. Cook. 1972. Accumulation of
Aroclor 1254 in grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, in laboratory and field
exposures. Bulletin of Environmental ontamination and Toxicology. 1(4)
303-308.
Nimmo, D.R., D.J. Hansen, J.A. Couch, N.R. Cooley, and P.R. Parrish. 1972.
Toxicity and Physiological Activity of Aroclor 1254 to Several Estuarine
Organisms. 164th Meeting American Chemical Society, New York, New York
(Extended Abstract).
Couch, J.A. and U.R. Nimmo. 1973. Cytopathology, ultra -structure, and virus in-
fection in pink shrimp exposed to the PCB, Aroclor 1254. International
Colloquium on Insect Pathology and Microbial Control and the Society for
Invertebrate Pathology. Oxford, England, September, 1973 (Extended Ab-
stract).
Couch, J.A. and D.R. Nimmo. 1974. Detection of interaction between natural
pathogens and pollutant chemicals in aquatic animals. Proceedings of LSU
Sea Grant Symposium on Disease of Aquatic Animals, pp. 261-268.
Couch, J.A. and D.R. Nimmo. 1974. Ultrastructural studies of shrimp exposed to
the pollutant chemical, polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254). Bulletin
of Pharmacology and Environmental Pathologists, 11: 17-20.
Couch, J.A. and U.R. Nimmo. 1974. Ultrastructural studies of shrimp exposed to
the pollutant chemical, polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254). Laboratory
Investigations 30: 371.
Nimmo, D.R. and L.H. Bahner. 1974. Some physiological consequences of poly-
chlorinated biphenyl -and salinity -stress in penaeid shrimp. In Pollution
and Physiology and Marine Organisms. (F. John Vernberg and —Winona B.
Vernberg, eds.) Proceedings of Symposium on Pollution and the Physiological
Ecology of Estuarine and Coastal Water Organisms. Academic Press, New York:
pp. 427-443.
Bahner, L.H., C.D. Craft, and D.R. Nimmo. 1975. A saltwater flow -through bio-
assay method with controlled temperature and salinity. Prog. Fish-Cul-
turist, 37: 126-128.
Bahner, L.H. and D.R. Nimmo. 1975. A salinity controller for flo.•a-through bio-
assays. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 104: 388-389.
Bahner, L.H. and D.R. Nimmo. 1975. Methods to assess effects of combinations of
toxicants, salinity, and temperature on estuarine organisms. Proc. 9th Ann.
Conf. and Trace Sub. in Env. Health. Univ. Missouri at Columbia, pp. 168-
177.
Nimmo, D.R. 1975. Prepared and presented testimony
of New York vs. General Electric concerning the
Hudson River (Proceedings Published).
5
on the matter of the State
discharge of PCBs in the
DELWAYNE R. NIMMO
Nimmo, D.R., D.J. Hansen, J.A. Couch, N.R. Cooley, R.R. Parrish, and J.I. Lowe.
1975. Toxicity of Aroclor 1254 and its physiological activity in several
estuarine organisms. Archives of Environmental Contamination of Toxicology,
3(1): 22-39.
Bahner, L.H. and D.R. Nimmo. 1976. A precision live -feeder for flow -through
larval culture or food chain bioassays. Prog. Fish-Culturist, 38: 51-52.
Hansen, D.J., S.C. Schimmel, D.R. Nimmo, J.I. Lowe, P.R. Parrish, and W.H.
Peltier. 1976. Continuous -flow method for acute toxicity tests using fish
and macroinvertebrates. In Bioassay procedures for the ocean disposal
permit program. ERL, EPA, GuTf Breeze, Fla. 32561, EPA-600/9-76-010.
Hansen, D.J., A.J. Wilson, D.R. Nimmo, S.C. Schimmel, L.H. Bahner, and R. Hug-
gett. 1976. Kepone: Hazard to aquatic organisms. Science. 193: 528.
Nimmo, D.R. 1976. Prepared and presented testimony before the Subcommittee on
Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment of the Committee on
Merchant Marine and Fisheries (House of Representatives) on oversight to
examine the impact of polychlorinated biphenyls and similar toxic substances
on fisheries and wildlife resources (Proceedings Published).
Nimmo, D.R. and L.H. Bahner. 1976. Metals, pesticides, and PCBs: toxicities to
shrimp singly and in combination. In Estuarine Processes Vol. 1. Uses,
Stresses, and Adaptation to the Estuary. Academic Press. New York.
Nimmo, D.R. Hansen, D.J., S.C. Schimmel, D.R. Nimmo, and J.I. Lowe. 1976.
Static method for acute toxicity test using fish and macroinvertebrates. In
Bioassay procedures for the ocean disposal permit program. ERL, EPA, GuT
Breeze, Fla. 32561. EPA-600/9-78-010.
Hansen, D.J., D.R. Nimmo, S.C. Schimmel, G.E. Walsh, and A.J. Wilson, Jr. 1977.
Effects of Kepone on estuarine organisms. Recent advances in fish toxicol-
ogy, symposium. Ecological Research Series, EPA-600-3-77-085, pp. 20-30.
Nimmo, D.R., L.H. Bahner, R.A. Rigby, J.M. Sheppard, and A.J. Wilson, Jr. 1977.
Mysidopsis bahia: An estuarine species suitable for life -cycle bioassays to
etermine sublethal effects of a pollutant. Aquatic toxicology and hazard
evaluation (ASTM) STP 634, F.L. Mayer and J.L. Hamelink, Eds. 1977, pp.
109-116.
Nimmo, D.R., D.V. Lightner, and L.H. Bahner. 1977. Effects of cadmium on the
shrimps, Penaeus duorarum, Paleamonetes pugio, and Palaemonetes vulgaris.
In Physio ogica Responses o Marine Biota to Pollutants. Academic Press.
New York.
Hansen, D.J., S.C. Schimmel, U.R. Nimmo, J.I. Lowe, P.R. Parrish, and W.H.
Peltier. 1978. Flow -through methods for acute toxicity tests using fish
and macro -invertebrates. In Bioassay procedures for the ocean disposal
permit program. ERL, EPA, GuTf Breeze, Fla. 32561. EPA-600/9-78-010.
N.
0
DELWAYNE R. NIMMO
Nimmo, D.R. Dimilin.
040. pp. 5-6.
1978. In Research Highlights 1978. U.S. EPA 600/9-78-
Nimmo, D.R., T.L. Hamaker, and C.A. Sommers. 1978. Culturing the mysid (Mysid-
opsis bahia) in flowing seawater or a static system. In Bioassay procedures
oi' r the ocean disposal permit program. ERL, EPA, GulT-Breeze, Fla. 32561,
EPA-600/9-78-010.
Nimmo, D.R., T.L. Hamaker, and C.A. Sommers. 1978. Entire life cycle toxicity
test using mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) in flowing water. In Bioassay proce-
dures for the ocean disposal permit program. ERL, EPA, Gulf Breeze, Fla.
32561, EPA-600/9-78-010.
Nimmo, D.R., R.A. Rigby, L.N. Bahner, and J.M. Sheppard. 1978. The acute and
chronic effects of cadmium on the estuarine Mysid, Mysidopsis bahia.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 00 - -=-
Nimmo, D.R. 1979. Pesticides: their impact on the estuarine environment. In
Marine Pollution: Functional Responses. Proceedings of the Symposium
"Pollution and Physiology of Marine Organisms," Academic Press, pp. 454.
Nimmo, D.R., T.L. Hamaker, J.C. Moore, and C.A. Sommers. 1980. Effect of diflu-
benzuron on an estuarine crustacean. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination
and Toxicology, 22: 767-770.
Nimmo, D.R., T.L. Hamaker, J.C. Moore, and R.A. Wood. 1980. Acute and chronic
effects of Dimilin on survival and reproduction of Mysidopsis bahia.
Aquatic Toxicology, ASTM STP 707, J.G. Eaton, P.R. Parrish, and
Hendricks, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 366-376.
Cripe, G., D.R. Nimmo, and T.L. Hamaker. 1981. Effects of two organophosphate
pesticides on swimming stamina of the mysid, Mysidoosis bahia. In Biologi-
cal Monitoring of Marine Pollutants. Academic Press,Inc-, pp. 217-36.
Nimmo, D.R. and T.L. Hamaker. 1981. i1ysids in Toxicity Testing-- A Review.
Hydrobiologia 93: 171-178.
Nimmo, D.R., T.L. Hainaker, E. Matthews, and J.C. Moore. 1981. Acute and chronic
effects of eleven pesticides on the mysid shrimp, Mysidopsis bahia. In
Biological Monitoring of Marine Pollutants. Academic Press, Inc., pp. 3-2G—.
Nimmo, D.R. (including multiple authors). 1981. Acephate, aldicarb, carbon-
phenothion, DEF, EPN, ethoprop, methyl parathion, and phorate: their acute
and chronic toxicity, bioconcentration potential, and persistence as related
to marine environments. Environmental Research Laboratory (EPA) Gulf
Breeze, Fla. EPA-600/4-81-023, 255 pp.
7
0
DELWAYNE R. NIMMO
Lee, R. et al (including D.R. Nimmo). 1982. Effects of pollutants on plankton/
neuston populations in the New York Bight. In Ecological Stress and the New
York Bight: Science and Management. G.E.Rayer, Ed. Estuarine Research
Federation, Columbia, S.C.
Nimmo, D.R., T.L. Hamaker, E. Matthews, and W.T. Young. 1982. The long-term
effects of suspended particulates on survival and reproduction of the mysid
shrimp, Mysidopsis bahia in the laboratory. In Ecological Stress and the
New York Bight: Science and Management. G.C7. Mayer, Ed. Estuarine Re-
search Federation, Columbia, S.C. pp. 413-422.
Nimmo, D.R. and Eugene S. Iley, Jr. 1982. Culturing and chronic testing of
Mysidopsis bahia using artificial saltwater. Technical Report to Office of
oxi� e Substances (TS-792). Environmental Protection Agency. 32 pp.
Keefe, D.F., D.R. Nimmo, D. Baldridge, and G. Iley. 1983. Field evaluations and
on -site toxicity testing: An assessment of habitat suitability - Arkansas
River, Pueblo, Colorado. Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: Sixth
Symposium, ASTM STP 802, W.E. Bishop, R.D. Cardwell, and B.B. Heidolph, Eds.
American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. pp. 216-238.
Nimmo, D.R. 1984. Aquatic toxicology: an evolving science. In Toxicology
Laboratory Design and Management for the '80s and Beyond. A.S.7egeris, ed.
Basel; New York: Karger. (Proceedings of conference held at Hyatt Regency
Crystal City in Arlington, Va., September 26-29, 1982.)
Nimmo, U.R. 1985. Chapter 12 Pesticides. In Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxi-
cology: Methods and Applications. G.M. Rand and S.R. Petrocelli, eds.Herni-
sphere Pub. Corp., New York. pp. 335-373.
Nimmo, D.R., W.W. Wuerthele, D.G. Murphey, J. Bower, and F.E. Payne. 1985.
Ceriodaphnia: their use as stream profile indicators of water quality in
itewood reek, South Dakota. Pacific Division, American Association for
the Advancement of Science. Missoula, Montana. June 11-12, 1985. (In
Press)
Burton, A.B. Jr., D. Nimmo, D. Murphey, and F.E. Payne. 1987. Stream profile
determinations using microbial activity and Ceriodaphnia. Environ. Toxicol.
and Chem. 6: 505-513.
Nimmo, D.R., D.L. Coppage, Q.H. Pickering, and D.J. Hansen. 1987. Assessing the
toxicity of pesticides to aquatic organisms. In Silent Spring Revisited.
G.J. Marco, R.M. Hollingworth, and W. Durham, Eds. American Chemical
Society, Washington, D.C. 214 pp.
Nimmo, D.R., D. Link, L.P. Parrish, G.J. Rodriguez, and W.W. Wuerthele, and P.R.
Davies. 1987. Comparison of on -site and laboratory toxicity tests with am-
monia: results of warm- versus cold -water exposure regimes. Proc. 22nd
Ann. meeting, Colo.-Wyo. Chapter Am. Fish. Soc. pp. 71-87.
• 0
DELWAYNE R. NIMMO
Nimmo, D.R., R.J. Mirenda, and C.A. Carlson. 1987. Final Report, Feasibility of
culturing and testing the mysid, Mysidopsis bahia, under artificial condi-
tions. Submitted to EMSL, U.S. EFA_,_Tincinnati, Ohio. Cooperative Agree-
ment CR811691010. 39 pp.
Dodson, M.H., D.R. Nimmo, P.H. Davies, J.C. Greene, G.R. Phillips, and M.A. Kerr.
Three case studies on the use of Ceriodaphnia as indicators of water quality
in western trout streams. Proc. 23rd Ann.7qeeting, Colo.-Wyo. Chapter Am.
Fish. Soc. (In Press)
Aktomo//, 1). R. ►'�.Tn..r/1�� ',Je-�4.
R. A. 6/1�I A*"-s C K��r(rrny TK et7'GtQrrne
«2ys��o�sc.r 6� usrK9/ ar�r�rcc;� Lorrc[r�rsrr.5
c( ry^*pre,r pT 1.4rec- c..wlL S�vl.Ctcf. �nGfGe��-./
Qr 0. S yH�l OS1K.r�, GylyCwis LNG Glr PRG S
0A7, �rt�re/rrss �r �r.r/u..G�.�.
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iq, /Q'?�jJ C ' K 19"SS).
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us (NOI rL.L%p rt gT I�YI/hc p�rgrH�t /N'�R/C/i/T G.•�
f h✓LG 6.'tS 1-C-P, I t /^mc-�!/r,AP-
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/ t tlri�
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rQ6-f�rrCe�� �ct�t/; O�Gr1l�t/i�+� o/C Slrc �c[rr�rc
G lr r t rt aC 4rL u*t - L/Yt 6se cx r cr / n c. �r�L M C / 7� I f P 7a/
0
DELWAYNE R. NIMMO
SCIENTIFIC PRESENTATIONS/SEMINARS
The role of inorganic ions in maintaining osmotic balance in Simocephalus.
Colorado -Wyoming Academy of Science. 1966.
Electrophoretic analysis of induced changes in the blood volumes and proteins of
amphipods. Colorado -Wyoming Academy of Science. 1968.
Localization of DDT in the body organs of pink and white shrimp. Florida Academy
of Science. 1970.
Significance of PCB in populations of shrimp from the Pensacola Estuary. (Eco-
logical Alteration Panel) World Maniculture Workshop. 1971.
Significance of a PCB found in shrimp from Escambia Bay, Florida. The Ecological
Society of America 22nd Annual AIBS, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
Colorado, August -September, 1971.
Toxicity and Physiological Activity of Aroclor 1254 to several estuarine or-
ganisms. PCB symposium given at the 164th American Chemical Society (New York),
August, 1972.
Some physiological consequences of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination
and salinity stress in penaeid shrimp. American Society of Limnology and Ocean-
ography, June, 1973.
Cadmium and toxic organic matter interactions in estuarine environments. Pre-
sented at a symposium entitled "Toxic Substances in the Environment: Ecological
Contribution Toward Understanding Fates and Effects." 25th Annual AIBS, Arizona
State University, Phoenix, Arizona, June 16-21, 1974.
Sensitivity of pink shrimp, Penaeus duorarum, to organic and inorganic toxicants,
singly and in combination. Presented at a symposium entitled "Microcosm and
Experimental Ecology Research." 26th Annual AIBS, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, Oregon, August 17-22, 1975.
The use of Mysids in Toxicity Tests. Presented at the Biological Effects Program
Workshop, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, May 26-29, 1976.
Dredged Material -Related Research at the Gulf Breeze Laboratory. Presented at
the Dredged Material Bioassay Workshop, W.E.S.-Environmental Effects Laboratory,
Vicksburg, Miss. June 16-17, 1976.
Kepone: Its Effect on Mysids and movement through a laboratory food chain.
Presented at a workshop on the fate and movement of Kepone in the James River and
Chesapeake Bay systems. Virginia Institute of Marine Science. October 12-13,
1976.
Use of Mysids in Toxicological Research. Presented as a seminar to the School of
Public Health, Columbia, S.C., November 13, 1977.
10
•
DELWAYNE R. NIMMO
Mysidopsis Bioassays and Food Chain Studies. Presented at a symposium on Aquatic
Invertebrate Bioassays. Co -sponsored by V.P.I. and A.S.T.M. Blacksburg, Va.
September 27-29, 1977.
University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida. Taught two semester graduate
courses in Aquatic toxicology/evaluation of impacts of toxic substances (1977-
78).
Dimilin: Its acute and chronic effects on mysid shrimp. Presented at the
Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Technological Conference, New Orleans, La.
April 23-26, 1978.
PCBs and Kepone: A case of mismanagement of toxic wastes. Presented at a Solid
Waste Workshop in Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. May 9, 1978.
What can we learn from chronic bioassays?
Northern Colorado. March 15, 1980.
The use of mysids in biological testing.
University of Wyoming. May 10, 1980.
Faculty of Biology, University of
Faculty of Zoology and Entomology,
What is aquatic toxicology? Rocky Mountain Toxicology Symposium, Colorado State
University. November 3, 1980.
Effect of domestic wastewater on trout in Dillon Reservoir, Colorado (Poster
Session). Sixth Symposium on Aquatic Toxicology (Sponsored by American Society
of Testing and Materials). October 13-14, 1981.
Toxicity of Copper and Silver in the Loveland, Colorado Municipal Wastewater on
Aquatic Life in the Big Thompson River. Colorado -Wyoming Section, American
Fisheries Society. March 12, 1982.
Presented a three-day course in Aquatic Toxicology (in association with EPA
staff), University of Alexandria, Egypt. May 4-6, 1982.
"What is Aquatic Toxicology?" Talk presented to American Association for Labora-
tory Animal Science (Mile High Branch). May 22, 1982.
"Chemical Pollutants in Marine Waters." Two lectures in Biochemical Toxicology
BC-461, Special Topics in Biochemistry, September 10 and 13, 1982. Colorado
State University.
National Association of Life Science Industries, Inc. Aquatic Toxicology,
September 28, 1982. Arlington, Va.
Insitu Monitoring Using Bioassays for Stream Standards. Rocky Mountain Section
of the American Water Works Association. Colorado State University, October 11,
1982. Fort Collins, Colorado.
11
•
DELWAYNE R. NIMMO
Effects of Elevated Temperatures on Marine Fish and Shrimp in the Persian Gulf
(Poster Session). Seventh Symposium on Aquatic Toxicology (Sponsored by American
Society of Testing and Materials) June 17-19, 1983.
"Environmental Protection as a Career; the Federal Government as an Employer."
University of Northern Colorado -Greeley, Colorado. Biology 491 Class. March 5,
1984.
Approaches and Methodology. Eighth Symposium on Aquatic Toxicology (Sponsored by
American Society of Testing and Materials) Development of Site -Specific Criteria
for Un-ionized Ammonia at Rapid City, South Dakota. April 17, 1984. Fort
Mitchell, Kentucky.
Site -Specific Toxicity Testing of Municipal Discharges in Region VIII. Seminar
presented by the Rocky Mountain Association of Environmental Professionals and
the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Denver, Colorado. Aug.
10, 1984.
EPA Perspectives Involving Water --Region VIII. Workshop sponsored by the Rocky
Mountain Association of Environmental Professionals. Boulder, Colorado. Septem-
ber 13-14, 1984.
Review of Culturing Techniques, Mysidopsis spp. Mysid Workshop, Drottningholm,
Sweden. Aug. 19-22, 1985.
Environmental Aspects of IGRs in Laboratory and Field Studies with Some Observa-
tions aith Ceriodaphnia and Dimilin. Symposium: Some Regulatory and Registra-
tion Aspects of Bioc ical and Microbial Pesticides). Entomology Society of
America, Oec. 10, 1985. Hollywood, Fla.
Ceriodaphnia: Their Use as Stream Profile Indicators of 'Water Quality in White -
wood Creek, S.D. Presented at Pacific Division, American Association for the
Advancement of Science, June 11-12, 1985, Missoula, Mont.
Pesticides in the Marine Environment. Burdick and Jackson Award Symposium --
Advances in Pesticide Metabolism and Environmental Safety. 197th American
Chemical Society (Agrochemicals), Sept. 7-12, 1986. Anaheim, Calif.
Ceriodaphnia: Their Use as Stream Profile Indicators of Water Quality in White -
wood Creek, S.D. Symposium-Site-Specitic Water Quality Standards: Factors to be
Considered. 116th Ann. Meeting American Fisheries Society, Sept. 14-18, 1986.
Providence, R.I.
Site -specific testing of un-ionized ammonia, Rapid City, South Dakota. Tenth
Symposium on Aquatic Toxicology (Sponsored by American Society of Testing and
Materials), April 14-16, 1986, New Orleans, La.
Ecology and Sampling of Fish Larvae in Freshwaters--Subtopic, Toxicity Testing.
Short course presentation, Colorado State University, Oct. 11-12, 1986.
12
•
1
DELWAYNE R. NIMMO
Biomonitoring and Water Quality in the Rocky Mountain Region, Sierra Club (Pawnee
Group), Greeley, Colorado. March 4, 1987.
Ceriodaphnia: Their Use As Stream Profile Indicators of Water Quality In White -
wood Creek, South Dakota. Presented at a symposium entitled "Bioavailability of
Trace Metals," American Chemical Society, New Orleans, LA, August 30-September 4,
1987.
Ecology and Sampling of Fish Larvae in Freshwaters--Subtropic, Toxicity Testing.
Short course presentation, Colorado State University, October 14-15, 1987.
Culturing a Marine Mysid Under Artificial Conditions (Workshop). Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, Florida, November 9-12, 1987.
Comparisons of On -Site and Laboratory Toxicity Tests with Ammonia: Results of
Warm -Water vs. Cold -Water Exposure (Poster Session). Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, Florida, November 9-12, 1987.
Ceriodaphnia Exposed to Dimilin: Effects Noted During Life -Cycle Testing in the
Laboratory Platform Session). Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemis-
try, Pensacola, Florida, November 9-12, 1987.
Comparisons of Toxicity On -Site: Copper and Silver Added to Municipal Wastewater
vs. River Water (Poster Session). Society of Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry, Pensacola, Florida, November 9-12, 1987.
Current Environmental Problems Not Being Addressed in the Rocky Mountain Region.
Rocky Mountain Regional Chapter of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry, Laramie, Wyoming. May 21-22, 1988.
Discussion of Water Quality Standards. Industrial Pretreatment Program Implemen-
tation Workshop on Local Limits. Salt Lake City, Utah. June 6-7, 1988.
Basic Toxicology and Risk Assessment. Industrial Pretreatment Program Implemen-
tation Workshop on Local Limits. Salt Lake City, Utah. June 6-7, 1988.
91Sk Assec—skm -l' /CAS,- J A� / (/
i6
13
I
1 14
DELWAYNE R. NIMMO
TECHNICAL REPORTS
The following is a listing of technical reports authored or co-authored as a
consultant.
Summary of Aquatic Toxicity Tests with Altosid WD-10; September, 1979.
Compilation of Publications Regarding the Toxic Effects of DDT and PCB on Penaeid
Shrimp; November, 1979.
Faunal Inventory and Habitat Survey of the Arkansas River at Pueblo, Colorado
(High -Water Survey) (CF & I Steel Corporation); September, 1979.
Rationale Against the Addition of Ammonia to the List of Toxic Pollutants (CF & I
Steel Corporation); March, 1980.
Determination of PCBs and Metals in Water, Arkansas River, Oklahoma; October,
1980.
Chemical Analysis of Elutriates for 404 Compliance on Big and Little Sallisaw
Navigation Channels Oklahoma; April, 1980.
An Evaluation of Various Ambient Water Quality Parameters in the South Fork of
the Coeur D'Alene River; March, 1980.
An Evaluation of Various Hydrologic and Water Quality Parameters in the South
Fork of the Coeur D'Alene River; April, 1980.
Aquatic Toxicity Review (Arkansas River) --Prepared for the Pueblo Colorado
Council of Governments; July, 1980.
Flow -through Bluegill Bioaccumulation Study with #548-1; June, 1980.
Absulum Rye --Grass Study Using C14 labelled 1#548-1 Material; July, 1981.
Flow -through Fathead Minnow Early -Life -Stage Toxicity Test with CGA-64250;
November, 1981.
Acute Static Toxicity Tests with CGA-53250 and Various Carriers; July, 1981.
Rainbow Trout 96-Hour Flow -through Acute Toxicity Test with CGA-12223; August,
1981.
Toxicological and Ecological Evaluations of the Engineered Discharge Channel
Alternative for the Upper Blue River Wastewater Management Plan; March, 1981.
An Evaluation of the Benefits to the Arkansas River Assuming CF & I Steel Cor-
poration Achieves Proposed BATEA Effluent Quality; January, 1982.
14
11k
DELWAYNE R. NIMMO
The Acute Toxicity of Six Experimental Flocculent Materials on Daphnia magna with
and without the Presence of a Bentonite Clay; March, 1982.
Flow -through Daphnia magna Chronic Toxicity Test with CGA-12223; July, 1982.
Bluegill Sunfish 96-hour Acute Flow -through Toxicity Test with CGA-12223; August,
1982.
Flow -through Fathead Minnow Early -Life -Stage Toxicity Test with CGA-12223;
August, 1982.
Determination of PCBs in Sediments from Arkansas River, Pueblo, Colorado (Pueblo
Area Council of Governments); January, 1983.
"Rainbow Trout 96-hour Static Acute Toxicity Test with CGA-112913"; February,
1983.
Bluegill Sunfish 96-hour Static Acute Toxicity Test with CGA-112913; February,
1983.
Daphnia magna 48-hour Static Acute Toxicity Test with CGA-112913; February, 1983.
Gammarus lacustris 96-hour Static Acute Toxicity Test with CGA-112913; February,
"Crayfish 96-hour Static Acute Toxicity Test with CGA-112913; February, 1983.
Chironomus tentans 48-hour Static Acute Toxicity Test with CGA-112913; March,
Flow -through Daphnia magna Chronic Toxicity Test with CGA-112913; March, 1983.
Flow -through Gammarus lacustris Chronic Toxicity Test with CGA-112913; March,
1983.
Toxicity Studies on Aquatic Life: Copper and Silver in the Loveland Municipal
Wastewater and the Big Thompson River (Larimer-Weld Regional Council of Govern-
ments, Loveland, Colorado; January, 1984.
Findings of Chronic Bioassays at Champion International Paper Mill, Frenchtown,
Montana. May 13-June 12, 1985.
Toxicity of Ammonia to Aquatic Organisms: Site and Laboratory Testing, Longmont
and Fort Collins, Colorado, November, 1936.
15
Fossil Creek meadows ana Fossil Creeut =ar,<:
A wildlife Habi�at Corridor In Southern Fart Collins
John A. Chrisaf is
Deuartment of Fishery and wildlife Sia:cooy
Colorado State University
July 29. +Sec
for
Dr. Aiex Cringan
Independent 5tUdy - Wildlife nio._z'v. �iJ4'�CS
SlArnmer 1988
As the City of Fort Collins grows, people are rnocifying
wildlife habitats for housing and shopping projects. The Fossil Creek
Meadows Property Owners' Association (FCMPOA) has recognized this, and
has asked for the evaluation of avian species that currently exist
within the perimeter of Fossil Creek Meadows subdivision. The proposed
expansion of housing in this area has attracted the attention of
association members. Their concerns are the wildlife of the area and
its associated habitats, and habitat improvement. The recognition of
the problem will help to maintain the aesthetics and quality of living
for the people in Fossil Creek Meadows subdivision.
Fossil Creek. Meadows is located in the southeast portion of
Fort Collins. The drainage basins of Fossil and Mail Creeks between
College and Lemay Avenues form a vital link in the wildlife habitat
corridor along Fossil Creek. These two creeks link the foothills in
the west to the Poudre River corridor in the east. The Fossil Creek
Meadows subdivision (being situated on Fossil and Mail Creeks on the east
side of College Avenue) occupies the western part of this segment of the
corridor, and the proposed Fossil Creek Park (being situate❑ arouna
Partner Reservoir and the confluences of Fossil and Mail Creek on the
west sine of Lernav Avenue) occupies the eastern Dart of this secrneriz.
A sma:: oarcel of privately -owned lano separates znese two areas.
The two ser-ments tnaz make-up Fossil Creek Meadow can be
diviaed into riparian lowland and associatea meadows, grasslands and
wetlanos (Fiqure 1).
The riparian lowland area encompasses Fossil and Mail Creeks.
Along these areas the vegetatic-ri is sparse ano the types are a 1.imiting
factor. Willow (Safi x spp. ), Cattail (Typha sop. ), milkweed
(Asclepi-as syriaca), cocklebur (Xanthium spp.) are present along parts
of the creek banks except in the areas where severe erosion has
occurred. These areas lack quality vegetation which makes the soil
more vulnerable to water erosion.
The grassland habitat includes a variety of grasses
(Gramineae), rabbitbrush (Chrysathamnus nauseasus), cocklebur
and shrubs.
Wetlands are represented by; a small pond resulting from a
diversion structure (east of South College) that contains aquatic
vegetation, and grass bordering the perimeter and Portner Reservoir,
which is deficient in both aquatic and shoreline vegetation. At the
south end of Portner Reservoir (west of Lemay Avenue) there is a small
weak stand of plains cottonwood (Populus sargentii). The extreme
fluctuations of the reservoir prevents the stability of quality
vegetation for wildlife.
Concerns of the FCMPOA are to maintain the avian species
that currently exist within Fossil Creek Meadows, and to improve the
existing habitat types for more diversity in the avian populations
before the Master Plan of this project is implemented.
The corridor seoment of Fossil Creek Meadows Subdivision is
Occupied by potentially diverse wildlife habitats that have the agility
to maintain a variety of wildlife populations. The opportunity to
increase bird populations while maintaining present levels of nesting
and wintering populations is to upgrade the habitats.
Planting along Fossil Creek is well integrated into the
concerns of members of the FCMPOA. Planting will provide stability
along the bank and provide cover, food, shelter and roosting areas for
birds. In addition, shrubs should be planted in small clumps to create
a thicket for added protection for wildlife. Along the creek bank,
grasses, sedges, cattails and milkweed persist; however, to speed up
the natural dispersal of these plants, seeding the areas is
recommended. Many species of birds will be attracted to these areas
such as red -winged blackbirds, possibly yellow -headed blackbirds,
common yellowthroats, migrant warblers and a variety of other wildlife.
I observed 24 species of birds in the habitats of Fossil
Creek Meadows from December 1987 through March 1988. Along Fossil
Creek, there were numerous observations of mallards, common snipe and
house finches, and at the diversion darn, great blue herons and belted
kingfishers. This indicates that the creek and diversion pond has a
supply of aquatic invertebrates, fish and vegetation that these birds
need for food, implying a healthy system. A complete list of birds that
I observed is given in Appendix 1.
The grassland area currently offers the western meadowlark
with territorial grounds, but limits other species of wildlife.
Creating an edge -effect around the riparian area and the grasslanc will
increase wildlife populations. There should be some ooeri areas
interspersed with thickets and shrubs. Planting of Butterfly bus-
(BUddleia davidi), Butterfly plant (AsceDias tuberosa), aria Rabbitbrush
(Chrvsotharnnus nauseosu s) will encourace the common but'"71 ies in
eastern Colorado to visit the FCMPOA neiDhbcr')oods. This ^a'= "_,z
Man
M L elq e.. nd
M ` Syr• = g rass I an c�
L,
iE _ '
.r, r-cah
a.reaS a.ncX Assoc:la-fed
meadows.
we+lan d
0 -reas
FQSSt�
1�� J ����►iE EXTENSION
r --
�&REEK
FOSSIL CREEK PARK,
�— DITCH
�'���Ls%/,<ti►i%ti'///✓1%/.
Figure 1: Map oP
Fossil Cre-e K Parr K
and de rued areas.
$OUT"
�J II.GI GREENS
GOLF COURSE
J
FOSSIL CREEK
PA-RK---
management practice will provide better quality habitats for wildlife.
The-Portner Reservoir wetland area does not offer wildlife a
diversity in vegetation along the shoreline or associated meadows.
Planting is recommended in the proposed wetland area. Shoreline
vegetation encourages ducks and shorebirds to nest or overwinter.
Building of a water control structure, followed by planting of
cattails, bulrushes, sedges, and willows will provide the beginning of
an ideal marsh. In addition the associated meadows along the wetland
area should be planted with cottonwoods, willows and fruit bearing
shrubs to provide cover, roosting, nesting and feeding areas for marsh
dwelling birds. Erecting wood duck nesting boxes along the wetland
area by the trees will provide a habitat for the wood ducks that are
occasionally seen in the area. The male wood duck (crake) is
brilliantly colored and has an amber eye. The female is not as
colorful but is equally as pretty. They are shy birds and like their
privacy however an observation viewing blind might irnorove viewing
conditions. Wood ducks require cavities for nesting, and trees for
cover and shelter. The Boy Scouts of America and other organizations
would probably be willing to build the wood duck nesting boxes.
As the city of Fort collins grows, our urban wildlife is
being soueezed. The house mouse, rock dove, and European starling will
always be able to adapt but the others will have to move out. Mernmers
of the FCMPOA have the opportunity to preserve the wildlife of Fossi=
Creek Meadows so there car, be increased diversity of wildlife ir, an
urban area.
• •
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Anthony, V. 1987. An urban wildlife management plan for the
common areas of the Lindenmeier Lake Homeowners Assoc. 24 pp.
2. Brockman, F. 1979. Trees of North America. Golden Press, New
York. 280 pp.
3. Brown, L. 1976. Weeds in winter. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston.
252 . Pp-
4. Decker, E. and R. Teague, (eds.) 1979. Wildlife conservation
principles and practices. Colo. State Univ. Printing Services.
280 op.
5. Fort Collins Audubon Society- 1981- Field check list. Fort Collins,
Colorado. 4 pp.
6. Fort Collins Parks and Recreation Deoartment. 1987. Master plan for
development of Fossil Creek Park. Fort Collins, Colorado. 60 op.
7. Goler, P. 1988. Breeding birds of Fossil Creek Meadows. 1984-1988.
8. Petrides, G. 1972. Field guide to trees and shrubs. 2nd eaition.
Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 42B pp.
S. Scott, S. (ed.Y 1987. Field guide to the birds of North America.
Nat. Geogr. Soci . 2nc vd i t i on. 463 PD.
10. Wecer, W. 1976. Rocky Mountain Flora. Colo. Assoc. Univ. P-ono,
Boulder, Colorado. 479oP-
C� J
•
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1 - Bird species observed by author from December 1987 through
March 198E at Fossil Creek Meadows, Fort Collins, Coloradc•.
Appendix 2 - Breeding birds of Fossil Creek Meadows, Fort Collins,
Colorado, from 1984-1988.
Appendix 3 - Plant species recommended for planting that are suitable
fc. - the area.
•
•
APPENDIX 1
.t
Appendix 1. Bird speci encountered from Decernb 1987 through March
1988 at Foil
Creek Meadows,
Fort Cceins, Colorado.
First letter = status
in Fort Collins:
R-resident , B-breeds, W-winter
visitor, M-migrant.
Second letter = frequency
at Fossil
Creek Meadows, Fort
Collins,
Colorado: Ab-abundant
(seen or, every
visit), C-common (seer,
on most
visits), U-unusual.
Third letter = habitat
type: i-riparian
and associated meadows
(Fossil
and Mail Creeks), 2-grassland,
3- wetland
(Dortner Reservoir).
Ardeidae
Alcedinidae
1. Great blue heron
R, C, 1 & 3
1. Pelted Kingfisner
R, U 3
Anatidae
Ricidae
1. Mallard
R, C, 1 & 3
1. Northern flicker
R, C, 1
2, Northern shoveler
R, U,
2. Downy woodpecker
R, U. 1
3. buffIehead
W, U, 3
Corvidae
4, Canaca goose
R, L, 2
1. Blue Jay
R, C, 1
::. American crow -71
C, 1 & 2
1. Rec--ailec haws+.
R,
. Blac'
R, C,
?, Swa i nson' s 7aw-(
B, C, 2 R
"'1usc 1 a:: - E'
3. Rougn-legged hawk
W, U, 2 & ,
American rosin
4, Ferruginous hawk
R,j, 2 & 3
_
�. Arner� _car, r,es � r,e,
R. C, 1 8 2
Rec•_,rvirosZricae
I. American Avocet
B, U. 3
Emoeri=icae.
1. West ern rneacow 1 ark
R, Z. 1 &
Scolocacidae
------------
2. Northern oriole
B, L..,
1, Soot t ed sand p i Aer
B. U, 3-
3. Common ❑racx l e
2, Common snipe
R, U, 1
4. Dark -eyed i unco
W, L, 1
St urni dae
5, Chi Doi r,g sparrow
B, J. 1
1. European starling
R, Ab, 1
NOTE: Not intended to
be all inclusive.
•
•
APPENDIX 2
Appendix 2. Breeding birds of
Fossil Creek Meadows, Fort Collins,
Colorado, from 1984 - 1988.
(Kindly provided
by Dr. Paul Opler)
Anseriforrnes
Hirundinidae continued
Mallard
Cliff swallow
Falcaniforrnes
Corvidae
Red-tailed hawk
Blue ,lay
American kestrel
black -billed magpie
Gall iforrnes
Paridae
Ring-necked pheasant
Black -capped chickadee
9t22radri i formes
Turdi cyae
Killdeer
American robin
Columbiformes
Sturnidae
Mourning dove
European starling
Cuculiformes
Parulidae
Yellow -billed cuckoo
Yellow warbler
Strigiform
Common yellowthroat
Great -horned owl
Passeridae
Barn owl
House sparrow
92!:ja2 11 formes
Belted kingfisher
Ember i=idae
Western rneacowlark
Piciforroes
Red -winged blackbird
Northern flicker
Northern oriole
Tyrannidae
Common grackle
Western kinobird
Brown-heaced cowbird
Western Pewee
Blue grosbeak
HirundirIidae
House finch
Rounn-winced swallow
Fine siskin
Arner i can go l d f i ncn
r►, •.w�; :: c w
0
•
APPENDIX 3
t
• Appendix .?,. Plant species recommended for planting that are suitable
for Fossil Creek Meadows, Fart Collins, Colorado.
TREES and SHRUBS
1. Bur oak (Duercus macrocarea) - Tall at maturity 70 to 80 feet.
Food for wildlife and nesting, perching, roosting areas for birds.
Green ash (Fraxinus perrnsvly-anica) - 80 feet tali at maturity.
Seeas provide a food source for birds and other wildlife. Fast
growing.
Peachleaf willow (Sall x amyRdaloides) - Native to Colorado. Good
root system. Habitat for orioles, wood ducks, herons and other
wildlife. 10-60 feet tall at maturity.
4. Plains cottonwood (POOL11_ts sargert z i) - 80 feet tall at maturity.
Good strong tree. Planting ire the meacows will provide roosting,
nesting and percning areas for hawks ano owls. Native to the site.
5. B 1 ue spruce (F i cea pungens) - Co 1 orac o' s state tree. Goad cover
for song -birds as well as nesting habitat.
6. Scotcn pine (Pines svly-estris) - Fast growing. Planting in clumps
provides cover arid roosting areas for owls and sono-birds.
7. Common chokecherry (P-r-unus virciniana) - Forms thickets, soil
staoilizer. Good food source aric cover. roderate space ano tolerant.
g, 7hree-leaven sumac (Rlius trilobata) - Important winter fooc source for
sono-birds.
g. Wood's rose (Rosa woocsii) - Thicxet forming. Winter food source
for birds and small mammals.
; 0, Caragar,a (Caragana ar-jc,rescens) - I nt rod ucec species, provides
resting cover and some food for song -birds; fair shade tolerance.
11. Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus) - Fair browse and cover for
wildlife.
12. Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster acutifolia) - Good food source for song-
birds; attractive and remains green to late fall.
AQUATIC PLANTS
1. Bulrush (Scirpus sDp.) - Part of the marsh environment. provides
cover for waterfowl when Dlanted in thick clumps.
Cattail (Typha sDD.) - Good cover for waterfowl and songbiras; good
food for muskrat; provides habitat for reed dwellers such as the red -
winged blackbird, yellowheaded blackbird, common yellowthroat, and rails.
3. F'ondweed (Pot amcageton spp. ) - Pondweeds are an important food
sources for waterfowl.
NOTE: This list is not intended to be all inclusive.
TABLE 2.4 MOST FREQUENTLY DETECTED PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
IN NURP URBAN RUNOFF SAMPLES*
Detection Rate** Inorganics Organics
Detected in 75% or more of
the NURP samples
Lead (94%) None
Zinc (94%),
Copper (91%)
Detected in 50% - 74% of Chromium (58%) None
the NURP samples Arsenic (52%)
Detected in 20% - 49% of Cadmium (48%) Bis (2-ethylhexyl)
NURP samples Nickel (43%) phthalate (22%)
Cyanides (23%) a-Hexachlorocyclo-
hexane (20%)
Detected in 10% - 19% of Antimony (13%)
the NURP samples Beryllium (12%)
Selenium (11%)
a-Endosulfan (19%)
Pentachlorophenol (19%)
Chlordane (17%)
Y-Hexachlorocyclohexane
(Lindane) (15%)
Pyrene 15%
Phenol 14%1
Phenanthrene (12%)
Dichloromethane
(methylene
chloride) (11%)
4-Nitrophenol (10%)
Chrysene (10%)
Fluoranthene (16%)
*Based on 121 sample results received as of September 30, 1983, adjusted for
quality control review. Does not include special metals samples.
**Percentages indicate frequency of detection, not concentration. Analysis of
concentration shows that concentrations of copper, lead, and zinc were the
highest of any priority pollutant.
Source: Final Report of the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program, Final Draft,
Vol. 1, EPA, Water Planning Division, December 1983.
2-34
•
Water -Quality Trends in the Nation's Rivers
RICHARD A. SMITH, RICHARD B. ALEXANDER, M. GORDON WOLMAN
Water -quality records from two nationwide sampling
networks now permit nationally consistent analysis of
long-term water -quality trends at more than 306 loca-
tions on major U.S. rivers. Observed trends in 24 mea-
sures of water quality for the period from 1974 to 1981
provide new insight into changes in stream quality that
occurred during a time of major changes in both terrestri-
al and atmospheric influences on surface waters. Particu-
larly noteworthy are widespread decreases in fecal bacte-
ria and lead concentrations and widespread increases in
nitrate, chloride, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations.
Recorded increases in municipal waste treatment, use of
salt on highways, and nitrogen fertilizer application,
along with decreases in leaded gasoline consumption and
regionally variable trends in coal production and combus-
tion during the period appear to be reflected in water -
quality changes.
N THE PAST 15 YEARS MAJOR CHANGES HAVE OCCURRED IN
various factors influencing the water quality of rivers in the
United States. Prominent among these has been the expendi-
ture of more than $100 billion for the control of "conventional"
pollutants, especially oxygen -demanding wastes from municipal and
industrial point sources (1). Needed additional municipal sewage
treatment plants alone are estimated to cost $118 billion through
the end of the century (2). However, recent assessments suggest that
nonpoint-source pollution, that is, pollution from diffuse sources
such as urban and agricultural runoff, may prevent achievement of
national water -quality goals even after complete implementation of
planned point -source controls (3). Significant changes in nonpoint-
source pollution have occurred in recent years as a result of changes
in agricultural practice, including large increases in fertilizer use,
implementation of soil conservation measures, and greatly increased
regulation of animal feedlot runoff. Changes in mine reclamation
practices and regional shifts in the level of both surface and
underground mining activities also have influenced nonpoint-source
pollution (4). Finally, changing rates of emission to the atmosphere
of a variety of combustion products (for example, lead, cadmium,
and oxides of sulfur and nitrogen) have influenced the chemical
quality of precipitation over large regions of the United States (5).
In sum, economic and political changes of the 1970s and 1980s have
had potentially far-reaching effects on the water quality of rivers and
have increased the need for nationwide assessment of water -quality
trends. This article presents recent trends in selected aspects of
the water quality of U.S. rivers on the basis of data from approxi-
mately 380 sampling stations in two nationwide monitoring net-
works.
A major difficulty in assessing the effects of pollution control
programs and other influences on national and regional water
quality has been the problem of obtaining reliable information on
water -quality trends for a representative sample of the nation's rivers
(6). To date, information on trends in water quality has come from
two primary sources. First, there have been numerous intensive
studies of selected rivers with historically severe water -quality
problems (7). Although intensive studies have led to a greatly
increased understanding of the processes that affect water quality,
such investigations have been discontinuous in time for all but a few
well -studied rivers (8). Thus, they do not provide a representative
picture of nationwide trends. A second source of information on
water -quality trends has been monitoring data. State and local
governments monitor various aspects of water quality at more than
60,000 locations nationally, but major differences among localities
in the methods and objectives of monitoring have precluded a
comprehensive analysis of this body of data. Instead, recent assess-
ments (9-11) have taken the form of nationwide surveys of state and
local environmental officials who were questioned on their knowl-
edge and opinions of changes in water quality in general. Such
surveys have the advantage of drawing on locally gathered chemical
and ecological information, but they have the serious disadvantages
of generality and subjectivity. In sum, the need remains to assess
national trends in a manner that is geographically representative, yet
specific in terms of chemical and biological measures of water
quality.
During the 1970s, several federal programs for nationally consist-
ent water -quality data collection were established as an adjunct to
state and local monitoring. These programs have provided data for
several general summaries of water -quality conditions (12) but only
recently have accumulated sufficient data for a comprehensive study
of long-term trends. The trend information presented here is taken
from a recent statistical summary of records for about 30 regularly
sampled water -quality variables from more than 300 river locations
for the period from 1974 to 1981 (13). An analysis of the causes of
trends was undertaken by using ancillary data on the basin character-
istics and pollution sources upstream of each sampling station (14).
Because consistent methods were applied at a large number of sites,
the results of these analyses differ in several respects from the results
that have emerged from other studies in recent years. First, they
permit a more detailed and objective assessment of the effects on
water quality of point -source pollution controls imposed during
1974 to 1981. Second, they show evidence of several previously
unknown, or poorly documented, trends in the water quality of
rivers stemming from nonpoint-source factors. These include (i)
trends in suspended sediment and nutrient concentrations in rela-
tion to changes in agricultural activity, (ii) trends in various
components of salinity, and (iii) trends in toxic trace -element
concentrations in relation to changes in atmospheric deposition of
trace elements.
R. A. Smith is a hydrologist and R. B. Alexander is a physical scientist at the U.S.
Geological Survey, Reston, VA 22092. M. G. Wolman is chairman of the Department
of Geography and Environmental Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Balti-
more, MD 21218.
27 MARCH 1987 ARTICLES 1607
C:
•
•
Fig. 1. The locations of sampling stations in NASQAN (solid symbols) and
the NWQSS (open svmbols) in the conterminous United States. Regional
drainage basins are outlined with dashed lines and are abbreviated as follows:
New England, NE; Mid -Atlantic, MA; Southeast -Gulf, SG; Tennessee, TN;
Ohio, OH; Great Lakes, GL; Upper Mississippi, UM; Lower Mississippi,
LM; Texas -Gulf, TG; Arkansas -Red, AR; Missouri, MO; Souris-Red-
Rainv, SR; Rio Grande, RG; Lower Colorado, LC; Upper Colorado, UC;
Great Basin, GB; California, CA; Pacific Northwest, PN. The largest U.S.
rivers are shown as solid gray lines. Most NASQA.N stations he on
tributaries to these rivers and most NWQSS stations he on still smaller rivers
and in the vicinity of selected urban and agricultural areas.
Analysis and Interpretation of
Water -Quality Trends
Table 1 presents a summary of water -quality trends at 388
sampling stations in the National Stream Quality Accounting
Network (NASQAN) and the National Water Quality Surveillance
System (NWQSS). These stations, collectively referred to as "net-
work" stations (Fig. 1), provide a representative picture of water -
quality conditions in U.S. rivers larger than those of stream order 6
(15). Details of network design, sampling procedures, and labora-
tory methods are given elsewhere (16). The statistical procedures
used to produce Table 1 have also been described elsewhere (17).
Trend analyses were conducted by using the Seasonal Kendall test
(17), which is intended for monthly water -quality time series with
potentially large seasonal variability. Because the test is nonparamet-
ric, outliers, missing values, or values defined as "less than" the
laboratory detection limit (Table 1) present no computational or
theoretical problem in its application. With the exception of trace
constituents, water -quality records were flow -adjusted before trend
testing in order to eliminate streamflow variation as a potential cause
of a trend (17). Also, we conducted a review of laboratory methods
to identifv changes in procedures that might result in trend artifacts.
Records subject to methods changes were eliminated before trend
testing.
Table 1. Statistical summary of water-qualiry conditions and trends from 1974 to 1981 at NASQANN and NWQSS sampling stations in the conterminous
United States. Sampling was monthly for common constituents and quarterly for trace elements. Chemical concentrations refer to the dissolved form of the
constituent unless stated otherwise. Mean concentrations denoted as (<) arc estimated to be less than the laboratory detection limit. Laboratory detection
limits (in micrograms per liter) for trace elements were as follows: arsenic, 1; cadmium, 2; chromium, 2; lead, 2; iron, 10; manganese, 10; mercury, 0.1; sele-
nium, 1; and zinc, 2. Mean concentrations of trace elements were computed as the average of "minimum" and "maximum" estimates of the mean. Minimum
and maximum estimates of the mean were obtained by assigning a value of 0 and the detection Limit, respectively, to "less -than" values in the record. Trend
slopes for common constituents are summarized as the median slope among stations showing a significant (P < 0.1) trend and are expressed as the annual
percentage change in mean concentration at the station. Reliable slope estimates for trace elements could not be obtained because of the frequent occurrence
of "less -than" values in those records.
Water -quality
measure
No.
of
stations
Station -mean
concentration percentiles*
25th 50th 75th
No.
of
stations
Trends in concentration
Increases Decreases
Median No. Median
slope of slope
(% year') stations (% year-')
Common constituents
pH
290
7.3
7.8
8.1
70
0.8
54
-0.8
Alkalinity as CaCO3
289
42.0
104.3
161.8
18
2.3
75
-2.8
Sulfate as SO4
289
10.5
39.9
116.9
78
3.7
38
-3.2
Nitrate, total as N$
383
0.20
0.41
0.89
116
6.7
27
-8.7
Phosphorus, total as P$
381
0.06
0.13
0.29
43
7.4
50
-8.1
Calcium
289
15.8
38.2
66.8
23
1.8
79
-2.7
Magnesium
289
3.9
11.2
21.7
48
2.6
41
-2.9
Sodium
289
6.8
18.3
68.9
100
3.7
27
-3.7
Potassium
289
1.5
2.8
4.9
66
2.4
39
-3.2
Chloride
289
6.7
14.9
53.3
101
3.3
34
-5.5
Suspended sediment
276
18.4
66.8
193.2
43
10.7
39
-17.4
Fecal coliform bacteria$
305
92
355
1222
16
11.1
45
-34.5
Fecal streptococcal bacteria$
295
173
488
1501
9
14.0
67
-32.0
Dissolved oxygen$
369
8.7
9.8
10.5
63
2.3
41
-2.4
Dissolved -oxygen deficit$
353
0.4
1.0
1.5
41
14.9
58
-19.7
Trace elements
Arsenic
293
< 1
1
3
62
11
Cadmium
285
<2
<2
<2
48
6
Chromium
161
9
10
10
12
2
Lead
292
3
4
6
7
66
Iron
293
36
63
157
27
21
Manganese
286
11
24
51
30
19
Mercury
199
0.2
0.2
0.3
7
2
Selenium
211
<1
<1
1
4
23
Zinc
288
12
15
21
18
-
32
*Concentrations are expressed as milligrams
per hter for common constituents and micrograms per liter for trace elements, except as follows:
pH (standard units) and fccal bacteria
(colonies per 100 ml). 1 Trends in concentration were flow -adjusted for common
constituents.
$Denotes constituents sampled at both networks. Other constituents were
sampled only at NASQAN stations
16o8 SCIENCE, VOL. 235
Table 1 shows that numerous, and sometimes large, changes
occurred nationally in the concentrations of several constituents (for
example, nitrate, chloride, and sodium) during the period from
1974 to 1981. For some constituents the trends are predominantly
in one direction (for example, decreases in lead and in fecal
streptococcal bacteria), but for others the trends are more evenly
divided between increases and decreases (for example, total phos-
phorus and suspended sediment). Various potential causes exist for
trends in most constituents. For example, changes in fertilizer use,
atmospheric deposition, and municipal waste treatment can each be
identified as the major cause of nitrate trends in specific basins (Fig.
2). In interpreting the causes of water -quality trends at network
stations, we relied on information from various sources. First,
through literature review we identified major sources of specific
chemical and biological constituents, noting previous reports of
regional trends. Second, we investigated statistical associations
among the water -quality trends and between the water -quality
trends and various hydrologic characteristics of the basins upstream
of the sampling stations (18). Finally, we tested statistical associa-
tions between the observed trends and related data (Table 2)
describing population, land use, and known pollution sources in the
basins upstream of the sampling stations (19). Point sources within
the conterminous United States (2, 20, 21) (Table 2) could be
identified by river -reach number (15) and located as a function of
channel distance from the sampling stations. Industrial and agricul-
tural land -use information was available either by cataloging, unit
(22) or by county (Table 2), and it was aggregated to the basin level
through digitization of the drainage area above the stations.
Effects of Point -Source Controls on
Water Quality
In the decade after the passage of the Clean Water Act (CWA) in
1972, municipal loads of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
decreased an estimated 46% (9) and industrial BOD loads decreased
at least 71% nationally (23). These achievements in point -source
pollution control are particularly impressive since population and
the inflation -adjusted gross national product (GNP) increased 11
and 25%, respectively, during the same period. Industrial sources
currently contribute about one-third of the total point -source BOD
load nationwide (21), and it is likely that much of the decline in
industrial loads took place slightly earlier (mid-1970s) than the
decline in municipal loads (24). Federal expenditures for the up-
grading of municipal facilities under the Construction Grants
Program reached a maximum in 1980 (25) and totaled $35 billion
from 1972 to 1982 (9).
Trends in dissolved ax'VBen deficit (DOD). Over the period from
1974 to 1981, decreases in DOD (that is, improvements in
dissolved oxygen conditions) outnumbered increases at network
stations by a ratio of about 3 to 2 (Table 1). Decreases in DOD
occurred frequently in the New England, Mid -Atlantic, Ohio, and
Mississippi regional basins, while increases were most frequent in
the Southeast. In view of the large reductions in BOD loads that
occurred during the period, one might suspect that the greater
frequency of DOD decreases over increases reflects the success of
point -source control efforts. Many case studies (7, 26) have docu-
mented local decreases in stream DOD after improvements were
made at waste -treatment facilities. Moreover, nationwide assess-
ments (9, 23) based on surveys of state and local pollution -control
personnel suggest that widely visible improvements in water quality
have occurred that are attributable to point -source BOD reductions
occurring in the decade after enactment of CWA. According to these
surveys, water -quality improvements reported by state officials for
the period from 1972 to 1982 extended to approximately 13% of
the river miles studied. A more conservative estimate, however,
comes from modeling studies (27), which indicate that point -source
BOD reductions comparable to those achieved by 1982 would
result in detectable DOD changes in only about 7% of river miles
nationwide.
Comparing the observed trends in DOD at network stations with
various measures of upstream BOD loads leads to a still lower
assessment of the effects of point -source controls on nationwide
dissolved oxygen levels. There is a moderately significant
(P = 0.045) statistical association between DOD trends and static
measures such as the ratio of point- to nonpoint-source BOD loads
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
A
Grand River
1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
1.8
1.6
1.4
a
o, 1.2
E
a 1.0
2
2 0.8
a
0.6
0
v 0.4
0.2
Monongahela River
0.01 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
C
North Platte River
1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983
Year
Fig. 2. Trends in total nitrate concentrations in U.S. rivers (1974 to 1981)
have resulted from a variety of causes. (A) The Grand River (MI) drains
intensively cultivated land and received increased inputs of nitrogen fertilizer
throughout the 1970s. (B) The Monongahela Basin (PA) is largely forested
and received increased atmospheric deposition of nitrate during the 1970s.
(C) Point -source loads of nitrogen to the North Platte River (NE) decreased
significantly during the late 1970s as a result of improved municipal waste
treatment.
27 MARCH 1987
ARTICLES 1609
Table 2. Ancillary data used in the interpretation of NASQAN and NWQSS trend results.
Database and reference Description
U.S. Census of Population (61)
Population in the United States summarized for approximately 400,000 block groups and enumeration
EPA river -reach file (15)
districts* identified by latitude and longitude.
Numeric listing of approximately 67,000 stream reachest (950,000 km) arranged systematicallv to
EPA Industrial Faciliry Discharge File (20)
provide hydrologic linkages among major U.S. rivers.
Estimated flow from approximately 54,000 industrial and municipal facilities having EPA permits;
identified by permit number in the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) and
by river -reach number.
EPA Needs Survey (2)
Includes estimates of flow and BOD concentrations in the c luent discharged from approximately
30,000 publicly owned sewage treatment plants identified by NPDES permit number and river reach
number.
RFF Environmental Data Inventory (21)
Estimates of BOD, nutrient, and toxic -metal loads discharged to U.S. streams and lakes from
approximately 32,000 industrial and municipal waste treatment facilities and discharged in the runoff
from major land types (urban, cropland, pastureland, rangeland, and forest land); identified by
NPDES permit number, cataloging unit, and river -reach number.
National Resources Inventory (36)
Estimates of sheet and rill erosion for approximately 800,000 sample plots, aggregated by county and
identified according to land use (cropland, pastureland, rangeland, and forest land).
U.S. Census of Agriculture (33)
Census of farm operators including county -based estimates of crop, forest, pasture, and range acreage,
agricultural chemical and fertilizer use, and inventories and sales of livestock and poultry.
U.S. gasoline consumption (56)
Annual consumption of leaded and unleaded gasoline by state and annual lead content of leaded
gasoline.
U.S. road salt application (43)
Annual quantities of salt applied to roads and highways, aggregated by state.
NADP wet deposition chemistry (59)
Isopleth maps of the United States, giving annual estimates of wet deposition for major dissolved ions.
Air emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides (40)
Based on quantities and chemical composition of consumed fuels, by state and year.
U.S. coal production (46)
Surface and underground coal production by county.
*Block groups and emuneration districts are census units consisting of 800 to 1000 people. to reach is a segment of stream channel extending from one tributary junction to
another. Average stream -reach length is approximately 15 km.
(21) upstream of the stations (Table 2). Decreases in DOD occurred
more frequently than expected where point sources were dominant,
and increases where nonpoint sources were dominant. There was
also a slight tendency for DOD decreases to occur more frequently
where the industrial contribution to total point -source BOD load
was large, a finding that is consistent with evidence (24) that major
increases in industrial treatment preceded the surge in construction
and upgrading of municipal waste treatment facilities under the
Construction Grants Program. No significant relation was found,
however, between trends in DOD and changes in BOD loads from
municipal treatment plants within 160 km upstream of the stations.
Reducing the distance over which BOD loads were summed in
computing load changes gave progressively higher numerical signifi-
cance levels, but even at the apparent maximum at 50 km, x`' results
showed little sign of association between load changes and DOD
trends. Additional steps to specifically consider low -flow conditions
and dilution and reaeration effects (28) gave even lower significance
levels. Stratifying the stations to consider only those with high
average DOD levels or those close to large point -source loads gave
the most nearly significant results, but even these were unconvinc-
ing.
Overall, these results provide weak evidence that the distribution
of trends in DOD reflects the effects of point -source BOD reduc-
tions. The inability to demonstrate a relation between observed
DOD trends and recorded changes in municipal BOD loads seems
surprising in view of the magnitude of change in loads that has
occurred and the number of case studies demonstrating local effects
of increased treatment. The poor correlation with municipal load
changes might be explained, in part, by a greater effect of industrial
load changes, but a more likely explanation is that the effects of
municipal BOD reductions do not generally extend to the location
of network stations (29). This possibility is supported by the fact
that test results improve systematically with decreasing distance
between the stations and municipal sources and with stratification of
the network to focus on stations more heavily influenced by point
sources.
As a sample of nationwide water -quality conditions, network
stations are moderately biased toward higher point -source loads
(30), suggesting that the effects of increased treatment should be
somewhat more observable at these stations than in the nation's
rivers in general. Therefore, the inability to clearly demonstrate the
effects of increased municipal treatment on DOD trends at network
stations, although not inconsistent with case studies showing local
improvements from plant upgrading, does appear to be at odds with
other recent assessments citing more far-reaching effects. Statistical-
ly, load reductions appear to explain observed improvements in
dissolved oxygen at less than 2% of all stations (that is, 5% of
stations showing an improving trend) (31). Given the bias of
network stations toward higher point -source loads, the effects of
BOD-load reductions on DOD levels among all stream reaches
(Table 2) are probably somewhat smaller.
The statistical association between municipal BOD reductions
and the occurrence of "no trend" in DOD at network stations was
considerably stronger than the association to decreasing DOD
trends. It has been suggested (9) that maintenance of constant water
quality during a period of rising population and GNP represents a
significant achievement for pollution control efforts to date. Accord-
ingly, evidence indicates that municipal BOD reductions in some
basins compensated for rising nonpoint-source BOD loads, result-
ing in roughly constant levels of DOD. Statistically, load reductions
may have led to maintenance of dissolved -oxygen concentrations
(that is, no trend) at as many as 5% of all station.. (31).
Fecal bacteria. In contrast to the relatively infrequent occurrence
of DOD trends, decreases in fecal coliform (FC) and fecal strepto-
coccal (FS) bacteria were widespread during the study period.
Decreases in FS bacteria were especially common in parts of the Gulf
Coast, central Mississippi, and the Columbia basins (Fig. 3A), and
decreases in both forms of bacteria were frequent in the Arkansas -
Red Basin and along the Atlantic Coast. There is a significant
association in the occurrence and direction of trends in the two types
of bacteria, suggesting common causes for the trends in many cases.
Because both municipal and agricultural sources of fecal bacteria
were the object of pollution -control efforts during the 1974 to 1981
period (1, 32), it is of interest to know whether the observed
decreases in fecal bacteria counts are more strongly associated with
point -source or nonpoint-source changes. As with DOD, decreases
1610 SCIENCE, VOL. 235
in aquatic bacteria counts have been linked in case studies to lar, decreases in both forms of bacteria are associated with increases
improvements in sewage treatment during the study period (26). A in the fraction of municipal effluent receiving secondary (or higher)
major emphasis of the Construction Grants Program has been the levels of treatment within 50 km of network stations. Despite
achievement of secondary treatment as a minimum standard, which increased control of agricultural runoff, however, FC increases are
has led to the establishment of centralized collection and treatment positively associated with cattle population density as well as feedlot
of municipal wastes for the first time in many communities (1). activity in the basins (33).
Increased control of animal wastes in feedlot and other agricultural
runoff (32) also occurred during the late 1970s with the objective of
reducing stream bacteria counts. Trends in Nonpoint Sources of Suspended
Several lines of evidence suggest that the widespread decreases in Sediment and Nutrients
fecal bacteria at network stations are traceable to improved munici-
pal waste treatment and the less frequent increases in FC counts are Recent assessments suggest that nonpoint-source pollution may
associated with livestock wastes. Tests of association between fecal prevent achievement of national water -quality goals even after
bacteria trends and various measures of change in sewage treatment complete implementation of planned point -source controls (3).
(2) in network basins indicate that point sources are more important Suspended sediment (SS) and nutrients from agricultural sources
than nonpoint sources in explaining observed decreases. In particu- are cited as the most damaging nonpoint-source pollutants national-
.
v t :� f •�• v v•
g1 Q • A
.. v
{ A.
A Fecal streptococcal y0 B Suspended sedimerrt t •� �•�
bacteria
.4A
1r1� 8
1 `��
g ALA:
f , -
� • v. ➢. w . y Al
� A � A ; "v . 9• AAA
i ..AY
vk
/ C Nitrate • Qv�{ D Chloride
• c . i"P_ r i�. V 1.1Q .•r`I.
IL
•�,(,'t�fr..•• ��IJ, •`�,�_�<.'�•" �f l�!• �•\(� •1s•i h`• ,i Q,•^c.•'ilt Q
• r • ^-r�•� • •• •�• i.• �y l • • •1�-•
i •R 1\• • r • M ( • ter"' ,-\1
Y
1 `
E Arsenic F Lead �
Fig. 3. Trends in the flow -adjusted concentrations of six common water -
quality constituents at NASQAN and NWQSS stations from 1974 to 1981 outlined with dashed lines. (A) Fecal streptococcal bacteria, (B) suspended
(A, increase; 0, decrease; and •, no trend). Regional drainage basins are sediment, (C) nitrate, (D) chloride, (E) arsenic, and (F) lead.
27 MARCH 1987 ARTICLES 1611
•
ly (11). One source (34) estimates the cost of the hydrologic impacts
of soil erosion and related nutrients on aquatic ecosystems at
roughly $3.5 billion annually. Despite the widely acknowledged
severity of nonpoint-source pollution, however, little information
has been available on long-term trends in the specific measures of
water quality most affected by nonpoint sources. Of particular
interest are the possible effects on SS and nutrient concentrations of
large increases in agricultural activity during the 1970s. Fertilizer
application rates increased 68% between 1970 and 1981 in associa-
tion with rapidly increasing farm production (35). Indeed, the long-
term history of fertilizer use has been one of nearly continuous
increase in nitrogen and phosphorus application rates up to 1981
(35). The extent to which these and other changes in agricultural
practice are reflected in trends in SS, phosphorus, and nitrogen
concentrations in the nation's rivers has been largely a matter of
conjecture because of the lack of systematic long-term studies.
Analysis of network data indicates that, from 1974 to 1981,
nitrogen concentrations followed a distinctly different pattern of
trends, both in frequency and geographic distribution, from those of
phosphorus and SS. Likely reasons for the difference can be seen in
relations between the trend results and various nonpoint-source
characteristics of network basins.
Suspended sediment. Nationwide trends in SS concentrations (Fig.
3B) occurred with only moderate frequency and were nearly equally
divided between increases and decreases. Increasing SS concentra-
tions occurred in basins in which the predominant forms of land use
have historically been associated with high rates of soil erosion (for
example, logging in the Columbia and agriculture in the Arkansas -
Red and Mississippi basins). We tested the association between SS
trends and erosion rates for specific land -use categories by using
detailed erosion rate estimates (36) from the U.S. Department of
Agriculture National Resources Inventory (Table 2). Trends in SS
were not significantly associated with estimates of total basin soil
erosion, but SS increases were significantly related to the fraction of
total soil erosion contributed by cropland in the basin and to the
absolute magnitude of cropland erosion in the basin. By contrast, SS
trends were not associated with erosion rates on either forest land,
pastureland, or rangeland.
Factors other than soil erosion played an important role in SS
trends in certain basins. Many streams in the Columbia Basin carried
0.6
d
N
E
o, 0.4
v
m
E 0.2
d
I I I Ohiowl
i
i
i
i
Mid -Atlantic
i
/
Tennessee
/
i
/Lower
California -•/Mississippi
Upper Mississippi
lb I
New England 9 Great Lakes
/
/
Pacific
• South Atlantic -Gulf
_ Northwest
/ •
Colorado (Upper and Lower)
/
Great Ba nn
Souris -Red -Rainy
Texas -Gull
Rio Grande Missouri Arkansas -White -Red i
0
0
0.2 0.4 U.b
Deposition (g m-2year-1 )
Fig. 4. Median yield of nitrate at network monitoring stations in relation to
the atmospheric deposition rate of nitrate for the 18 water resources regions
of the conterminous United States.
increased sediment loads after the eruptions of Mount St. Helens
during 1980 and 1981 (37). Also, declining concentrations have
been reported for several locations in the Missouri River basin and
have been clearly traced to the effects of reservoir construction
throughout the basin during the 1950s and 1960s (38). However,
tests of association between SS trends and the fraction of the
drainage basin located upstream of reservoirs were not significant,
indicating that construction and operation of reservoirs were not
major factors in the nationwide occurrence of trends.
Total phosphorus. Trends in total phosphorus (TP) concentrations
followed a pattern similar to that of SS with the exception that
decreases in TP occurred frequently in the Great Lakes and Upper
Mississippi regions. Decreases in TP in the Great Lakes region
resulted, in part, from point -source reductions achieved in the
region in the late 1970s (39). Several lines of evidence suggest that
observed TP decreases stem generally from point -source reductions,
while observed increases in TP result from nonpoint-source in-
creases. Tests of association between TP trends and various mea-
sures of point -source phosphorus loads upstream of network sta-
tions are significant mainly because of the frequent coincidence of
TP decreases with large point -source loads (21). Conversely, evi-
dence for the importance of nonpoint sources in relation to increas-
ing trends lies in significant associations between TP increases and
various measures of agricultural land use (33), including fertilized
acreage and cattle population density. Additional evidence for the
importance of nonpoint sources is provided by a significant associa-
tion between TP and SS trends.
Total nitrate. In contrast to SS and TP, increasing trends in total
nitrate (TN) concentrations were extremely frequent and wide-
spread, outnumbering decreases 116 to 27 out of a total of 383
stations (Fig. 3C). Increasing trends were most frequent east of the
100th meridian. Increases in TN were strongly associated with
several measures of agricultural activity (33), including fertilized
acreage as a percentage of basin area, livestock population density,
and feedlot activity.
In addition to agricultural runoff, atmospheric deposition has
become a major source of nitrate in surface waters, especially in
forested basins of the East and northern Midwest (Fig. 4). Few
nitrate deposition records exist for the years before 1980, but those
that do (5), together with emission estimates of nitrogen oxides
(40), show a general pattern of increasing rates during the 1974 to
1981 period. Consistent with this trend, TN increases at network
stations were strongly associated with high levels of atmospheric
nitrate deposition (14) (particularly in the Ohio, Mid -Atlantic,
Great Lakes, and Upper Mississippi basins).
Point -source loads of nitrogen declined in many basins during the
late 1970s as a result (directly or indirectly) of improvements in
waste treatment (7), but the magnitude of change nationally is
poorly documented. Trends in TN at network stations are only
weakly associated with changes in the fraction of municipal effluent
receiving secondary or higher levels of treatment (2) within 50 km
upstream of the stations. Similar tests for distances up to 160 km, as
well as tests involving changes in the fraction of municipal effluent
receiving either advanced secondary or tertiary treatment, were not
significant. In sum, TN trends appear more related to nonpoint
sources than to point sources, and, in particular, atmospheric
deposition may have played a large role in the frequent occurrence of
TN increases in midwestem and eastern basins.
Given the large increases in fertilizer application rates that oc-
curred before and during the 1974 to 1981 period, it is not
surprising that trends in both TP and TN (especially increasing
trends) show strong associations to measures of agricultural activity.
Despite the importance of agricultural sources, however, distinct
differences exist in the trend patterns for TP and TN. Phosphorus
1612 SCIENCE, VOL. 235
•
trends (along with SS trends) occurred with only moderate frequen-
cy and were largely confined to the major mid-continent basins. In
contrast, nitrate trends (especially increasing trends) occurred with
high frequency and were widely distributed from the Farm Belt
eastward. The differences in nitrogen and phosphorus trend patterns
appear to be the result of three factors. First, atmospheric deposition
seems to have played a large role in the high frequency of nitrate
trends, especially among forested basins in the Midwest and East.
Second, the low frequency of, and strong association between,
phosphorus and SS trends suggests that anticipated increases in
phosphorus concentrations resulting from the rise in agricultural
activity in the 1970s have been moderated or delayed by the
temporary storage of sediment -bound phosphorus in stream chan-
nels. Because nitrate transport in rivers is much less dependent on
the movement of suspended sediment than phosphorus transport
(34), the observed pattern of nitrogen trends more fully reflects the
effects of increased agricultural activity than the phosphorus trend
pattern. Finally, point -source control efforts during the study period
were focused much more heavily on phosphorus than on nitrogen
because phosphorus was considered more limiting to eutrophication
in freshwater ecosystems (39). The results of this policy difference
are observable both in the greater ratio of phosphorus decreasing
trends to increasing trends and in the stronger association of
phosphorus decreasing trends to point -source loads.
Perhaps the greatest consequence of the differences in nitrogen
and phosphorus trend patterns is seen in recent changes in the
delivery of nutrients to coastal areas (Table 3). Nitrate loads to East
Coast estuaries, the Great Lakes, and the Gulf of Mexico have
increased significantly, while phosphorus loads to coastal areas have
changed little or have even declined. (Exceptions to the pattern are
the Gulf Coast and Pacific Northwest basins where phosphorus
loads to estuaries have increased in association with substantial
increases in sediment loads.) There is increasing concern over the
problem of eutrophication in estuaries, and debate has arisen over
the need for nutrient controls in tributary basins (3). Increased
delivery of nitrate to estuaries is of particular concern because of the
tendency for nitrogen to be limiting to eutrophication in many
estuarine environments (41).
Trends in Salinity
One striking feature of the trends in Table 1 is the high frequency
of increasing trends among dissolved substances that contribute to
salinity in natural waters. Increasing trends in chloride (Fig. 3D),
sulfate, and sodium are numerous both in relation to the frequency
of decreasing trends as well as in absolute terms. The magnitude —
an average increase of 30%—and wide distribution of these trends
represent a significant increase in the salinity of the nation's rivers
during the 1974 to 1981 period.
From analyses of concurrent changes in basin conditions, it seems
likely that several factors have been responsible for the general
pattern of salinity increase. First, chloride trends were moderately
correlated with basin population changes during the study period,
reflecting the fact that human wastes are a major source of chloride
in many populated basins (42). Second, salt use on highways
increased nationally by a factor of more than 12 between 1950 and
1980 (43) and stands out as a likely cause of sodium and chloride
trends in basins where rates of highway salt use have become a
significant contributor to total stream salinity (44). Increasing
sodium and chloride concentrations were significantly associated
with high rates of highway salt use and with large increases in its use
(especiallv in the Ohio, Tennessee, lower Missouri, and Arkansas -
Red basins). Although irrigated agriculture has a large influence on
Table 3. Recent changes in the delivery of nutrients to coastal areas of the
United States reflect major differences in the trend patterns for nitrogen and
phosphorus in rivers.
Change in load,
1974-1981
Region
Total
Total
nitrate
phosphorus
N
(%
Northeast Atlantic Coast
32
—20
Long Island Sound/New York Bight
26
—1
Chesapeake Bay
29
—0.5
Southeast Atlantic Coast
20
12
Albemarle/Pamlico Sound
28
0
Gulf Coast
46
55
Great Lakes
36
—7
Pacific Northwest
6
34
California —5 —5
the salinity of certain western rivers (45), chloride trends were not
significantly correlated with changes in irrigated acreage nationally
(33). Finally, increases in sulfate were especially frequent in the
Missouri, Arkansas, and Tennessee basins and were highly correlat-
ed with changes in surface coal production from 1974 to 1981 (46).
Sulfate trends were not significantly correlated with underground
coal production in the basins, however.
In contrast to much of the rest of the nation, salinity clearly
decreased in the Upper Colorado Basin during the 1974 to 1981
period. Decreases in chloride concentrations in the Colorado drain-
age are noteworthy in view of the history of salt problems in the
basin. These decreases have been recently traced, in part, to salinitv
control efforts and, in part, to the temporary effects of reservoir
filling during the early 1970s (47).
Trends in Trace Elements
Recent trends in toxic element concentrations in surface waters
have remained largely unknown despite rapidly increasing knowl-
edge of the potential sources of toxic substances in aquatic systems
(48). Network water -quality records show frequent increasing
trends in the dissolved forms of two potentially toxic trace elements,
arsenic (Fig. 3E) and cadmium. The dissolved forms of trace
elements are of particular concern because they are more readily
incorporated into potable water supplies than nondissolved forms
(49). Increasing trends in arsenic and cadmium concentrations
occurred with greatest frequency in basins in the northern Midwest,
and evidence suggests th4 increased atmospheric deposition of
fossil -fuel combustion products was the predominant cause of the
trends in both elements. The major environmental sources of arsenic
and cadmium include fossil -fuel combustion, primary metals manu-
facturing, pesticides, herbicides, and phosphate -bearing commod-
ities such as fertilizers and detergents (50). Fossil -fuel combustion,
the largest source of both elements, introduces arsenic and cadmium
into the aquatic environment both through atmospheric deposition
of combustion products and in the runoff from fly -ash storage areas
near power plants and nonferrous smelters (50).
Evidence favoring atmospheric deposition over terrestrial sources
as the predominant cause of the arsenic and cadmium trends lies in
several factors. First, statistical associations between deposition rates
and arsenic and cadmium trends are highly significant (14), whereas
associations between the trends and the number of power plants,
nonferrous smelters, and other industrial sources upstream of the
stations (21) are not significant. Similarly, arsenic and cadmium
27 MARCH 1987 ARTICLES 1613
II III
II
�i Fig. 5. Changes in mean rates of
j; gasoline -lead consumption and lead
yield (dissolved) in streams in NAS-
iQAN drainage basins. The level and
rate of decrease of gasoline -lead con- v_
sumption over the study period are 3.=
greater among basins where stations a r
show significant decreases in stream- m„
j lead concentration (solid lines) than
in basins where stations do not show e
such decreases (dashed lines). to
•
•
Consumption
30
`..
3 E1
z Stream yield
_ - o
875 1477 ism teal
Year
S
E
u 'E
c
0
trends are not significantly related to basin herbicide use (33), basin
fertilizer use (33), irrigated acreage (33), or municipal effluent -flow
rates upstream of the stations (2). Finally, sedimentary evidence
from Adirondack lakes indicates that increasing atmospheric deposi-
tion of arsenic and cadmium has occurred since the 1950s (51).
In contrast to arsenic and cadmium, decreases in dissolved lead
concentrations greatly outnumbered increases at network stations
(Fig. 3F); these decreases occurred frequently along the East and
West coasts and on tributaries to the Missouri and Mississippi rivers.
The few increases in lead that did occur were clustered along the
Texas -Gulf Coast and in the Lower Mississippi Basin. Evidence of
declining environmental lead levels has accumulated rapidly in
recent years (52-54), and the decline has been widelv attributed to
decreased consumption of leaded gasoline (55). Both the consump-
tion rate and lead content of fuels have declined in all of the 50 states
since the mid-1970s (56), resulting in a 67% drop in nationwide
gasoline -lead consumption between 1975 and 1981 (Fig. 5). Gaso-
line lead is recognized as the major source of environmental lead
(57), although its distribution in aquatic systems is perhaps the least
well known. Declines in airborne lead have been reported for many
U.S. cities (52), whereas declines in lead concentrations in bulk
precipitation (53), rivers (54), and lake sediments (55) have been
reported only at selected sites.
Given the general decline in the major source of environmental
lead, the geographic pattern of changes in aquatic lead concentra-
tions is of interest. Decreases in lead concentrations in streams were
significantly associated with both the level and rate of decline in
gasoline -lead consumption (56) in network basins during the study
period. Nevertheless, significant declines in stream lead did not
occur in all basins, including some with large urban and suburban
populations (for example, the Ohio and Great Lakes basins), despite
at least moderate declines in gasoline -lead consumption in all basins.
Thus, in addition to gasoline consumption, unknown factors per-
taining to the solubility and transport of lead in network basins (48,
58) seem to have influenced the observed pattern of trends.
Conclusions
Analysis of network water -quality records for the years from 1974
to 1981 leads to an assessment of the effects of point -source
pollution controls imposed during the 1970s that differs from
previous studies. While the emphasis of both private and public
control efforts during that period was on dissolved oxygen condi-
tions, the clearest evidence of water -quality improvements attribut-
able to point -source controls is found in declining fecal bacteria
counts and, to a lesser degree, in decreased TP concentrations. The
weak association found between DOD trends and recorded changes
in municipal BOD loads suggests that previous assessments have
overestimated the spatial extent of dissolved oxygen improvements.
Trends in the concentrations of nitrate in rivers followed a
distinctly different geographic pattern than those of phosphorus and
SS over the study period. Nitrate increases occurred nearly three
•
times more often than phosphorus increases, resulting in rises of
from 20 to 50% in the delivery of nitrate to Atlantic Coast estuaries,
the Gulf of Mexico, and the Great Lakes. Although increases in both
nitrogen and phosphorus in rivers can be traced, in part, to
agricultural sources upstream of the sampling stations, atmospheric
deposition of nitrogen contributed greatly to the observed pattern
of nitrate increases. The contribution of atmospheric nitrogen to
surface water nutrient budgets deserves wider recognition in future
assessments.
Flow -adjusted salinities have increased significantly in most re-
gional drainage systems as a result of increasing trends in the
concentrations of several dissolved constituents. Historical trends in
the nationwide use of highway salt have been a factor in the regional
pattern of sodium and chloride increases, and changes in surface coal
production have similarly influenced the pattern of sulfate trends.
Declining salinity levels in the Colorado River are a noteworthy
exception to the general pattern of salinity increases.
Increases in dissolved arsenic and cadmium concentrations oc-
curred frequently at network stations, especially in basins in the
industrial Midwest. When the known locations of specific industrial
and agricultural sources of arsenic and cadmium are considered,
atmospheric deposition is favored over terrestrial sources as the
predominant cause of the trace element trends. This conclusion is
also supported by the results of lake sediment analyses in regions
with high deposition of fossil -fuel combustion products (51).
Dissolved lead concentrations decreased at manv network stations
but failed to decrease at some despite significant declines in gasoline -
lead consumption in the basins. Since lead consumption has de-
creased uniformly across the nation, continued monitoring of the
geographic pattern of dissolved lead trends may provide additional
insight into factors governing the transport of lead in large basins.
More intensive forms of monitoring are needed to better assess
the policy implications of recent water -quality trends. Most urgent,
perhaps, is the need for more detailed information on trace element
trends and their relation to fossil -fuel combustion. Quantifying this
relation requires expanding the scope of existing national programs
for atmospheric deposition monitoring (59), which are currently
focused on acidic effects and do not include trace element measure-
ments. More detailed information is also needed to assess the
ecological implications of large increases in nitrate in rivers. The
number and magnitude of nitrate trends in comparison to those of
phosphorus and SS suggest that nitrogen delivery to coastal areas
will be of critical relevance in the growing debate over nonpoint-
source pollution controls (3) as well as emission controls on
nitrogen oxides. In contrast to trace element deposition, existing
programs for monitoring nitrogen deposition are probably ade-
quate, and the need, instead, is for more intensive investigation of
the hydrochemical and ecological processes involved in nitrogen
transport in basins dominated by various kinds of land use. The
national water -quality monitoring networks are currently ill -suited
for such specialized investigations. Many network basins arc large
and heterogeneous, and the factors affecting water quality are
complex. Additional long-term water -quality sampling in smaller,
more homogeneous basins would increase the ability to distinguish
terrestrial from atmospheric influences and would establish the time
scales of nitrogen transport from land to water.
Additional sampling in selected smaller basins would also improve
the ability to determine the effects of changes in point -source
pollution. Although the effects of improved sewage treatment on
dissolved oxygen levels appear to be more localized than previously
thought, it is possible that —the ecological and social benefits of
water -quality improvements have been large in proportion to their
spatial extent. Individual case studies (7) have demonstrated local
effects of point -source pollution controls, but they do not provide
1614 SCIENCE, VOL. 235
an adequate national sample on which to base an assessment of the -
benefits of pollution abatement programs. It has been argued (60)
that the availabiliry of water -quality information is not commensu-
rate with the large public and private expenditures that have been
made for point -source controls. Thus, in designing water -quality
monitoring programs for the future, we should recognize the
growing number of both point- and nonpoint-source issues that our
economic and political systems must address.
REFERENCES AND NOTES
1. The Cost of Clean Air and Water Report to Congress 1984 (EPA 230/05-84-008,
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1984).
2. 1978 Needs Survey (EPA 430/9-79-001, Environmental Protection Agent-, Wash-
ington, DC, 1079); 1982 Needs Survey (EPA 430/9-82-009, Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1982).
3. L. M. Thomas, J. Soil Water Conserv. 40, 8 (1985).
4. D. P. Wiener, Reclaiming the West: The Coal Industry and Surface -Mined Lands
(INFORM, New York, 1980).
S. Acid Deposition: Atmospheric Processes in Eastern North America (National Academv
of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1983); J. N. Galloway, J. D. Thornton, S. A.
Norton, H. L. Valchok, R. A. N. MCLean,Atmos. Environ. 16, 1677 (1982).
6. M. G. Wolman, Science 174, 905 (1971); W. C. Ackerman, R. H. Harmeson, R.
A. Sinclair, Eos 51, 516 (1970).
7. W. M. Leo, R. V. Thomann, T. W. Gallagher, Before and After Case Studies:
Compparisons of Water Quality Following Municipal Treatment Plant Improvements
(EPA-430/9-007, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1984).
8. R. V. Thomann, Syrtems Analvsis and Water Qualisv Management (McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1974).
9. America's Clean Water: The States Evaluationoff'rogress: 1972-1982 (Association of
State and Interstate Water Pollution Control Administrators, Washington, DC,
1984).
10. R. D. Judv et al., Technical Report.- Initial Findings, vol. 1 in 1982 National Fisheries
Survey (FWS/OBS-84/06, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, 1984).
11. The States Nonpoint Source Assessment (Association of State and Interstate Water
Pollution Control Administrators, Washington, DC, 1985).
12. J. C. Briggs and J F. Ficke, U.S. Geol. Surv. Open -File Rep. 77-151 (1977);
Environmental Quality 1982 (Council on Environmental Quality, Washington, DC,
1982); State of the Environment (Conservation Foundation, Washington, DC,
1984); "National water summary 1983," U.S. Geol. Surv. Water -Supply Pap. 2250
(1984); N. E. Peters, U.S. Geol. Surv. Water -Supply Pap. 2228 (1984).
13. R. A. Smith and R. B. Alexander, U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-Fik Rep. 83-533 (1983).
Data collection was discontinued in 1981 at one of the networks (NWQSS), and
the second (NASQAN) has been expanded to include about 500 stations. The
1974 to 1981 period was important in the history of point -source pollution control
efforts, and the combination of the two networks provides a more representative
picture of stream conditions in relation to point sources than the NASQAN
network alone.
14. R. A. Smith, R. B. Alexander, M. G. Wolman, U.S. Geol. Surv. Water -Supply Pap.
2307, in ppress.
15. T. DeWa1d et al., STORET Reach Retrieval Documentation ( Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Washington, DC, 1985). In the EPA river reach file- rivers
terminating at the ocean are considered first order, tributaries to those rivers arc
second order, and so forth.
16. H. P. Guv and V. W. Norman, Field Methods for Measurement of'Fluvial Sediment
(Techniques of Water -Resources Investiggations of the U.S. Geological Survey,
Washington, DC, 1970), book 3, chap C2; M. W. Skougstad, M. J. Fishman, L.
C. Friedman, D. E. Erdmann, S. S. Duncan, Eds., Methods for Determination of
Inorganic Substances in Water and Fluvial Sediments (Techniques of Water -
Resources Investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 1979), book
5, chap. Al.
17. R. M. Hirsch, J. R. Slack, R. A. Smith, Water Resour. Res. 18, 107 (1982); R. A.
Smith, R. M. Hirsch, J. R. Slack, U.S. Geol. Surv. Water -Supply Pap. 2190 (1982).
Trend is defined as monotonic charge in time, occurring either as abrupt or
gradual change in concentration. Trends were considered statistically significant for
P < 0.10.
18. Contingency tables were constructed as three -by -three arrays (increases, decreases
no trends) for all paired combinations of constituent trends and tested for Xi
significance [W. J. Conover, Practical Nonparametsic Statistics (Wiley, New York,
1980), pp. 158-160 and 1911. Hvdrologic characteristics included drainage area,
flow frequency, flow regulation, and seasonal distribution of trends.
19. Contingency tables were constructed as either two -by -three or three -by -three
arrays. Water -quality trends were grouped in three classes ( increases, no trends, and
decreases) and arrayed against either two or three classes of ancillary data
depending on the static or dynamic nature of the data. Unless otherwise specified,
static measures of basin characteristics were divided at the median. When ancillary
data described changing conditions during the study Period, three classes of
roughly equal size were established indicating the direction of change (increase,
decrease, and little or no change). Significance of contingency tables was deter-
mined in x= tests (a = 0.05). For tables with expected frequencies less than 1, or
with more than 20% of expected frequencies less than 5, significance was
detemuncd through enumeration of all possible table configurations [A. B. Cantor,
Proceedings of the Statistical Computing Section (American Statistical Association,
Washington, DC, 1979), pp. 220-221; A. Agresti, D. Wackerly, J. M. Bovett,
Psychomernka 44, 75 (1979,)].
20. P. Taylor, Final Report on the Industrial Facility Discharge File (Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1983).
21. L. P. Gianessi and H. M. Peskin, An Overview, of the RFF Environmental Data
Inventory: Methods, Sources, and Preliminary Results (Resources for the Future,
Washington, DC, 1984).
22. A hierarchical classification of drainage area within the United States was
established by the Water Resources Council and includes 20 regional drainage
basins (Fig. 1), 334 accounting units, and 2002 cataloging units.
23. National Water Qualiev Inventory: 1982 Report to Congress (EPA-440/2-84-006,
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1984).
24. National Water Quality Inventory: 1977 Report to Congress (EPA-440/4-78 001,
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1978).
25. The Budget of the Environmental Protection Agency: An Overview of Selected Pr000salr
for 1985 (Congressional Budget Office, Washington, DC, 1984).
26. National Accomplishments in Pollution Control: 1970-1980 (Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Washington, DC, 1980).
27. L. P. Gianessi and H. M. Peskin, Water Resour. Res. 17, 803 (1981).
28. A Streeter -Phelps model was constructed for river reaches within 160 km of
network stations in order to account for the effects of dilution and reaeration on
dissolved-oxvgen demand. Stream velocities were estimated as a function of
streamAow. Expressions for kl and k2 were obtained from W. B. Langbcin and W.
H. Durum [U.S. Geol. Surv. Circ. 542 (1967)], and were varied as a function of
temperature (kl) and temperature and streamHow (k2).
29. Net DOD changes (1974 to 1981) smaller than about 0.75 mg fiter-' are generally
not detectable in trend tests.
30. Median point -source BOD load for river reaches containing network stations is
about twice that for all stream reaches.
31. These estimates are based on the 95% confidence limits of individual contingency
table elements assumed to be Poisson distributed [S. E. Fienberg, The Analysis of
Cross -Classified Categorical Data (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1980), p. 15].
32. Fed. Regis. 41, 11458 (1976).
33. Final File: Technical Documentation (Census of Agriculture, Department of Com-
merce, Washington, DC, 1974, 1977, 1982).
34. E. H. Clark 11, 1. A. Haverkamp, W. Chapman, Eroding Soils. The Off Farm Impacts
(The Conservation Foundation, Washington, DC, 1985).
35. Commercial Fertilizers (Crop Reporting Board, Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, DC, 1970-1981).
36. National Resources Inventory: A Guide for Users of the 1982 NRI Data Files
(Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, 1982).
37. F. P. Haeni, U.S. Geol. Sure. Circ. 850-K (1983).
38. G. P. Williams and M. G. Wolman, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1286 (1984).
39. J. H. Hartig and F. J. Horvath, J. WaterPollut. Control Fed. 54, 193 (1982); D. C.
Rockwell, C. V. Marian, M. F. Palmer, D. S. DeVault, R. J. Bowden, in Phosphorus
Management Strategies for the Great Lakes, R. C. Loehr, C. S. Martin, W. Rast, Eds.
(Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI, 1980), pp. 91-132.
40. G. Gschwandmer, K. C. Gschwandtner, K. Eldridge, Historic Emissions of Sulfur
and Nitrogen Oxides in the U.S. from 1900 to 1980 (EPA 600/7-85-009a, Environ-
mental Protection Agent, Washington, DC, 1985).
41. P. L. Brezonic, in Nutrients in Natural Waters, H. E. Allen and J. R. Kramer, Eds.
(Wiley, New York, 1972).
42. J. E. Biesecker and D. K. Leifeste, U.S. Geol. Surv. Circ. 460-E (1975).
43. Survey of Salt, Calcium Chloride and Abrasive Use in the United States and Canada
(Salt Institute, Alexandria, VA, 1975, 1980).
44. N. E. Peters and J. T. Turk, WaterResour. Bull. 17, 586 (1981); W. S. ScomJ.
Environ. Eng. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Erg. 106, 547 (1980).
45. A. R. Jonez, in Salinity in Watercourses and Reservoirs, R. H. French, Ed.
(Butterworth, Boston, 1984), pp. 337-347.
46. Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Mining Information Services, McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1976 and 1983).
47. Quality of Water: Colorado River Basin (Progress Report 11, Department of the
Interior, Washington, DC, 1983).
48. J. W. Moore and S. Ramamoorthy, Heavy Metals in Natural Waters (Springer-
Verlag, New York, 1984).
49. P. L. Brezonic, in Aqueous -Environmental Cbem&try of Metals, A. J. Rubin, Ed.
(Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI, 1974), pp. 167-191.
50. K. Scow et al., An Exposure and Risk Assessment for Arsenic (Environmental
Protection Agency , Washington, DC, 1982); C. G. Delos, Cadmium Contamina-
tion of the Environment: An Assessment of Nationwide Risks (EPA-440/4-85-023,
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1985).
51. M. Heit, Y. Tan, C. Klusek, ). C. Burke, Water Air Soil Pollut. 15, 441 (1981); J.
O. Nriagu Geocbim. Cosmoebon. Acta 47, 1523 (1983).
52. National Air Quality and Lmusions Trends Report, 1981 (EPA-450/4-83-011,
Environmental Protection Agency, 1983), pp. 42-45.
53. G. E. Likens, Bull. Ecol. Soc. a m. 64, 234 (1983).
54. J. H. Trefrv, S. Metz, R. P. Trocine, T. A. Nelsen, Science 230, 439 (1985).
55. State of the Environment: An Assessment atMid-Decade (The Conservation Founda-
tion, Washington, DC, 1984).
56. rearly Report of Gasoline Saks by State (Ethvl Corporation, Houston, TX, 1982); E.
M. Shelton, M. L. Whisman, P. W. Woodward, Trends in Motor Gasolines: 1942-
1981 (DOE/BETC/RI-82/4, Department of Energy, Bartlesville, OK, 1982).
57. H. W. Edwards and H. G. Wheat, Entnron. Set. Tecbnol. 12, 687 (1978).
58. W. G. Wilber, D. E. Renn, C. G. Crawford, Effects of Land Use and Surficial Geology
on Flow and Water Quality of Streams in the Coal Mining Region of Southern Indiana
(WRI 85-4234, U.S. Geological Survev, Reston, VA, 1985).
59. J. H. Gibson and C. V. Baker, Wet Deposition Estimates, 1980, 1981 (National
Atmospheric Deposition Program, Fort Collins, CO, 1982).
60. The Nation's Water: Key Unanswered Questions About the Quality of River and
Streams (GAO/PEMD-86-6, General Accounting Office, Washington, DC, 1986).
6L Census ofPopu/ation and Housing, 1980: MasterArea Reference File (Census Bureau,
Washington, DC, 1983); Census of Population and Housing, 1970: Master Enumera-
tion District Area (Census Bureau, Washington, DC, 1970).
62. We thank B. Foxworthy, R. Hirsch, D. Knopman, N. Peters, D. Rickert, J. Turk,
and W. Wilbur for helpful suggestions.
27 MARCH 1987
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