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HomeMy WebLinkAboutFOSSIL CREEK APARTMENTS (FORMERLY WATERSTONE APARTMENTS) - PDP - PDP170010 - SUBMITTAL DOCUMENTS - ROUND 1 - ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT (3)March 31, 2015 Patrick Nook Principal Architect and Planner PWN Architects and Planners, Inc. 9250 E Costilla Ave, Suite 620 Greenwood Village, CO 80112 RE: Paleontological Resource Impact Evaluation: Goldelm Apartments at Fossil Creek Project, Fort Collins, Larimer County, Colorado Dear Patrick: At your request, we have performed a paleontological resource impact evaluation for the Goldelm Apartments at Fossil Creek Project along Fossil Creek in Fort Collins, Colorado. Our work included a paleontological field survey of the 13.34 acres at the proposed location of a multifamily apartment project consisting of 264 dwelling units in 2 and 3 story residential buildings with detached garages and a community clubhouse. The entire parcel was surveyed, but the exposures of the Pierre Formation located on the southern side of the Project area was the emphasis of the resource impact evaluation. If you have any questions concerning this report, please let me know. Sincerely, Paul C. Murphey, Ph.D. Rocky Mountain Paleo Solutions 1216 E 10th Ave Denver, CO 80218 303-514-1095 paul@paleosolutions.com PWN Architects and Planners, Inc Goldelm Apartments RMPS Report No. CO15LarimerPWN01R 2 1.0 METHODS The analysis of existing paleontological data included the following elements: 1) a museum and agency records search to determine the presence of previously recorded fossil localities within and adjacent to the Project area (Figure 1); 2) a geologic map review to determine the distribution of geologic units within the Project area; and 3) a literature search to evaluate the paleontological sensitivity of the Project area and the same geologic units in adjacent areas of Colorado. The geologic map review included Colton (1978). The literature search emphasized publications on paleontological resources from the geologic units that are present within, and adjacent to, the Project area. The field survey was conducted by RMPS paleontologist Kate D. Zubin-Stathopoulos, M.S., under the direction of Principal Investigator Dr. Paul C. Murphey. The data analysis was completed, and this report was prepared by, Kate D. Zubin-Stathopoulos. Document review was provided by Paul C. Murphey. GIS support was provided by RMPS GIS specialist Paul R. Nesbit, M.S. The field survey included an examination of exposures of the fossil bearing outcrop that is located within the southern portion of the Project area and extends farther to the south outside of the Project area. A 100% thorough examination of the large fossiliferous sandstone outcrop was completed, and the remainder of the Project area was checked for additional exposures and fossil localities. No fossils were collected. Copies of this report will be submitted to PWN Architects and Planners, Inc. RMPS will retain an archival copy of all project information including field notes, maps, and other data. 2.0 LAWS, ORDINANCES, REGULATIONS, AND STANDARDS Fossils are classified as non-renewable scientific resources, and are protected by various laws, ordinances, regulations, and standards (LORS) across the country. Professional procedures for the assessment and mitigation of adverse impacts to paleontological resources have been established by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (SVP) (2010). This paleontological study was conducted in accordance with the LORS that are applicable to paleontological resources within the Project area as well as in accordance with established best practices in mitigation paleontology (Murphey et al., 2014). Federal, state, county, and city LORS governing paleontological resources are summarized below. 2.1 FEDERAL The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as amended (Pub. L. 91-190, 42 U.S.C. 4321-4347, January 1, 1970, as amended by Pub. L. 94-52, July 3, 1975, Pub. L. 94-83, August 9, 1975, and Pub. L. 97-258 § 4(b), Sept. 13, 1982). NEPA recognizes the continuing responsibility of the Federal Government to “preserve important historic, cultural, and natural aspects of our national heritage...” (Sec. 101 [42 USC § 4321]) (#382). PWN Architects and Planners, Inc Goldelm Apartments RMPS Report No. CO15LarimerPWN01R 3 Figure 1. Overview map of the Goldelm Apartments Project area. PWN Architects and Planners, Inc Goldelm Apartments RMPS Report No. CO15LarimerPWN01R 4 The goal of the NEPA process is to make informed, publicly supported decisions regarding environmental issues. Under NEPA, the Federal government requires that: a) all Federal agencies consider the environmental impacts of proposed actions; b) the public be informed of the potential environmental impacts of proposed actions; and c) that the public be involved in planning and analysis relevant to actions that impact the environment. Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1712[c], 1732[b]); sec. 2, Federal Land Management and Policy Act of 1962 [30 U.S.C. 611]; Subpart 3631.0 et seq.), Federal Register Vol. 47, No. 159, 1982. The FLPMA does not refer specifically to fossils. However, “significant fossils” are understood and recognized in policy as scientific resources. Permits which authorize the collection of significant fossils for scientific purposes are issued under the authority of FLPMA. Under FLPMA, Federal agencies are charged to: a) manage public lands in a manner that protects the quality of scientific, scenic, historical, ecological, environmental, air and atmospheric, archaeological, and water resources, and, where appropriate, preserve and protect certain public lands in their natural condition (Section 102 (a)(8) (11)); b) periodically inventory public lands so that the data can be used to make informed land-use decisions (Section 102(a)(2); and c) regulate the use and development of public lands and resources through easements, licenses, and permits (Section 302(b)). CFR Title 43 Under the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 43, Section 8365.1-5, the collection of scientific resources, including vertebrate fossils, is prohibited without a permit. Except where prohibited, individuals are also authorized to collect some fossils for their personal use. The use of fossils found on Federal lands for commercial purposes is also prohibited. DOI Report – Fossils on Federal & Indian Lands In 2000, the Secretary of the Interior submitted a report to Congress entitled “Assessment of Fossil Management on Federal and Indian Lands.” This report was prepared with the assistance of nine federal agencies, including the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Bureau of Land Management, the Bureau of Reclamation, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, the United States Forest Service, the National Park Service, the United States Geological Survey, and the Smithsonian Institution. The consulting agencies concluded that PWN Architects and Planners, Inc Goldelm Apartments RMPS Report No. CO15LarimerPWN01R 5 administrative and Congressional actions with respect to fossils should be governed by these seven basic principles: a) Fossils on Federal land are a part of America's heritage. b) Most vertebrate fossils are rare. c) Some invertebrate and plant fossils are rare. d) Penalties for fossil theft should be strengthened. e) Effective stewardship requires accurate information. f) Federal fossil collections should be preserved and available for research and public education. g) Federal fossil management should emphasize opportunities for public involvement. Paleontological Resources Preservation, Title VI, Subtitle D in the Omnibus Public Lands Act of 2009, Public Law 111-011. Purpose: The Secretary (Interior and Agriculture) shall manage and protect paleontological resources on Federal land using scientific principles and expertise. The Paleontological Resources Preservation Act (PRPA) is modeled after the Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) and incorporates the recommendations of the May 2000 Report of the Secretary of the Interior, “Assessment of Fossil Management on Federal and Indian Lands,” regarding future actions to formulate a consistent paleontological resources management framework. With the passage of the PRPA, Congress officially recognizes the importance of paleontological resources on federal lands (USDI, USDA excluding Tribal lands) by declaring that fossils from federal lands are federal property that must be preserved and protected using scientific principles and expertise. The PRPA essentially codifies existing policies of the BLM, NPS, USFS, BOR, and FWS. The PRPA provides: • Uniform definitions for “paleontological resources” and “casual collecting.” • Uniform minimum requirements for paleontological resource use permit issuance (terms, conditions, and qualifications of applicants). • Uniform criminal and civil penalties for illegal sale and transport, and theft and vandalism of fossils from Federal lands. • Uniform requirements for curation of federal fossils in approved repositories. Federal protections for scientifically significant paleontological resources apply to projects if any construction or other related project impacts occur on federally owned or managed lands, involve the crossing of state lines, or are federally funded. Because this project has no federal involvement, there are no federal laws or regulations that are applicable to the project. PWN Architects and Planners, Inc Goldelm Apartments RMPS Report No. CO15LarimerPWN01R 6 2.2 STATE The Colorado Historical, Prehistorical and Archaeological Resources Act of 1973 (CRS 24- 80-401 to 411, and 24-80-1301 to 1305), defines permitting requirements and procedures for the collection of prehistoric resources, including paleontological resources, on state lands, and actions that should be taken in the event that resources are discovered in the course of state-funded projects and on state-owned/administered lands. Because this project is located completely on privately owned land, there are no permitting or paleontological resource requirements under Colorado Historical, Prehistorical and Archaeological Resources Act (CHPA). 2.3 COUNTY There are no Larimer County LORS that specifically address potential adverse impacts on paleontological resources. Therefore, no county-level protections of paleontological resources pertain to the Project. 2.4 CITY The Fort Collins City Code (Section 3.4.1) calls for a review of areas of significant geological or paleontological interest on properties within the city in order to ensure preservation, impact minimization and impact mitigation if necessary. 2.5 PRIVATE LANDS There are no LORS applicable to paleontological resources that occur on privately owned lands in the state of Colorado. 3.0 GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY The Project area contains two geologic units. These include the Pierre Shale and the Piney Creek Alluvium (Qpc). These units are described in detail below and the distribution of these units within the Project area can be found in Figure 3 in the following section (5.0 Field Survey Results). 3.1 PIERRE FORMATION The marine Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale (Campanian-Maastrichtian) occurs in Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, and Colorado. Until recently, the Pierre Shale (also known as Pierre Formation) was always assigned a formation-level designation. However, recent stratigraphic research has prompted some scientists to recommend that the Pierre Formation be elevated to group status in Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and eastern Wyoming (Martin et al., 2007). In Colorado it retains formation level status. Only the lumped Richard Sandstone Member/Larimer Sandstone Member/Rocky Ridge Sandstone Member of the Pierre Shale (Kprl) is mapped as occurring within the Project area (Figures 2 and 3; Colton, 1978). Generally, lithologies of the Pierre Shale include hard, platy to flaky gray, dark gray, brownish-gray, grayish-black, tan shale and silty shale, light PWN Architects and Planners, Inc Goldelm Apartments RMPS Report No. CO15LarimerPWN01R 7 olive gray silty bentonitic shale, limestone, and ironstone concretions (Carroll and Crawford, 2000; Haymes, 1989; Gill and Cobban, 1966; Scott and Wobus, 1973; Thorson, et al. 2001; Thorson and Madole, 2002; Wood et al., 1957). The Richard Sandstone Member/Larimer Sandstone Member/Rocky Ridge Sandstone Member consists of pale- brown clayey micaceous siltstone and sandstone, hard to soft yellowish-brown sandstone and light-brown fine- to medium-grained glauconitic sandstone (Colton, 1978; Kiteley, 1977). The invertebrate and vertebrate fossil faunas of the Pierre Shale in Colorado, Wyoming, South Dakota, Montana, Kansas, and New Mexico have been the subject of far more studies than can be cited here (e.g., Bergstresser, 1981; Bishop, 1985; Carpenter, 1996; Cobban et al., 1993; Gill and Cobban, 1966; Kauffman and Kesling, 1960; Lammons, 1969; Martz et al., 1999; Scott and Cobban, 1965, 1986a, 1986b; and many others). The invertebrate fauna includes a diverse assemblage of mollusks (primarily ammonites and inoceramids) as well as other bivalves, bryozoans, and gastropods. The trace fossils (ichnofauna) consist primarily of trails, burrows, tubes, fecal pellets, and raspings on shells (Gill and Cobban, 1966), and gastroliths. Plant fossils are rare, consisting of logs and wood fragments. The vertebrate fauna is also diverse, containing a variety of fish, turtles, mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, and more rare dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and birds (Carpenter, 1996). However, occurrences of vertebrate fossils are more localized than invertebrates. Most vertebrate fossils have been discovered in the Sharon Springs Member of the Pierre Shale in Wyoming, South Dakota, and Kansas. Additional vertebrate fossils are known from the Pierre Shale in the Walsenburg area of southern Colorado. According to Colorado Department of Transporation Staff Paleontologist Steven Wallace (written communication, 2007), the UCM has a mosasaur jaw that was collected from the Pierre Shale north of Pawnee Pass (west of Sterling) in northeastern Colorado, and that this specimen is the only vertebrate fossil known from the Pierre Shale in that part of the state. The paleontological sensitivity of the Pierre Shale is difficult to assess in northern Colorado based on published literature alone. However, the overall lack of published information, in combination with the low number of fossil localities in museum databases, suggests that the Pierre Shale is less fossiliferous in northeastern Colorado than in other parts of its distribution. Because the Pierre Shale generally contains abundant invertebrate fossils, and less common vertebrate fossils, it is considered to have moderate paleontological sensitivity in Colorado. The distribution of the Pierre Shale within the Project area is shown in Figure 3 (Kprl). 3.2 PINEY CREEK ALLUVIUM Holocene-aged Piney Creek Alluvium consists dark-gray humic sandy to gravelly alluvium containing organic matter (Colton, 1978). This unit is too young to contain in-situ fossils, and preserves only the unfossilized remains of modern species. Piney Creek Alluvium is considered to have low paleontological sensitivity. PWN Architects and Planners, Inc Goldelm Apartments RMPS Report No. CO15LarimerPWN01R 8 Figure 2. Generalized Stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale from Kiteley (1977). 4.0 RECORDS SEARCH RESULTS There are numerous previously recorded fossil localities in the Pierre Shale across its distribution in northern Colorado and Wyoming, the most common being marine mollusks (bivalves and ammonites). The density of nearby fossil localities and types of fossils that have been documented are useful indicators for evaluating the potential for construction related impacts to surface and subsurface fossils that meet scientific significance criteria. Locality data was requested from the University of Colorado Museum (UCM) and the Denver Museum of Nature and Science (DMNS). Based on the coordinates provided, neither of these institutions have previously recorded the fossiliferous sandstone outcrop within the Project area as a fossil locality. However, it is possible that the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has recorded this outcrop as a locality as they did with numerous other PWN Architects and Planners, Inc Goldelm Apartments RMPS Report No. CO15LarimerPWN01R 9 Pierre Shale outcrops along the Front Range during the course of prior biostratigraphic studies and geologic mapping. However, our locality request to the USGS was not answered. The DMNS has two fossil localities in the Pierre Shale within the same Township as the Project area. DMNS Locality 2779 is located approximately 2.5 miles south of the Project area, and produced fossils identified only generally as “invertebrates.” DMNS locality 2768 is located approximately 0.75 miles to the south of the Project area, and based on aerial photos, may have been partially or completely graded away to make way for existing structures. It is also described only generally as having produced “invertebrates.” This locality is the same as UCM locality 82132. UCM locality 82132, described as Hygiene Sandstone Member, yielded a reasonably diverse fossil assemblage consisting of bivalves (Inoceramus sp., Pinna sp.), gastropods (Anchura sp.) ammonites (Baculites sp.), undetermined fish scales, an undetermined bone fragment, an unidentified squamate (lizard or snake), and a sharks tooth (Lamna sp.). The UCM has four additional Pierre Shale fossil localities in the same Township. 5.0 FIELD SURVEY RESULTS This section of the report presents the results of the pedestrian field surveys for the Goldelm Apartments Project area completed on March 18, 2015. The project is summarized in Table 1. The field survey included a thorough examination of the large sandstone outcrop in the southern Portion of the Project area which extends to the south outside of the Project area (Figure 3). Lithologically, the outcrop consists of fine- to coarse-grained gray and tan sandstone with large, indurated rusty brown concretions containing abundant marine invertebrate fossils. Representative photographs of the Project area are provided in Figure 4. One fossil locality was recorded during the survey, and no fossils were collected. Locality F3-150318-01 consists of abundant disarticulated and articulated valves, shell fragments, and internal and external molds of bivalves (Family Inoceramidae, Order cf. Veneroida, Family Ostreidae) (Figure 5). These fossils are most abundant and best preserved immediately to the south of the Project area on the north side of the drainage which runs east to west just outside of the southern border of the Project area. Therefore, based on the Project area map, the area of highest fossil concentration lies outside of the Project area. Overall, the fossils at this locality are mostly poorly preserved but some are potentially identifiable to a low taxonomic level and would therefore be biostratigraphically diagnostic. The same types of fossils are also well documented at other Pierre Shale fossil localities in northeastern Colorado and are likely already well represented in, and therefore potentially redundant with, museum collections. PWN Architects and Planners, Inc Goldelm Apartments RMPS Report No. CO15LarimerPWN01R 10 TABLE 1. PROJECT SUMMARY Project Name Goldelm Apartments Project Description Paleontological resources analysis of existing data and field survey to locate and document scientifically significant fossils Surveyed Acreage 13.34 Location (PLSS) and Land Owner/Managing Agency Quarter-Quarter Section Township Range Land Agency/Private Land Owner NENE, NWNE 1 T6N R69W Private Geologic Maps Colton, R.B., 1978, Geologic map of the Boulder-Fort Collins-Greeley area, Front Range Urban Corridor, Colorado: USGS I-855-G (1:100,000) Geology Richard Sandstone Member/Larimer Sandstone Member/Rocky Ridge Sandstone Member of the Pierre Shale (Kprl-Upper Cretaceous), Piney Creek Alluvium (Qpc-Holocene) Geological Description Unit Lithology Description Estimated Thickness (meters) New Fossil Localities 0 Sandstone Massive pale yellowish- brown (10YR 6/2), fine- to coarse grained, poorly sorted, subrounded with rusty brown concretions, planar laminations and bioturbation Bottom contact not exposed F3-150318-01 Surveyors Kate D. Zubin-Stathopoulos, M.S. Survey Dates 3/18/2015 Topography Hill sloping to the southeast and northwest with a drainage on the south side of the outcrop Previously Documented Fossil Localities within the Same Section as the Project Area 1 previous locality within the same section as the Project area documented by 2 institutions (DMNS 2768, UCM 82132). Fossil Localities Discovered During Survey Non-significant Fossil Occurrence: 1 Significant Fossil Locality: 0 PLSS = Public Land Survey System PWN Architects and Planners, Inc Goldelm Apartments RMPS Report No. CO15LarimerPWN01R 11 Figure 3. Paleontological survey map for the Goldelm Apartments Project area showing mapped geology. PWN Architects and Planners, Inc Goldelm Apartments RMPS Report No. CO15LarimerPWN01R 12 Photo  1.  Overview  of  the  outcrop  of  Pierre  Shale  in the  Project  area  from  the  west  end  at  point  F3-­‐ 150318-­‐01,  view  facing  south Photo  2.  Overview  of  the  outcrop  of  Pierre  Shale  in the  Project  area  showing  sandstone  concretions  at point  F3-­‐150318-­‐01,  view  facing  northeast Photo  3.  Overview  of  the  outcrop  of  Pierre  Shale  in the PWN Architects and Planners, Inc Goldelm Apartments RMPS Report No. CO15LarimerPWN01R 13 Photo  1.  Ostreidae  undet.  –  articulated  shells  (scale in  centimeters)  from  fossil  locality  F3-­‐150318-­‐01 Photo  2.  Cf.  Veneroida  –  internal  mold  (scale  in centimeters)  from  fossil  locality  F3-­‐150318-­‐01 Photo  3.  Inoceramidae  undet.  –  shells  and  external molds  (scale  in  centimeters)  from  fossil  locality  F3-­‐ 150318-­‐01 Photo  4.  Inoceramidae  undet.  –  single  valve  (scale  in centimeters)  from  fossil PWN Architects and Planners, Inc Goldelm Apartments RMPS Report No. CO15LarimerPWN01R 14 6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Based on City of Fort Collins requirements, the following findings are reported herein: 2. The location(s) of paleontological resources are plotted on plotted on a site map (Figure 3). This map shows the location of the fossiliferous outcrop which has been documented as fossil locality F3-150318-01. 3. The abundance of paleontological resources within the Project area has been documented. The most taxonomically diverse and best preserved fossils are located in the center of the sandstone outcrop just outside (to the south of) of the Project area. 4. Images of the paleontological resources are provided in Figure 5 (photos 1-6). 5. A determination of the applicability of laws, ordinances and regulations to the paleontological resources is included. The requirements of the Fort Collins City Code have been fulfilled. The project will impact the northern portion of the sandstone outcrop where the fossils are more fragmentary and less abundant. However, the types of fossils that are present are relatively common in the Pierre Shale and are already well represented in museum collections. Therefore, the loss of the fossils within the portion of the outcrop which occurs within the Project area is not considered to represent a loss to science and education, and is not considered to be a significant adverse impact. No impact mitigation measures are recommended provided that recommendation # 6 is complied with during construction. 6. Vertebrate fossils are comparatively rare but scientifically important in the Pierre Shale. If any subsurface bones or other potential fossils are unearthed during construction, work in the immediate area (20-foot diameter of discovery site) should be temporarily suspended, and a qualified paleontologist should be called to the site to evaluate the discovery. PWN Architects and Planners, Inc Goldelm Apartments RMPS Report No. CO15LarimerPWN01R 15 7.0 REFERENCES Bergstresser, T. J. 1981. Foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleobathymetry of the Pierre Shale, Colorado, Kansas, and Wyoming. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wyoming, Wyoming, 351 pp. Bishop, G. A. 1985. Fossil decapod crustaceans from the Gammon Ferruginous Member, Pierre Shale (early Campanian), Black Hills, South Dakota. Journal of Paleontology 59(3):605–624. Carpenter, K. 1996. Sharon Springs Member, Pierre Shale (lower Campanian); depositional environment and origin of its vertebrate fauna, with a review of North American Cretaceous plesiosaurs. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado. Carroll, C. J., and T. A. Crawford. 2000. Geologic map of the Colorado Springs Quadrangle, El Paso County, Colorado. Colorado Geologic Survey Open File Report 00-3, scale 1:24,000 (1 sheet and booklet). Cobban, W. A., W. J. Kennedy, and G. R. Scott. 1993. Upper Cretaceous heteromorph ammonites from the Baculites compressus Zone of the Pierre Shale in north-central Colorado. U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin B 2024. Colton, R. B. 1978. Geologic map of the Boulder – Fort Collins – Greeley area, Colorado. U. S. Geological Survey Map I-855-G, 1 sheet (scale 1:100,000). Gill, J. R., and W. A. Cobban. 1966. The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming, with a section on a new echinoid from the Cretaceous Pierre Shale of eastern Wyoming by Porter M. Kier. U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper P 0393-A. Green, G. N. 1992. The digital geologic map of Colorado in ARC/INFO format. U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report OFR-92-507. Haymes, S. R. 1989. Mixed regressive-transgressive sedimentation, relative sea level change, and coal accumulation; upper Pierre Shale, Trinidad Sandstone, and lower Vermejo Formation; Upper Cretaceous, Cimaroon area, southern Raton Basin, New Mexico. University of Colorado, Boulder, Master’s Thesis, 186 pp. Kauffman, E. G., and R. V. Kesling. 1960. An Upper Cretaceous ammonite bitten by a mosasaur [South Dakota]. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology. University of Michigan 15(9):193–248. Kiteley, L.W., 1977. Shallow Marine Deposits in the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale of the Northern Denver Basin and Their Relationship to Hydrocarbon Accumulation: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists Symposium, p. 197-211. PWN Architects and Planners, Inc Goldelm Apartments RMPS Report No. CO15LarimerPWN01R 16 Lammons, J. M. 1969. The palynology and paleoecology of the Pierre shale (Campanian- Maestrichtian), of northwestern Kansas and environs. Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, Michigan. Martin, J. E., J. L. Bertog, and D. C. Parris. 2007. Revised Lithostratigraphy of the lower Pierre Shale Group (Campanian) of central South Dakota, including newly designated members. The Geology and Paleontology of the Late Cretaceous Marine Deposits of the Dakotas. Special Paper - Geological Society of America 427:9–21. Martz, J. W., J. P. Vonloh, and T. Ikejiri. 1999. The biostratigraphic and taxonomic distribution of Colorado mosasaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19(3):62A. Murphey, P.C., G. E. Knauss, L. H. Fisk, T. A. Demere, R. E. Reynolds, K. C. Trujillo, and J. J. Strauss. 2014. A foundation for best practices in mitigation paleontology: Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Fossil Resources. Dakoterra 6:243-285. Scott, G. R., and R. A. Wobus. 1973. Reconnaissance geologic map of Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado. U. S. Geologic Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF- 482, scale 1:62,500 (1 sheet). Scott, G. R., and W. A. Cobban. 1965. Geologic, biostratigraphic, and structure map of the Pierre Shale between Jarre Creek and Loveland, Colorado. U. S. Geological Survey Misc. Investigations Map I-439. (scale 1:48,000, 2 sheets). Scott, G. R., and W. A. Cobban. 1986a. Geologic, biostratigraphic, and structure map of the Pierre Shale between Loveland and Round Butte, Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey Misc. Investigations Map I-1700. (scale 1:50,000, 2 sheets). Scott, G. R., and W. A. Cobban. 1986b. Geologic and biostratigraphic map of the Pierre Shale in the Colorado Springs-Pueblo area, Colorado. U. S. Geologic Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1627, 1 sheet. Thorson, J. P., and R. F. Madol. 2002. Geologic map of the Monument Quadrangle, El Paso County, Colorado. Colorado Geological Survey OpenFile Report 02-4, scale 1:24,000 (1 sheet and booklet). Thorson, J. P., C. J. Carroll, and M. L. Morgan. 2001. Geologic map of the Pikeview Quadrangle, El Paso County, Colorado. Colorado Geologic Survey Open File Report 01-3, scale 1:24,000 (1 sheet and booklet). Trimble, D. E., and M. N. Machette. 1979. Geologic map of the greater Denver area, Front Range urban corridor, Colorado. U. S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geologic Map, I-856-H, scale 1:100,000, 1 sheet. Tweto, Ogden. 1979. Geologic Map of Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey special map prepared in cooperation with the Colorado Geological Survey (not part of any formal publication series), scale 1:500,000. PWN Architects and Planners, Inc Goldelm Apartments RMPS Report No. CO15LarimerPWN01R 17 Wallace, Steven. 2007. Written communication regarding Pierre Shale vertebrate fossil localities in eastern Colorado. Steven Wallace is CDOT Staff Paleontologist. Wood, G. H., R. B. Johnson, and G. H. Dixon. 1957. Geology and coal resources of the Starkville-Weston area, Las Animas County, Colorado. U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1051, 68 pp. PWN Architects and Planners, Inc Goldelm Apartments RMPS Report No. CO15LarimerPWN01R 18  locality  F3-­‐150318-­‐01 Photo  5.  Inoceramidae  undet.  –  hinge  (scale  in centimeters)  from  fossil  locality  F3-­‐150318-­‐01 Photo  6.  Inoceramidae  undet.  –  hinge  and  shell fragments  (scale  in  centimeters)  from  fossil  locality F3-­‐150318-­‐01 Figure 5. Overview photographs of fossils found at the Goldelm Apartments Project area.  Project  area  from  the  east  end  at  point  F3-­‐ 150318-­‐01,  view  facing  northwest Photo  4.  Overview  of  the  Project  area  photo  point P3-­‐150318-­‐01,  view  facing  north Photo  5.  Overview  of  the  Project  area  photo  point P3-­‐150318-­‐01,  view  facing  west Photo  6.  Overview  of  the  Project  area  photo  point P3-­‐150318-­‐02,  view  facing  north Figure 4. Overview photographs of the Goldelm Apartments Project area.