HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOUNCIL - COMPLETE AGENDA - 02/11/2020 - ADJOURNED MEETINGCity of Fort Collins Page 1
Wade Troxell, Mayor City Council Chambers
Kristin Stephens, District 4, Mayor Pro Tem City Hall West
Susan Gutowsky, District 1 300 LaPorte Avenue
Julie Pignataro, District 2 Fort Collins, Colorado
Ken Summers, District 3
Ross Cunniff, District 5 Cablecast on FCTV Channel 14
Emily Gorgol, District 6 and Channel 881 on the Comcast cable system
Carrie Daggett Darin Atteberry Delynn Coldiron
City Attorney City Manager City Clerk
Adjourned Meeting
February 11, 2020
6:00 p. m.
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the item will be considered. See Council Rules of Conduct in Meetings for details.
The City of Fort Collins will make reasonable accommodations for access to City services, programs, and
activities and will make special communication arrangements for persons with disabilities. Please call 221-
6515 (V/TDD: Dial 711 for Relay Colorado) for assistance.
CALL MEETING TO ORDER
ROLL CALL
1. Consideration of a motion to adjourn into executive session.
“I move that the City Council go into executive session for the purpose of meeting with the City’s
Attorneys and City Management staff as permitted under City Charter Article II, Section 11(2), City
Code Section 2-31(a)(2) and Colorado Revised Statutes Section 24-6-402(4)(b) to discuss specific
legal questions related to settlement of potential litigation regarding certain police matters.
OTHER BUSINESS
ADJOURNMENT
City of Fort Collins Page 1
Wade Troxell, Mayor Council Information Center (CIC)
Kristin Stephens, District 4, Mayor Pro Tem City Hall West
Susan Gutowsky, District 1 300 LaPorte Avenue
Julie Pignataro, District 2 Fort Collins, Colorado
Ken Summers, District 3
Ross Cunniff, District 5 Cablecast on FCTV Channel 14
Emily Gorgol, District 6 and Channel 881 on the Comcast cable system
Carrie Daggett Darin Atteberry Delynn Coldiron
City Attorney City Manager City Clerk
The City of Fort Collins will make reasonable accommodations for access to City services, programs, and activities
and will make special communication arrangements for persons with disabilities. Please call 221-6515 (V/TDD: Dial
711 for Relay Colorado) for assistance.
City Council Work Session
February 11, 2020
After the Adjourned Meeting, which begins at 6:00 p.m.
• CALL TO ORDER.
1. West Nile Virus Program Review. (staff: Mike Calhoon, Matt Parker; 15 minute staff presentation;
45 minute discussion)
The purpose of this item is to review the current West Nile Virus (WNV) program, summarize the
evolution of the program, and assess Council’s interest in pursuing policy changes. The WNV
Program has evolved significantly over the past 17 years of operation, through four revisions in
policy. Initiated in 2003 as an emergency response to the westward migration of the mosquito-borne
disease, the Program seeks to reduce the risk of WNV infection while limiting the human and
environmental impacts of managing against WNV. While adult mosquito control treatments garner
most of the concern and attention, the majority of the program budget funds preventive integrated
pest management actions and data collection. The contentious aspect of the WNV Program has
been adult mosquito treatments and the policy thresholds at which those actions occur.
2. Mitigating Plastics Pollution. (staff: Molly Saylor, Richard Thorp, Jeff Mihelich; 15 minute staff
presentation; 45 minute discussion)
The purpose of this item is to share existing best practice research and to propose taking a
comprehensive approach to mitigating single-use (macroplastic) pollution, while continuing to study
microplastic pollution.
City of Fort Collins Page 2
3. Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review. (staff: Kevin Gertig, Randy Reuscher,
John Phelan, Lisa Rosintoski, Lance Smith; 20 minute staff presentation; 15 minute discussion)
The purpose of this item is to share the detailed analysis, recommendations and outreach/feedback
from the first 12 months of the Time-of-Day (TOD) residential electric rate structure, which was
launched in October 2018.
Pilot Study (2015-2016)
While the pilot study confirmed that a switch to a TOD rate structure would achieve the goal of being
revenue-neutral, the results also showed annual reductions in both the average residential electric
bill (~2%) and overall energy consumption (2.5%). There was also evidence this rate structure would
lower utility costs by shifting demand away from the on-peak hours.
TOD One-Year Results (October 2018-October 2019)
The results after one year on TOD are consistent with the results from the pilot study for overall
revenue, customer bill changes, energy use reduction and peak demand shifting:
• 65% of residential accounts showed a decrease in annual electric bills compared to the prior rate
structure.
• Average monthly bill was $1.38 lower with TOD pricing.
• Overall revenue collected for the residential class was lower by 2.3% on TOD.
• Overall energy consumption was 1.9% lower, or 16,775 megawatt-hours (MWh), which also
decreased wholesale electricity expenditures.
• Reduced electricity use from TOD saved over 15,800 metric tons of carbon emissions, equivalent
to 0.8% of the 2018 community carbon inventory.
• On-peak hour electricity use was 7.5% lower than in the previous year.
Staff also examined several methods to account for weather differences in pre- and post-TOD
periods. The results show a weather-adjusted conservation effect for reductions in energy use
between 3.5% and 5%.
• ANNOUNCEMENTS.
• ADJOURNMENT.
DATE:
STAFF:
February 11, 2020
Mike Calhoon, Director of Parks
Matt Parker, Crew Chief
WORK SESSION ITEM
City Council
SUBJECT FOR DISCUSSION
West Nile Virus Program Review.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The purpose of this item is to review the current West Nile Virus (WNV) program, summarize the evolution of the
program, and assess Council’s interest in pursuing policy changes. The WNV Program has evolved significantly
over the past 17 years of operation, through four revisions in policy. Initiated in 2003 as an emergency response
to the westward migration of the mosquito-borne disease, the Program seeks to reduce the risk of WNV infection
while limiting the human and environmental impacts of managing against WNV. While adult mosquito control
treatments garner most of the concern and attention, the majority of the program budget funds preventive
integrated pest management actions and data collection. The contentious aspect of the WNV Program has been
adult mosquito treatments and the policy thresholds at which those actions occur.
GENERAL DIRECTION SOUGHT AND SPECIFIC QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED
1. Does Council have any clarifying questions?
2. Does Council wish to pursue policy changes to the WNV Management Program?
BACKGROUND / DISCUSSION
Annual WNV Cycle
WNV migrated to Colorado in 2002 and will continue to present an annual threat of human disease transmission.
WNV is transmitted to humans by Culex mosquitoes, of which two species are commonly found in this area. WNV
is always present in the bird community and amplifies over the course of the summer as mosquitoes bite infected
birds and carry the virus to uninfected birds. The human risk of infection increases as the viral activity amplifies in
the avian community and mosquitoes seek alternative blood-meal sources, namely humans. The aim of an
emergency response adult mosquito treatment is to break the amplification and transmission cycle at the
appropriate time while integrating social and environmental considerations.
City of Fort Collins WNV Program
In 2003, as the mosquito-borne disease first entered the community, the City of Fort Collins initiated a rapid
response effort to reduce risk of people’s exposure to WNV. This response established specific elements of a
WNV Program, including: a larvicide program, trapping and surveillance of adult mosquitoes and, as a last resort,
an adult mosquito pesticide application. As WNV became endemic in the community, the City developed an
ongoing program with a mission to reduce the human impact of WNV while mitigating social and environmental
impacts. While other communities operate programs oriented towards mosquito nuisance reduction, or a blend of
disease mitigation and nuisance reduction, the City of Fort Collins’ program works exclusively to reduce the
human impact of WNV. This is evidenced by the fact that the City program acts based on the population
abundance and infection rate of two of the 12 mosquito species commonly found in the area, Culex tarsalis and
C. pipiens. Early summer mosquito populations are nearly always dominated by Aedes vexans, a species not
known to transmit WNV. The program is not designed to make adult mosquito treatments in the absence of direct
evidence of West Nile Virus risk.
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The City uses the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
recommended Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach. This is a data driven approach to mosquito-borne
disease management. The core elements include:
1. Public Education
Efforts focus on building public awareness of WNV risk and personal mitigation options. WNV awareness has
increased through the years, subsequently the outreach efforts are increasingly concentrated on affecting
behavioral change. The City currently uses the Larimer Emergency Telephone Authority (LETA) to provide
treatment notifications. These notifications are provided on an elective, opt-in basis. Education efforts focus on
increasing the rate of LETA WNV opt-in participation.
2. Larval Management
The bulk of program expenses relate to ongoing larvae reduction. Inspection of breeding areas occurs on a
weekly basis; if larvae are present the site is treated immediately. Inspection frequency increases as the mosquito
reproduction rate increases with warmer weather. Over 90% of the larval treatments use a naturally occurring
bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis). This selective larvicide only impacts the lower reaches of
the Diptera family, e.g. mosquitoes and black flies.
3. Surveillance
The City’s WNV program employs a robust trapping and surveillance system providing weekly data on the
population levels and disease rates. The system consists of 53 traps distributed across the city. The trapping
system seeks to appropriately represent populations of both C. tarsalis and C. pipiens, each of which are most
effectively attracted to different mosquito trap designs.
4. Adult Mosquito Control
Industry best management practices include the establishment of pre-defined thresholds at which action steps
should be taken. This idea is embedded throughout the WNV program, most importantly with the thresholds
related to adult mosquito applications. Consistent with the guiding principles of the program, staff and advisors
have sought opportunities to limit the extent of adult mosquito treatment while administering the treatments in a
timeframe and manner that will maximize efficacy of risk reduction.
5. Continual Improvement Assessment
An annual review with the Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) is an essential element of the program. Through
the years, the TAC has assisted staff in developing program improvements such as increased public outreach,
expansion of the larval treatment and surveillance season and recommendations on adult mosquito control
thresholds.
Human Impacts of WNV
Most people infected with WNV will have no symptoms. Public Health officials estimate that 70-80% of those
infected will experience little to no symptoms. About 20-25% infected individuals will develop a fever with other
symptoms. Less than 1% of infections lead to the development of serious neurologic illnesses such as
encephalitis or meningitis (inflammation of the brain or surrounding tissues). Recent research indicates additional
health concerns related to long-term kidney complications and latent neurological impacts for people infected with
WNV. As new information becomes available, it is important to periodically reassess WNV program elements.
Assessment of WNV Risk - Vector Index
WNV risk assessment and action thresholds vary widely across the country without a widely recognized
assessment tool for all regions. The CDC developed a Vector Index (VI) to assess WNV risk based on Culex
mosquito abundance and infection rate. This index was developed with local expertise, significant influence from
local conditions, and found to be strongly predictive of human cases. The vector index is the sum of two products
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(one for each species, C. tarsalis and C. pipiens). Each product being the abundance per trap night multiplied by
the infection rate for that species.
Ai = Abundance
Pi = Infection Rate
Current WNV Adult Mosquito Treatment Policy
The City Manager may approve an adult mosquito treatment if a recommendation to conduct such a treatment is
provided by the Larimer County Department of Health and a vector index value of at least 0.75 occurs in an area
of at least 5 contiguous trap sites.
Treatment opt-out provision will be made to individuals registered on the Colorado Pesticide Sensitive Registry
and to businesses that have applied for and been granted a business opt-out based on economic impacts.
Previous City Council Resolutions
• Resolution 2003-097 authorized emergency response adult mosquito application and initiated a larvicide
program to reduce breeding. (Attachment 1)
• Resolution 2004-082 adopted 0.75 vector index criteria, directs public notification, provides for limited
exemptions for sensitive individuals. (Attachment 2)
• Resolution 2008-062 repealed 2004-082, established more extensive City policy, recognized WNV TAC,
appointed a WNV Advisory Panel to review adult mosquito treatment recommendations. (Attachment 3)
• Resolution 2014-049 established a treatment threshold of vector index of 0.75 and proof of human infection,
as well as evidence increasing abundance. Established floating zones. Established individual opt-out program
based on Colorado Pesticide Sensitivity Registry, and business opt-out program based on demonstrated
hardship. (Attachment 4)
• Resolution 2018-051 removed the requirement of human infection proof, i.e. positive blood donor or two
human cases in the current week. Maintained the vector index value at 0.75 in a floating zone (understood to
be at least 5 traps). (Attachment 5)
Adult Mosquito Treatments
The City makes adult mosquito applications only in response to a recommendation from the Larimer County
Department of Health. This recommendation uses data from the 53-trap network with infection rate testing
performed by Colorado State University (CSU). The recommendation identifies the geographic area of treatment
and is understood to be made at the earliest time possible. Both the City and County have collaborated through
the years to balance the WNV risk reduction effect of a treatment and the benefits of increased public notification
and limited area of treatment. Previous approaches to defining treatment zones included a city-wide approach
that required a vector index value of 0.75 across the entire trapping area, this resulted in fewer years in which a
given week’s VI value exceeded the threshold, but also resulted in application over the entirety of the city, some
areas of which were not experiencing elevated risk.
Measuring Success of Adult Mosquito Treatments
Measuring the vector index reduction impact of adult mosquito treatments is a challenge the program faces each
year a treatment is conducted. The intended effect (mosquito reduction) of a permethrin treatment is widely
accepted in the mosquito abatement profession; this is evidenced locally by reduced abundance values within the
City’s trapping network as well as a reduction of the vector index value in an overwhelming majority of treatment
operations. While closely controlled experiments indicate the efficacy of permethrin, real-world applications
present a wide variety of environmental variables that can alter efficacy. Using our standard trapping network and
the schedule of trapping, it can be difficult to demonstrate treatment efficacy, e.g., following a treatment, traps
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within the treatment area may not be set and collected until 4 days post-treatment. This temporal gap allows for
immigration of mosquitoes into the treatment area.
To better understand the efficacy of treatments, City Council funded a West Nile Virus Efficacy Study (Offer 89.2)
for the 2019-2020 budget cycle. Staff has worked with the CDC to implement such a study. However, given the
limited area of the rain-impacted 2019 application, only one trap was located within the treatment area. This did
not provide enough data to make an assessment. Staff will continue to work towards providing a local assessment
of efficacy of a permethrin treatment.
Non-Target Impacts of Adult Mosquito Treatments
The threat of permethrin harming non-target organisms is a serious concern, specifically for humans, pollinators,
and aquatic species. As with the application of all pesticides, it is vital that use only occurs within a well
formulated integrated pest management system. Impacts to all non-target organisms are mitigated primarily by a
program that uses an IPM approach and effectively reduces mosquitoes at the larval stage. This is the most
labor-intensive element of the WNV Program.
As WNV risk crosses the policy threshold, adult mosquito treatments are considered in targeted areas. Based on
previous reviews by the TAC, the current product selection is permethrin. Most recently labeled by the
Environmental Protection Agency in 2014, Aqua-Kontrol 30-30 allows for 25 treatments in a given area within a
year. Treatments administered by the City and Larimer County Health Department typically amount to less than 4
treatments at a given location within a year.
Mitigation of Impacts to Humans
The limited use of permethrin, provision of opt-outs for pesticide sensitive individuals, providing public notice of
treatments, and the practice of not making applications on Friday and Saturday nights all contribute to mitigating
risk to humans.
Mitigation of Impacts to Pollinators
Impacts to pollinators are greatly reduced with two specific operational decision points: (1) the product selection,
and (2) the timing of application. Permethrin is a synthesized replication of chemistry produced by the
chrysanthemum plant. While highly toxic to insects, it does not present the elevated risk to non-target insects as
neonicotinoids. The pollinator focused Xerces Society indicates that permethrin, when used within an IPM system
is greatly preferred to the use of neonicotinoids. When applications are timed to occur in the evening, honeybees
have retreated to their hives resulting in decreased risk. These measures do not eliminate the risk to the very
wide range of native and non-native pollinators; for instance, little information is available on the impacts to night-
active pollinators such as moths. When applied for public health purposes, restrictions on applications impacting
pollinators are excepted.
Mitigation of Impacts to Aquatic Organisms
Permethrin is highly toxic to aquatic organisms. The product label restricts applications over bodies of water
unless mosquitoes are present and movement away from water is facilitated. Application directly into storm
drains, sewers, gutters, or other drains leading to bodies of water is also prohibited. When adult mosquito
treatments are conducted, application over water or directly into drains does not occur. During applications,
airspace over bodies of water is not treated, and sufficient buffers are given to decrease drift risk. The label
identifies residential and urban areas as allowable treatment areas. Additionally, the rapid breakdown of
permethrin due to sunshine greatly reduce the threat presented by runoff into storm drains.
Technical Advisory Committee Information
Since 2003, the City has used community expertise to inform its WNV Management Program. In 2007, the City
Manager formalized that community expertise as the WNV TAC. Volunteers are appointed by the City Manager
and provide feedback on the WNV Management Program. Each year the TAC convenes to review and consider
modifications to the program.
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TAC members include: Danielle Buttke (Natural Resources Advisory Board), Roxanne Connelly (CDC), Greg Ebel
(CSU), Boris Kondratieff (CSU), Dana Kunze (founder of ‘No Spray Fort Collins’ Facebook site), Shaun May
(Larimer County Department of Public Health and Environment), Greg McMaster (former Air Quality Board
member), and Chester G. Moore (CSU - Retired). While not representing their employers on the TAC, members
include internationally recognized experts on vector-borne diseases, entomology and public health issues.
Through the years the TAC has proven instrumental in identifying and promoting opportunities for continual
improvement including; expansion of the larval control perimeter, development of a business opt-out program, as
well as improvements to the communication of risk levels and data results. This year the WNV TAC will again
focus on identifying alternatives to permethrin as the adult mosquito insecticide of choice. Previous assessments
of permethrin have not identified a preferred alternative. The initial TAC meeting was held in January with
additional meetings in February, March, and April. If operational changes to the program are identified, staff will
work to implement those changes for the 2020 WNV operation season.
ATTACHMENTS
1. Resolution 2003-097 (PDF)
2. Resolution 2004-082 (PDF)
3. Resolution 2008-062 (PDF)
4. Resolution 2014-049 (PDF)
5. Resolution 2018-051 (PDF)
6. Permethrin Label (PDF)
7. Permethrin Material Safety Data Sheet (SDS) (PDF)
8. Powerpoint presentation (PDF)
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ATTACHMENT 1
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Attachment: Resolution 2003-097 (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
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Attachment: Resolution 2003-097 (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
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Attachment: Resolution 2003-097 (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
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Attachment: Resolution 2003-097 (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
ATTACHMENT 2
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Attachment: Resolution 2004-082 (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
ATTACHMENT 3
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Attachment: Resolution 2008-062 (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
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Attachment: Resolution 2008-062 (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
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Attachment: Resolution 2008-062 (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
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Attachment: Resolution 2008-062 (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
ATTACHMENT 4
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Attachment: Resolution 2014-049 (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
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Attachment: Resolution 2014-049 (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
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Attachment: Resolution 2014-049 (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
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Attachment: Resolution 2014-049 (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
ATTACHMENT 5
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Attachment: Resolution 2018-051 (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
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Attachment: Resolution 2018-051 (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
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Attachment: Resolution 2018-051 (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
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Attachment: Resolution 2018-051 (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
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Attachment: Resolution 2018-051 (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
ATTACHMENT 6
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Attachment: Permethrin Label (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
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Attachment: Permethrin Label (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
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Attachment: Permethrin Label (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
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Attachment: Permethrin Label (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
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Attachment: Permethrin Label (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
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Attachment: Permethrin Label (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
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Attachment: Permethrin Label (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
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Attachment: Permethrin Label (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
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Attachment: Permethrin Label (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
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Attachment: Permethrin Label (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
Aqua-Kontrol 30 - 30 Page 1 of 8
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
Univar Environmental Sciences Emergency Response Telephone Numbers
11305 Four points Drive For Spills Call Chemtrec: 1-(800)-424-9300
Bldg. 1, Suite 210 For Medical Emergencies Call: 1-(866)-674-4334
Austin, Texas 78726 For Other Emergencies Call: 1-(952)-653-3523
I. Material Identification
Product Name: Aqua-Kontrol 30– 30
EPA Reg. No: 73748-11
INGREDIENTS: (% w/w)
Permethrin (CAS Reg. No. 52645-53-1)
(3-phenoxyphenyl) methyl (±) cis, trans-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl) 30.0%
-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylate
1
Piperonyl Butoxide (CAS Reg. No. 51-03-6)
Equivalent to 80% (butylcarbityl)(6-propylpiperonyl) ether 30.0%
And 20% related compounds
Inert Ingredients
2
40.0%
1
cis/trans ratio: minimum 35% (±) cis and maximum 65% trans
2
Petroleum distillate solvent (CAS No. 64741-89-5).
Chemical Class: Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticide and Synergist
EPA Signal Word: Caution
II. Hazardous Ingredients
MATERIAL: OSHA PEL ACGIH TLV
Active Ingredients: Permethrin Not established Not established
Piperonyl Butoxide Not established Not established
Inert Ingredient: Petroleum Distillate 5 mg/m
3
(oil mist) 5 mg/m
3
(oil mist)
ATTACHMENT 7
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Attachment: Permethrin Material Safety Data Sheet (SDS) (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
Aqua-Kontrol 30 - 30 Page 2 of 8
III. Health Hazard Data
EYE: May cause eye irritation, but does not cause irreversible damage to eye tissue.
SKIN CONTACT: May cause moderate skin irritation with prolonged or repeated contact. In rare
instances, exposure to this product may cause numbing, burning and tingling sensations. These effects are
reversible and usually subside within 12 hours.
SKIN ABSORPTION: The acute dermal toxicity is considered to be low. The dermal LD50 for rabbits
is greater than 2000 mg/kg.
INGESTION: The acute oral toxicity is considered to be low. The oral LD50 for rats is greater than 1000
mg/kg. Small amounts that might be swallowed incidental to normal handling operations are not likely to
cause injury; however, swallowing larger amounts may cause serious injury, even death. If aspirated
(liquid enters the lungs), may cause lung damage or even death due to chemical pneumonia.
INHALATION: The acute inhalation toxicity is considered to be low. The inhalation LC50 for rats is
greater than 4 mg/l for 4 hours. Symptoms of excessive exposure includes squinting eyes, irregular and
rattled breathing, ataxia, headache, dizziness, anesthesia, drowsiness, unconsciousness, and other central
nervous system effects.
SYSTEMIC (OTHER TARGET ORGAN) EFFECTS: Excessive exposure may produce effects on
the nervous system such as sensitivity to touch and sound, tremors, abnormal movement, and clonic
convulsions. Long-term studies with permethrin in laboratory animal resulted in increased liver and
kidney weights, induction of the liver microsomal drug metabolizing enzyme system, and
histopathological changes in the lungs and liver. Long-term studies with piperonyl butoxide indicated
increased organ weights in the liver, kidney, and adrenal glands.
CANCER INFORMATION: Chronic feeding studies with permethrin in mice and rats indicate limited
evidence of oncogenicity in laboratory animals. Based on comprehensive evaluations of all relevant
health effects data, it was concluded that the oncogenic potential in humans is extremely weak or
nonexistent. A chronic feeding study in mice indicate an increased incidence of benign liver tumors; the
significance of these findings is questionable and under review. The doses that produced this oncogenic
effect in laboratory animals, greatly exceeds human exposure levels for the recommended use of this
product.
TERATOLOGY (BIRTH DEFECTS): The active ingredients in this product did not cause birth
defects in laboratory animal studies. Exposures having no effect on the mothers had no effect on the
fetuses in rabbits and rats. The no-effect levels for permethrin in rabbits and rats were 600 mg/kg and 50
mg/kg, respectively. The no-effect levels for piperonyl butoxide in rabbits and rats were 200 mg/kg and
1000 mg/kg, respectively.
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Attachment: Permethrin Material Safety Data Sheet (SDS) (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
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REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS: Permethrin and piperonyl butoxide did not interfere with fertility in
animal reproduction studies. The no effect level for permethrin in a two-generation rat reproduction study
was 180 mg/kg. The no-effect level for piperonyl butoxide in a two-generation rat reproduction study was
350 mg/kg.
MUTAGENICITY (EFFECTS ON GENETIC MATERIAL): Based on a number of in vivo and in
vitro studies, it was concluded that the active ingredients in this product are not mutagenic.
IV. First Aid Procedures
EYES: Hold eye open and rinse slowly and gently with water for 15 minutes. Remove contact lenses, if
present, after the first 5 minutes, then continue rinsing eye. Call a poison control center or doctor for
treatment advice.
SKIN OR CLOTHING: Take off contaminated clothing. Rinse skin immediately with plenty of water
for 15 to 20 minutes. Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment advice.
INGESTION: Immediately call a poison control center or doctor. Do not induce vomiting unless told to
do so by a poison control center or doctor. Do not give any liquid to the person. Do not give anything by
mouth to an unconscious person.
INHALATION: Remove person to fresh air. If person is not breathing, call 911 or an ambulance, then
give artificial respiration, preferably mouth-to-mouth, if possible. Call a poison control center or doctor
for further advice.
NOTE TO PHYSICIAN: This product has low oral, dermal, and inhalation toxicity. It is moderately
irritating to the skin and is may be irritating to the eyes. Reversible skin sensations (paresthesia) may
occur and skin salves have been found useful in reducing discomfort. Contains a petroleum distillate
solvent that can produce a severe pneumonitis or fatal pulmonary edema if aspirated during vomiting.
Consideration should be given to gastric lavage with an endotracheal tube in place. Treatment is
controlled removal of exposure followed by symptomatic and supportive care.
For information on this product, contact the National Pesticide Information Center, 1-800-858-7378,
Monday – Friday, 7:30 AM – 3:30 PM PST. You may also contact the National Poison Control Center,
1-800-222-1222, day or night, for emergency medical treatment information.
V. Physical Hazard Information
CHEMICAL & PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
Color: Clear light amber, Gardner 4
Physical State: Liquid
Odor: Mild Surfactant
Density: 8.55 lbs/gal (1.025 g/cm
3 @
25° C)
Solubility: Dispersible in water
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Attachment: Permethrin Material Safety Data Sheet (SDS) (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
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Viscosity: 42.4 cps @ 25° C
pH: 4.10
Stability: Stable
FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS:
Flash Point: 230º F
Method Used: Setaflash
Extinguishing Media: Foam, CO2, or dry chemical is preferred. Soft stream
water fog only if necessary
Fire & Explosion Precautions: Foam fire-extinguishing system is preferred because
uncontrolled water can spread possible contamination.
Do not allow fire-fighting water to escape into waterways
or sewers. Toxic irritating gases can be formed.
Fire-Fighting Equipment: Use positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus
and full protective equipment.
REACTIVITY:
Stability: (CONDITIONS TO AVOID) Avoid heating above 200º F
(93º C). Contains a petroleum distillate solvent which can burn.
Incompatibility: (SPECIFIC MATERIALS TO AVOID) Strong Oxidizers.
Hazardous Decomposition: Under fire conditions hydrogen chloride, oxides of chlorine, carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide, and asphyxiants can be formed.
Hazardous Polymerization: Will not occur.
VI. Environmental Protection
IN CASE OF SPILLS OR LEAKS: Wear protective clothing as described in Section VII (Personal
Protection and Precautions) of this MSDS. Absorb liquid with material such as clay, sand, sawdust, or
dirt. Sweep up and place in a suitable container for disposal and label the contents. Area can be
washed down with a suitable solution of bleach or soda ash and an appropriate alcohol (methanol,
ethanol, or isopropanol). Follow this by washing with a strong soap and water solution. Absorb any
excess liquid as indicated above, and add to the disposal container. Keep product, contaminated
materials and wash water out of streams and sewers. Wash exposed body areas thoroughly after
handling.
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Attachment: Permethrin Material Safety Data Sheet (SDS) (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
Aqua-Kontrol 30 - 30 Page 5 of 8
DISPOSAL METHOD: Do not contaminate food, feed, or water by storage or cleaning of equipment.
Wastes resulting from the use of this product may be disposed of on site, if approved waste handling
facilities are available, or at an approved waste handling facility.
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROPERTIES: In soil, permethrin is stable over a wide range of
pH values. Due to its high affinity for organic matter, (Koc = 86,000), there is little potential for
movement in soil or entry into ground water. Permethrin has a Log POW of 6.1, but a low potential to
bioconcentrate (BCF = 500) due to the ease with which it is metabolized. Piperonyl butoxide is reported
to have a maximum half-life of 4.3 days in soil and from 0.55 to 1.64 days in aqueous environments.
Gravitational settling removes piperonyl butoxide released in the atmosphere as an aerosol. Gaseous
piperonyl butoxide degrades in the atmosphere with an estimated half-life of 3.4 hours. It is reported that
piperonyl butoxide has a low potential for environmental bioconcentration.
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY: Permethrin is highly toxic to fish (LC50 = 0.5 µg/L to 315
µg/L) and aquatic invertebrates (LC50 = 0.02 µg/L to 7.6 µg/L). Marine species are often more sensitive
than the freshwater species. Bacteria, algae, mollusks, and amphibians are much more tolerant of
permethrin than the fish and arthropods. Care should be taken to avoid contamination of the aquatic
environment. Permethrin is slightly toxic to birds and oral LD50 values are greater than 3,600 mg/kg.
Longer dietary studies showed that concentrations of up to 500 ppm in the diet had no effect on bird
reproduction. Piperonyl butoxide is acutely toxic to fish (LC50 = 3.94 mg/L to 6.12 mg/L) and highly
toxic to aquatic invertebrates (LC50 0.23 mg/L to 0.51 mg/L). Care should be taken to avoid
contamination of aquatic environments. Piperonyl butoxide has a low to very low toxicity to birds with an
acute oral LD50 greater than 2,250 mg/kg and longer-term dietary studies at LC
50 values greater than
5,620 ppm.
VII. Personal Protection and Precautions
EXPOSURE GUIDELINE(S):
Permethrin None established.
Piperonyl Butoxide None established
Petroleum Distillate 5 mg/m
3
(oil mist).
VENTILATION: Provide general and/or local exhaust ventilation to control airborne levels below the
exposure guideline. Ventilate all transport vehicles prior to unloading.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION: Atmospheric levels should be maintained below the exposure
guideline. For most conditions, no respiratory protection should be needed; however, if the exposure
guideline is exceeded, use an air-purifying respirator approved for pesticides (U.S. NIOSH/MSHA, EU
CEN, or comparable certification organization).
EYE/FACE PROTECTION: Use chemical protective goggles or a face shield.
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Attachment: Permethrin Material Safety Data Sheet (SDS) (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
Aqua-Kontrol 30 - 30 Page 6 of 8
SKIN PROTECTION: Wear coveralls or long-sleeved shirt and long pants, chemical protective gloves
(nitrile, neoprene, or Viton
®
brand), head covering and shoes plus socks. For increased exposures, wear a
full body cover barrier suit, such as a PVC rain suit. Contaminated leather articles, such as shoes, belts,
and watchbands, should be removed and destroyed. Launder all work clothing before reuse. Keep work
clothing separated from household laundry.
SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR HANDLING AND STORAGE: See product label. Harmful if
swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing. Wash
thoroughly with soap and water after handling and before eating or smoking. Avoid breathing dust vapor,
or spray mist. Store in a cool, dry place and away from heat. Keep out of reach of children and animals.
Keep away from food, feedstuffs, and water supplies.
VIII. DOT Hazardous Materials Information
U.S. SURFACE FREIGHT CLASS: Insecticide, NOI, other than Poison. NMFC Item 102120.
MARINE POLLUTANT #1: permethrin (Severe Marine Pollutant).
OTHER SHIPPING INFORMATION: This product is not regulated for transport in the USA when
shipped via highway or railroad in non-bulk packages. Describe using the “U.S. Surface Freight Class”
above, which applies in all cases.
* * * * *
SPECIAL NOTE: The following applies to water and air shipments, and shipments in bulk packages:
PROPER SHIPPING NAME: Environmentally hazardous substance, liquid, n.o.s. (permethrin)
HAZARD CLASS OR DIVISION: 9
IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: UN 3082
PACKING GROUP: III
OTHER: NAERG Guide 171
IX. Regulatory Information
SARA 313 INFORMATION: This product contains the following substances subject to the reporting
requirements of Section 313 of Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986
and 40 CFR Part 372:
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Attachment: Permethrin Material Safety Data Sheet (SDS) (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
Aqua-Kontrol 30 - 30 Page 7 of 8
CHEMICAL NAME CAS NUMBER CONCENTRATION
Permethrin 52645-53-1 30.0%
Piperonyl Butoxide 51-03-5 30.0%
SARA HAZARD CATEGORY: This product has been reviewed according to the EPA “Hazard
Categories” promulgated under Sections 311 and 312 of the Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization
Act of 1986 (SARA Title III) and is considered, under applicable definitions, to meet the following
categories:
An immediate health hazard
A delayed health hazard
TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT (TSCA): All ingredients are on the TSCA inventory or are
not required to be listed on the TSCA inventory.
OSHA HAZARD COMMUNICATION STANDARD: This product is a “Hazardous Chemical” as
defined by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200.
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION (NFPA) RATINGS:
Category Rating
Health 1
Flammability 1
Reactivity 0
COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE COMPENSATION AND LIABILITY
ACT (CERCLA, or SUPERFUND): This product contains the following substance(s) listed as
"Hazardous Substances" under CERCLA which may require reporting of releases:
Category:
Chemical Name CAS Number RQ % in Product
Permethrin 52645-53-1 not listed 30.0%
Piperonyl Butoxide 51-03-6 not listed 30.0%
Petroleum Distillate 64741-89-5 not listed 24.6%
Issue Date: January 30, 2014
This document is prepared pursuant to the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200).
In addition, other substances not “Hazardous” per this OSHA Standard may be listed. Where proprietary
ingredient shows, the identity may be made available as provided in this standard.
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Attachment: Permethrin Material Safety Data Sheet (SDS) (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
Aqua-Kontrol 30 - 30 Page 8 of 8
NOTICE: The information herein is presented in good faith and believed to be accurate as of the
effective date shown above. However, no warranty, expressed or implied, is given. Regulatory
requirements are subject to change and may differ from one location to another; it is the buyer’s
responsibility to ensure that its activities comply with federal, state, and local laws and regulations.
See MSDS for health and safety information.
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Attachment: Permethrin Material Safety Data Sheet (SDS) (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
February 11, 2020
West Nile Virus Program
Mike Calhoon, Parks Director
ATTACHMENT 8
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
Questions for City Council
2
1. Does Council have any clarifying questions?
2. Does Council wish to pursue policy changes to the
WNV Management Program?
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
West Nile Virus Management
PROGRAM GOAL
To reduce the risk of West Nile Virus (WNV) infection while limiting
adverse human health and environmental impacts.
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE
Neighborhood Livability and Social Health 1.6
Protect and preserve the quality of life in neighborhoods.
3
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
West Nile Virus Management
• Background on WNV
• Guiding Principles of WNV Program
• Competing Values within Public Health
4
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
West Nile Virus – Amplification Cycle
5
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
Human Impacts of West Nile Virus
• No vaccine; no specific therapeutic treatment
• 70 - 80% Asymptomatic, no known issues
• 20% Present with fever
• <1% Neuro-invasive; encephalitis, meningitis, life-long impacts
• 0.1% Fatal
6
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
Public Health – Not a Nuisance Program
• 12+ species of mosquitoes in
Fort Collins area
• 2 species carry and transmit WNV
• Only female mosquitoes bite, transmit
WNV
• Culex pipiens, C. tarsalis are 2 of the 3
most abundant species
7
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
West Nile Virus – Human Cases
8
* Estimates based on CDC projection of 80% no symptoms, 20% febrile,
.66% neuroinvasive, .066% fatal
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
Best Management Practices
9
Centers for
Disease
Control
Environmental
Protection
Agency
Larimer County
Department of
Health
Colorado State
University
Trapping
Network Data
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
West Nile Virus – Guiding Principles
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
• Data-guided management actions
• Ongoing communication
• Quick and effective adult
mosquito application only when
and where necessary
10
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
West Nile Virus Budget
11
Program Budget (approx.) $370,000
Larval Control $190,000 (51%)
Trapping 60,000 (16%)
Testing $47,000 (13%)
Education $40,000 (11%)
Program Management $33,000 (9%)
Larval Control
Trapping
Testing
Education
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Attack issue from multiple angles
12
Prevention
Identify
and
Monitor
Control Set
Thresholds
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
13
Prevention Public Awareness, personal responsibility,
source reduction
Identify and Monitor Monitor production, trapping and testing system
Control Larval Control; 8 – 13 contracted employees every
week (May – Sept)
Set Action Thresholds Predetermine increased outreach points, spraying
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
14
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
Decisions Guided by Data
• Identify and Monitor – systems
vary across the nation
• Surveillance and vector index
system based on work by CSU
and CDC
• Vector index calculates
mosquito abundance and rate
of WNV infection
15
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
Quick, Targeted and Effective Applications
• Identify the smallest effective treatment area
• Provide public notice (48 hrs.) while limiting
lag time
• Use LETA to notify residents
(Text FCWNV to 888-777)
16
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
How Often Do We Spray?
Did Not Spray^:
2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2017
*Spray mileage decreased due to weather
^Including LC applications 2014, 2015
17
Year 2003 2004 2007 2012 2013 2016 2018 2019
Miles 244 603 860 225 597 333 233 48*
(263)
Applications are conducted roughly every other year
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
Competing Public Health Values
• WNV Risk vs. Insecticide Exposure Risk
• Proactive (increase awareness, reduce larvae)
• Action threshold greater than single positive trap
• Lag time of intervention vs. public notice
• Permethrin EPA label allows 20 applications a year;
• Fort Collins program typically 1-2 year maximum.
18
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
Major Policy Milestones
• Removed requirement
for proof of human
infection
19
• Authorized emergency
response application
• Initiated larvicide program
• Repealed 2004 resolution
• Established extensive City policy
• Recognized TAC & appointed
Advisory Panel
• Confirmed .75 vector index threshold,
human infection & increasing abundance
• Floating zones
• Individual & business opt-out program
2003 2004 2008 2014 2018
• Adopted .75 vector index threshold
• Directed public notification
• Limited exemptions for sensitive
individuals
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
Next Steps
• Continue off-season review with
Technical Advisory Committee and
provide update to Council in April
• Provide additional information if
Council seeks to change policy
• Larvicide operations begin April/May
• Policy changes in place by late May
20
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
Questions for City Council
1. Does Council have any clarifying questions?
2. Does Council wish to pursue policy changes to the
WNV Management Program?
21
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8725 : West Nile Virus Program Review)
DATE:
STAFF:
February 11, 2020
Molly Saylor, Senior Sustainability Specialist
Richard Thorp, Lead Specialist, Utilities Watershed
Program
WORK SESSION ITEM
City Council
SUBJECT FOR DISCUSSION
Mitigating Plastics Pollution.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The purpose of this item is to share existing best practice research and to propose taking a comprehensive
approach to mitigating single-use (macroplastic) pollution, while continuing to study microplastic pollution.
GENERAL DIRECTION SOUGHT AND SPECIFIC QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED
Macroplastics pollution
1. Do Councilmembers support a comprehensive policy and engagement approach to reducing plastic pollution?
2. Does Council have a preference on an initial focus area (e.g., plastic bags, straws, take-out containers)?
Microplastics pollution
3. Do Councilmembers have input on staff’s approach to addressing microplastics?
BACKGROUND / DISCUSSION
City Council has identified plastics pollution as a priority concern for the City to mitigate, which aligns with the
community’s Road to Zero Waste goal to produce zero waste by 2030 and its goal to sustain and improve the
health of the Cache la Poudre River and its watershed.
Waste Reduction Context
In Fort Collins, plastic makes up around 10% of what is landfilled as “municipal solid waste”. With a community
vision of producing zero waste by 2030, mitigating plastic pollution will be a necessary component of achieving
this goal.
River Health Context
A healthy Poudre River and surrounding watershed provides innumerable benefits to the Fort Collins community,
some of which include reliable, high quality water supply; flood attenuation and protection; recreation, health and
wellness opportunities; healthy plant communities and habitat for fish and wildlife. Accordingly, the City invests
considerable resources each year to ensure that the health of Poudre River is maintained and whenever possible,
improved. Plastic pollution has the potential to negatively impact all these beneficial functions, whereas
conversely, mitigating the problem supports and potentially even enhances outcomes in these areas.
Overview of Micro and Macroplastic Pollution Sources and Pathways
Practitioner knowledge about micro- and macroplastics differs. While the former is still a relatively new area, more
is known about how to measure, track, and mitigate macroplastic pollution.
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February 11, 2020 Page 2
Microplastics
Microplastics are small plastic particles that are less than 5 millimeters in size and can include both visible and
microscopic particles and fibers. Microplastics include particles that are either intentionally manufactured at very
small sizes for the production of other plastic products or particles that form when larger plastic materials break
down and fragment into progressively smaller pieces. These plastics originate from a variety of sources, including
car tires, road markings, litter, personal care products, synthetic textiles and clothing, among others. The
pathways for these materials to enter the environment include domestic and industrial disposal via the wastewater
collection system and subsequent discharge of treated wastewater, stormwater runoff from the urban landscape,
and improper disposal. Once these materials enter aquatic and terrestrial environments, they present hazards to
fish, wildlife and potentially even humans, through ingestion and/or chemical exposure.
While the ubiquity of microplastics in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems is well recognized, there is much less
information available about effective methods for identifying, monitoring and mitigating microplastics pollution. As
a result, the City is currently limited in its ability to develop targeted action plans around this issue.
To begin addressing this knowledge gap, Utilities provided funding in 2019 towards a microplastics study of the
South Platte River Basin that was designed to identify sampling and analytical methods that are well-suited for
Rocky Mountain streams. The study is a cooperative effort between Inland Ocean Coalition and the University of
Colorado-Boulder. Utilities supporting funds for this project came from the Utilities Watershed Program
operational budget and enabled the inclusion of two new study sites on the Poudre River.
Additionally, through the 2019 mid-cycle budget revision process, Council funded $35,000 for the purpose of
conducting a scientific review focused on (1) analytical and sampling methods for monitoring microplastics; and
(2) control technologies and industry best practices for mitigating microplastics pollution during the treatment of
drinking water, wastewater and stormwater.
Macroplastics
Macroplastics are plastic particles (or products) larger than 5mm, including but not limited to single-use plastic
items such as grocery bags, cups, take-out containers, etc. While some plastic is actively littered, many single-
use plastic items enter the environment inadvertently. As depicted in the graphic below, winds can gust
lightweight plastic items out of receptacles (or garbage trucks or landfills) and into the surrounding area. From
there, storm events move plastic items into natural areas and local waterways. Once in natural areas and
waterways, they may persist for hundreds of years, degrading into microplastics and at risk of being ingested by
wildlife.
Global markets and impacts
Global markets for recyclable materials have suffered due to sweeping nationwide policy changes in China that
halted the import of U.S. recycling commodities, including plastic materials. As the largest end-market for U.S.
recycled plastics, this change has dramatically impacted cities’ ability to maintain recycling for some types of low-
grade plastic.
Single-use items, including those made from low-grade plastic, often have a higher environmental impact than the
same items made from sturdier materials that can withstand reuse (for example, durable plastic bags or utensils).
While the environmental “payback” period may be longer for reusable items, they reduce environmental impacts
along the supply chain, as well as locally.
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February 11, 2020 Page 3
Regional Wasteshed Coalition
Fort Collins, Larimer County, Loveland, Estes Park, and Wellington have collaborated since 2015 to plan for
waste, recycling, and composting infrastructure once the Larimer County landfill reaches capacity. Waste-to-
Energy (WTE), a technical process that converts materials, such as plastic, into energy through a combustion
process, was identified as a Tier II recommendation. After Tier I recommendations have been implemented, the
coalition will evaluate how waste-to-energy could recover single-use plastic items that cannot be recycled. The
Regional Wasteshed Coalition’s Policy Advisory Committee is scheduled to re-assess Tier 2 recommendations
(including waste to energy) in Q4 of 2020.
Past Council Actions
In 2014, City Council passed a single-use bag policy requiring grocers to charge a 10-cent fee on plastic and
paper bags. Under this ordinance, grocers retained the fee with 50% being directed to the purchase and
distribution of free durable bags for customers. This ordinance was repealed later in 2014 in response to the
concerns of community members opposing restrictions on single-use bags.
Best Practice Approaches to Mitigating Single-Use Plastic Pollution
Measures to reduce plastic pollution range in mitigation potential, for example, awareness about littering or
recycling plastic items (Attachment 1) may not have the same efficacy as options that reduce consumption of
plastic in the first place. Many cities have embraced the “reduce” philosophy in order to disrupt the pathway
described above. By reducing the consumption of single-use items, environmental impacts along the supply chain
are also addressed. To understand nationwide best practices, staff engaged a Colorado consulting firm Ecocycle
to speak with program managers across the U.S. about their plastic policies. Based on this research, some
common mechanisms to reduce single-use plastics include:
• Banning items
• Enacting fees on items
• Restricting certain items and/or in certain situations
o e.g., making accessory items like utensils available upon request only
• Awareness (generally paired with another measure to increase efficacy)
Some cities have targeted efforts to reduce single-use plastic as a whole category instead of enacting stand-alone
policies that target individual plastic items (e.g., straws, bags, etc.). This comprehensive approach looks across
multiple single-use plastic items and bundles of policies that, together, create a larger mitigation strategy to be
implemented over time (multiple years). Creating a roadmap means impacted businesses and groups in the
community know what to expect, can use up existing stocks, and have time to identify replacement items.
Comprehensive approaches also allow time for the community to adjust to changes and learn from each policy
component.
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February 11, 2020 Page 4
Cities with Comprehensive Approaches
Attachment 2 lists peer cities, Colorado cities, and other U.S. cities that have acted on single-use plastics.
Attachment 3 provides a case study of Palo Alto’s policy work to mitigate plastic pollution.
Current Actions - Plastic awareness campaign, data collection, and stakeholder engagement
Through the 2019 mid-cycle budget revision process, Council funded $35,000 for an awareness and outreach
campaign on plastic pollution, covering both macro and microplastics (separate from the $35,000 funded for
scientific review on microplastics). The campaign will launch in Q2 and raise awareness on why single-use plastic
items (macroplastics) are damaging to the environment, how they get there, and how they may eventually
become microplastics. It will also encourage residents to:
• Reduce their use of single-use plastic items by declining items when they are offered and un-necessary
• Bring their own reusable items
• Correctly dispose of plastic items when they can’t be avoided.
The campaign will also have a business component that is currently under development.
In order to further raise awareness about the problem, the campaign will provide opportunities for the community
to take action by:
1. Removing plastic litter from the environment using the Litterati app
Litterati <https://www.litterati.org/about> is an app that allows community members to photograph, tag, and
geocode litter before disposing of it. Over 100,000 users in 117 countries have used this app to remove litter
from their surrounding areas. In a collaboration between Sustainability Services, Natural Areas, and Human
Resources, volunteers will be directed to download the app for City-led cleanups. The broader community will
also be invited to participate in challenges.
An additional benefit of Litterati is its ability to provide staff with data on:
• Ratio of plastic to other materials
• Percentage of specific types of plastic relative to all plastic found
• Whether these data points are influenced by location
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February 11, 2020 Page 5
2. Providing input on what the City should do to mitigate single-use plastic pollution in Fort Collins.
Outreach will include opportunities for community members to share thoughts, as well as engage key
stakeholders on a more targeted basis (e.g., the accessibility community and straws), acknowledging that this
is a communitywide issue and that certain groups and businesses may be disproportionately impacted.
Initial list of stakeholder categories (Subject to refinement based on Council direction)
- Residents
- Members of the accessibility community who must regularly use single use plastics
- Historically underrepresented community groups, residents, and business owners
- Local businesses (restaurants, grocery stores, retail stores, etc.) who provide single use plastics
to their customers or otherwise rely on them to do business
- Local businesses who manage single use plastic waste or who use it as a raw material
- Local business associations and chambers of commerce
- Local producers and suppliers of single use plastics (for example, wholesale suppliers of single
use plastics)
- Local nature, environment, and sustainability focused advocacy groups
- Organizations directly involved in litter clean up
- City departments
Key Takeaways
Staff’s evaluation of peer, Colorado, and U.S. cities has led to the identification of best practices that Fort Collins
could build upon, if Council desires to move forward. Key learnings from staff’s review of other cities actions and
best practices are:
• Take a comprehensive approach that includes multiple items (e.g., individual type of plastic products),
allowing the community to know what to expect, use up existing stocks, and have time to identify replacement
items.
• Phase policy-development and implementation over time (multiple years).
• Move toward reusables and away from disposables.
• Thoughtfully engage stakeholders, including groups and businesses that will be impacted by policy measures.
Fort Collins is in a strong position of having some of the key characteristics of successful cities, including well-
founded policies based on community vision and goals (Zero Waste, Climate Action Plan), as well as
collaboration through regional wasteshed planning.
Next Steps
• Gather community and stakeholder input
• Launch plastics awareness campaign and collect data (midcycle offer)
o Gather community and stakeholder input
• Regional Wasteshed Coalition’s Policy Advisory Committee is scheduled to reassess Tier 2 recommendations
(including waste to energy) in Q4 of 2020.
• June 9, 2020 City Council work session.
ATTACHMENTS
1. Types of Single-Use Plastic Items (PDF)
2. List of Cities taking action (PDF)
3. Comprehensive Approach Case Study-Palo Alto (PDF)
4. Powerpoint presentation (PDF)
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1
Types of Single-Use Plastic Items
Types of Single-Use Plastics
The broader category of single-use plastic includes a wide-range of items, from cigarette butts and
sanitary wipes to plastic bags and straws. The items listed below are those most commonly addressed
by municipal plastic policies.
Carry-out bags: Bags made of thin, flexible plastic designed to transport purchases
Polystyrene: Plastic foam take-out coffee cups, plates, and containers.
Foodware: Plastic plates, cups, and utensils.
Accessory items: Lids, utensils, straws, stirrers, etc.
ATTACHMENT 1
2.1
Packet Pg. 70
Attachment: Types of Single-Use Plastic Items (8724 : Mitigating Plastics Pollution)
1
Who is Taking Action?
Key: X = has taken action, P = planning to take action, C = comprehensive approach, R = repealed
Peer City Carry-out
bags
Polystyrene food
containers Accessory items Food serviceware
Fort Collins, CO R
Palo Alto, CA C C C P
Santa Barbara, CA X X X
Santa Rosa, CA X X
Portland, ME X X
Eugene, OR X X
Boulder, CO X
Tacoma, WA X
Colorado City
Denver, CO X
Boulder, CO X
Avon, CO X P
Telluride X
Aspen X
Carbondale X
Breckenridge X
Fraser X
Frisco X
Vail X
Nederland X
Crested Butte X
Avon X
Ridgeway X
Steamboat Springs X
Winter Park X
Sample U.S. Cities - Not Comprehensive
Seattle, WA C C C C
Berkeley, CA C C C C
Albuquerque, NM X
Austin, TX X
San Francisco, CA X X
Baltimore, MD X
New York City, NY X
Davis, CA X X
Berkeley, CA X X
ATTACHMENT 2
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Packet Pg. 71
Attachment: List of Cities taking action (8724 : Mitigating Plastics Pollution)
1
Comprehensive Approach Case Study – Palo Alto
Population: 66,666
Disposable Bag Policy (2008)
The City of Palo Alto began addressing single-use plastics in 2008 with the adoption of its Retail and
Food Service Establishment Checkout Bag Requirements Ordinance which banned the distribution of
single-use plastic carry-out bags from grocery stores. After subsequent creek cleanup events showed
that plastic bags were still prevalent in local creeks and on streets, the policy was updated in 2013 to
include all retailers and food service establishments. The updated ordinance also required a 10-cent fee
on all paper and reusable bags that were distributed to deter the use of single-use paper bags. In 2019,
the policy was updated again to ban the distribution of single-use plastic bags for produce, meat, and
bulk food bags and require these bags to be certified compostable (paper or bioplastic). The city’s policy
is now one of the most comprehensive in the country because it affects many different business types,
including all retailers and food service establishments, and many different types of single-use plastic
bags, including carry-out bags as well as meat, produce and bulk food bags.
Key drivers for success
• Other local policies: Palo Alto’s plastic bag ban followed in the footsteps of other California
cities including San Francisco and Santa Monica.
• Store leadership: Three of the city’s seven supermarkets had stopped distributing plastic bags as
the city was exploring the policy.
• Community support: Public and City Council supported exploring policy options. Local
nonprofits dedicated to the reduction of plastic pollution were helpful in garnering community
support.
Effectiveness at meeting local goals
• City data from creek cleanups showed a 90% reduction in the amount of plastic bags in the
creeks after ordinance went into effect.
• Compliance checks conducted by the city after implementation in 2008 found that over 90% of
businesses complied with the policy. Future compliance checks will be conducted through the
ATTACHMENT 3
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Zero Waste group and will be scheduled after the next phase of the ordinance goes into effect in
January 2020.
• Through a survey, Palo Alto saw a sharp decline in plastic bag use and an increase in the use of
reusable bags following its plastic bag ban. However, paper bag use increased immediately in
response to the plastic bag ban. Paper bag use sharply decreased once the city implemented a
fee on paper bags in 2013, and this led to a further increase in reusable bags and customers not
using any bags. From 2008-2015, overall plastic bag use has declined from over 50% of bags
used to zero, and over 75% of bag use is now reusable bags or no bag.
Significant challenges faced
• Opposition from plastics industry: The American Chemistry Council and Dart Container Corp.,
one of the largest manufacturers of polystyrene foam food containers, lobbied against the policy
and testified before the city council. The industry group SavethePlasticBag.com also threatened
the city with a lawsuit. The California Restaurant Association also closely echoed the concerns of
the plastic industry representatives.
• Fee: State law prohibits California cities from collecting a bag fee from retailers so retailers keep
the entire 10-cent fee on all paper or reusable checkout bags sold.
Disposable Foodware Policy (2019)
In 2019, Palo Alto adopted the Disposable Foodware Reduction Plan, which is a three-phase program
with the goal to eliminate the use of disposable foodware items and switch to reusable items in order to
protect local watersheds and oceans, reduce litter, encourage Zero Waste, and reduce contamination in
the composting program. The first phase of this plan was implemented in 2019 with the passage of the
Disposable Foodware Items and Other Disposable Products Ordinance, which banned single-use plastic
foodware accessory items including plastic straws, plastic utensils, plastic drink stirrers, plastic drink
plugs, plastic food and drink picks, plastic drink accoutrements, and plastic produce bags. Businesses are
required to provide only reusable or compostable alternatives, and these products must be offered only
upon request or via a self-serve station. The policy applies to any business in Palo Alto that serves food,
including restaurants, bars, delis, grocery stores, food trucks, hotels, convenience stores, and cafeterias.
Hospitals were exempted from the program.
The goal of the Disposable Foodware Reduction Plan:
• Reduce the amount of single-use, disposable foodware generated in Palo Alto
• Encourage the use of reusable foodware
• Ensure that single-use disposable items are either recycled or composted
The plan has a phased approach:
• Phase 1 – 2019: Disposable Foodware Items and Other Disposable Products Ordinance
o Bans single-use plastic foodware accessory items such as straws and stirrers.
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o Requires compostable or reusable alternatives are offered only upon request or via a
self-serve station.
• Phase 2 – 2021
o Charge for disposable cups and containers
o Require reusable foodware for dine-in customers
o Require all new construction for food service establishments to install a dishwasher
• Phase 3 – 2025
o Ban all single-use disposable foodware for take-out
o Require all food service establishments to have one of the following services to support
reusable foodware:
Have a dishwasher on site
Sign-up for dishwasher service
Sign-up for reusable foodware service program
o Require reusable foodware for take-out, including allowing residents to bring their own
containers and/or implementing a citywide reusable food container rental/return
program (see p. 59 for current pilot programs)
Key drivers for success
• Mitigate environmental impact: Palo Alto has a strong history of support for reducing waste,
reducing the amount of plastics in oceans, decreasing litter in the community and reducing its
climate impact.
• Support for compostables in business survey: The city’s survey of food businesses found ⅓ of
food service establishments already utilized some form of compostable foodware and 52%
reported it would be easy to switch to compostable products.
• Local community partners: The city partnered with Girl Scouts and a local high school biology
class to conduct business surveys. Several nonprofits and community advocacy groups
submitted a letter of support to the city and encouraged the city to take bolder action. Local
stakeholders promoted not using plastic disposables and reducing use at local community
events (i.e. farmer’s market).
• ReThink Disposable proves success stories at local businesses: The city signed a 3-year contract
with ReThink, a technical assistance program provided by the City of Palo Alto Watershed
Protection and Clean Water Action and Clean Water Fund. This program helps businesses,
institutions, governments, and consumers reduce waste and associated costs by targeting
disposable packaging items through outreach and education, and conducted local business case
studies to show waste reduction and cost savings.
Effectiveness at meeting local goals
• The ordinance is expected to reduce waste by 290 tons per year and save 470 tons of carbon
pollution once fully implemented.
• ReThink Disposables Report on how businesses in Palo Alto successfully reduced disposable
foodware showed the effectiveness of minimizing disposable foodware: 111 businesses were
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recruited and provided with outreach materials; 14 businesses were ReThink certified and found
that 1,123,443 single-use foodware items were eliminated annually and had $32,023 combined
total annual net-savings.
Significant challenges faced
• Council members were concerned with the availability of compostable foodware items.
• Businesses were primarily concerned about the additional cost of compostable items, the
difficulty in finding replacements and that these products would still result in litter.
Supporting City Policies and Plans for Bags and Food Serviceware
• Palo Alto’s Bag Ordinance was adopted in 2008 to ban the distribution of single-use plastic bags
at grocery stores. This was updated in 2013 to require a 10-cent fee on paper and reusable bags
sold by the retailer, and to include all food service establishments. (There is no charge for
customers to bring their own bags. However, retailers cannot provide reusable bags for free and
must charge a minimum fee on any bags sold to the customer in order to reduce the distribution
of any free bags of any type.) In 2019, the ordinance was updated again to include produce,
meat, and bulk food bags, and require them to be reusable or certified compostable.
• The Expanded Polystyrene and Non-Recyclable Food Service Containers Ordinance was adopted
in 2009 and updated in 2016. The policy prohibits foodservice and retail establishments from
distributing prepared food in plastic foam or other non-recyclable plastic food service
containers.
o City facilities and events are prohibited from using disposable food service containers
made from plastic foam or non-recyclable plastic.
• In 2017, guidelines were updated to prohibit city staff from using Petty Cash and procurement
cards to purchase polystyrene products, bottled water, and other plastic products.
• The 2018 City of Palo Alto Zero Waste Plan has a goal of 95% waste diversion by 2030.
• The Disposable Foodware Reduction Plan was put together in 2018 by the Zero Waste Group,
which is a roadmap for the city to switch from disposable foodware items to reusable foodware.
• The Disposable Foodware Items and Other Disposable Products Ordinance was adopted in 2019,
banning plastic: straws, utensils, stirrers, beverage plugs, and produce bags. Alternative
products must be compostable and can only be provided upon request or at a self-serve station.
• The Municipal Regional Stormwater Permit requires the city to eliminate storm drain litter by
2022.
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Mitigating Plastics Pollution
Molly Saylor and Richard Thorp
2-11-2020
ATTACHMENT 4
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Questions to Council
Macroplastics pollution
1. Do Councilmembers support a comprehensive policy and engagement
approach to reducing plastic pollution?
2. Do Councilmembers have a preference on an initial focus area?
(such as plastic bags, straws, take-out containers)
Microplastics pollution
3. Do Councilmembers have input on staff’s approach to addressing
microplastics?
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STRATEGIC
ALIGNMENT
Environmental Health
• 4.4 Zero waste
• 4.9 Poudre River health
BUDGET
Midcycle funding
• $35K each for
macroplastics and
microplastics
Plastics Pollution
3
COUNCIL
PRIORITY
Plastics Pollution
• Microplastics
• Macroplastics
Approximately 10% of Fort Collins’ municipal solid waste is plastic
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State of Science and Policy
4
• Knowledge of pollution pathways
• Ability to quantify and monitor
• Efficacy of mitigation options
Less information More information
Microplastics Macroplastics
Plastic particles
less than 5mm
Plastic particles
greater than 5mm
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Microplastics: What are they?
Primary – manufactured at a size less than 5mm
• Examples: microfibers, microbeads, pellets or “nurdles”
Secondary – break down into micro-particles
• Examples: water and soda bottles, fishing nets, and plastic bags
5
Fleece fibers
Resin pellets / “nurdles”
Plastic bag fragments
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Paint /
Coatings
Litter
Sources of
Microplastics
Synthetic
textiles &
clothing
Personal Care
Products
(microbeads)
Car Tires /
Brake Dust
Road Markings
Pellets /
manufactured
plastics
Atmospheric
Deposition
Artificial turf
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Current & Proposed Future Actions
7
2019 Rocky Mountain microplastics survey phase II: Methodology Study
• Utilities Watershed Program funded two sites on Poudre River
• Study led by Inland Ocean Coalition & University of Colorado, Boulder
Past Project
Current Project
Assess current state of the science on microplastics, with focus on:
• Analytical & monitoring methods - source identification and monitoring
• Control technologies - drinking water, wastewater, stormwater
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Macroplastic Pollution Pathways
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Mitigation Options
9
Mitigation options Challenges
Anti-littering awareness Not primary pathway
Waste-to-Energy Risk of blowing out of bin
Recyclable replacements Risk of blowing out of bin
Compostable replacements Wildlife risk & contamination
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Mitigation Options
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Mitigation options Benefits
Fees on items
Avoid plastic items entering
the environment
Avoid supply chain impacts
Ban items/require reusables
Ban/fee hybrids
Item-specific restrictions
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Types of Plastic Items
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Carry-out bags Polystyrene
(Styrofoam)
Foodware Accessory items
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Carry-Out Bags
What is it?
Bags made of thin, flexible plastic designed to
transport purchases
Mitigation options:
• Fees
• Bans
• Fee/ban hybrid
Peer cities: Santa Barbara CA, Palo Alto CA,
Eugene OR, Portland ME, Santa Rosa CA, Tacoma,
WA
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Carry-Out Bags
Fort Collins context:
Bag Policy 2014: 10-cent fee on plastic
and paper bags at grocery stores
• Grocers retained fee; 50% for free
durable bags to customers
• Repealed in 2014 before
implementation
Current Efforts: Awareness; plastic film
recycling at TRC, grocers and box stores
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Polystyrene Food Containers
What is it?
Plastic foam take-out coffee cups and
containers.
Mitigation options:
• Fees
• Bans
• Restrictions
• Dine-in only
Peer cities: Santa Barbara CA, Palo Alto CA,
Eugene OR, Portland ME, Santa Rosa CA
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Food Serviceware and Accessory Items
What is it?
Plastic plates, cups, lids, utensils, straws,
stirrers, etc.
Mitigation options:
• Fees
• Bans
• Restrictions
• Self-service stations; upon request
Peer cities: Palo Alto CA, Santa Barbara CA
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Peer Communities
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Palo Alto, CA
Santa Barbara, CA
Santa Rosa, CA
Portland, ME
Eugene, OR
Boulder, CO
Tacoma, WA
Denver, CO
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Best Practices
17
Successful approaches:
• Comprehensive strategy with multiple policies
• Policy development and implementation over multiple years
• Move away from disposables and toward reusables
• Extensive stakeholder outreach
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Stakeholder Outreach
Considerations
• Who should be engaged depends on item
• Insight from other cities
• Alignment with stakeholder goals
Examples of stakeholder types
• Accessibility community (need items due to disability)
• Local businesses that provide/sell/distribute single-use items
• Local businesses that recycle plastic
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Next Steps
• Gather community and stakeholder input
• Launch plastics awareness campaign and collect data
• Continue supporting legislation to facilitate local action
• June 9th Council work session, single-use plastics update
• Regional Wasteshed: Policy Advisory Committee meeting on Tier 2
recommendations (including waste to energy) - in Q4 of 2020
• Microplastics study completion in Q3 2020
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Questions to Council
Macroplastics pollution
1. Do Councilmembers support a comprehensive policy and engagement
approach to reducing plastic pollution?
2. Do Councilmembers have a preference on an initial focus area?
(such as plastic bags, straws, take-out containers)
Microplastics pollution
3. Do Councilmembers have input on staff’s approach to addressing
microplastics?
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Types of Plastic Items
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Carry-out bags Styrofoam Foodware Accessory items
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Case Study - Palo Alto
22
Palo Alto,
CA
Plastic
bags
(2008)
Accessory
items
(2019)
Disposable
containers
(2021)
Take-out
containers
(2025)
• Disposable Foodware Reduction Plan
• Reduce single-use
• Encourage reusable
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Sample Project Timeline
23
OCT
NOV
DEC
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
RESEARCH
MICRO Sampling, Analysis & Control
Technology
MACRO Policy Best
Practices Data Collection
POLICY
OUTREACH B&C B&C, Public &
Stakeholders
B&C, Public &
Stakeholders
AWARENESS Awareness
RECOMMENDATIONS
WORK SESSION
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DATE:
STAFF:
February 11, 2020
Randy Reuscher, Utility Rate Analyst
Lance Smith, Utilities Strategic Finance Director
John Phelan, Energy Services Manager
Lisa Rosintoski, Utilities Deputy Director, Customer
Connections
WORK SESSION ITEM
City Council
SUBJECT FOR DISCUSSION
Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The purpose of this item is to share the detailed analysis, recommendations and outreach/feedback from the first
12 months of the Time-of-Day (TOD) residential electric rate structure, which was launched in October 2018.
Pilot Study (2015-2016)
While the pilot study confirmed that a switch to a TOD rate structure would achieve the goal of being revenue-
neutral, the results also showed annual reductions in both the average residential electric bill (~2%) and overall
energy consumption (2.5%). There was also evidence this rate structure would lower utility costs by shifting
demand away from the on-peak hours.
TOD One-Year Results (October 2018-October 2019)
The results after one year on TOD are consistent with the results from the pilot study for overall revenue,
customer bill changes, energy use reduction and peak demand shifting:
• 65% of residential accounts showed a decrease in annual electric bills compared to the prior rate structure.
• Average monthly bill was $1.38 lower with TOD pricing.
• Overall revenue collected for the residential class was lower by 2.3% on TOD.
• Overall energy consumption was 1.9% lower, or 16,775 megawatt-hours (MWh), which also decreased
wholesale electricity expenditures.
• Reduced electricity use from TOD saved over 15,800 metric tons of carbon emissions, equivalent to 0.8% of
the 2018 community carbon inventory.
• On-peak hour electricity use was 7.5% lower than in the previous year.
Staff also examined several methods to account for weather differences in pre- and post-TOD periods. The
results show a weather-adjusted conservation effect for reductions in energy use between 3.5% and 5%.
GENERAL DIRECTION SOUGHT AND SPECIFIC QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED
1. Does Council need additional information or analysis from staff regarding Time-of-Day (TOD) pricing?
BACKGROUND / DISCUSSION
Why a TOD rate structure?
The cost for electricity varies throughout the day, with higher costs incurred when demands on the system are the
highest. Historically, limitations on metering capabilities required these higher costs to be averaged out over 24
hours across all residential customers; however, with the installation of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI)
meters, it became possible to bill customers on a more equitable basis.
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The TOD on-peak hours were established by identifying when the system peaks occurred and averaging the
associated costs over a narrower four- to five-hour window, (e.g., 2-7 p.m. in summer months and 5-9 p.m. in
non-summer months), rather than the full day. This time-based rate structure provides a variety of benefits,
including:
• More fair and equitable structure than tiered rates, as it passes through costs more accurately (e.g., when you
use electricity is as important as how much you use).
• Provides a time-based price signal to reduce system peak demands.
• Provides customers with two ways to control their bills – by reducing how much electricity they use and/or by
shifting when they use it.
• Reduced peak demands increase load factors on the system, creating efficiencies and lower costs overall.
• Better aligns system costs with when solar production occurs.
• Overall reductions in energy consumption also lower greenhouse gas emissions.
• Encourages use of electric vehicles.
The following timeline highlights the history of TOD.
Revenue
The TOD rate structure was designed to be revenue-neutral, (in other words, collect the same amount of revenue
as the prior rate structure), with all other factors being equal. However, in reality, factors do change, and the
effects of energy conservation and shifting of electric use by residential customers from on-peak to off-peak hours
lowered customer bills by $1.38 on average per month, reducing the overall revenue collected on TOD by
approximately $1.2M. As expected, this also decreased the amount of energy purchased, therefore the
associated wholesale expenses also decreased by a comparable amount.
The graph below shows that 65% of customers saved on TOD, while another 33% paid up to $5 more per month
and the remaining 2% paid more than $5 more per month.
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Seasonal variations
It is common for customers to have varying electric use patterns throughout the year/season, which means bill
impacts also will vary. Some customers may experience lower bills during the summer months and higher bills
during the non-summer months, or vice versa. Typically, seasonal variations are based on the types of appliances
that are used (as well as how they are used), especially appliances used for heating and cooling.
Examples of seasonal differences and bill impacts:
• The use of air conditioning (AC) is a primary driver behind system peaks and costs. If customers use their AC
regularly during the on-peak hours, they may experience higher summer bills.
• A solar customer may have higher bills during non-summer months due to the lower correlation between
when solar production occurs and when they use the most electricity. However, a higher customer credit is
given during the summer months, which often offsets impacts on an annual basis. The following graph shows
the seasonal distribution of cost differences for a sample of solar customers.
• There tends to be variability in bills during the winter months for customers in all-electric homes,
depending on when they heat their homes. A large portion of heating occurs overnight and in the morning
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hours, when electricity is cheaper, which provides a substantial opportunity to reduce bills with minor
changes.
o Generally, all-electric homes do not have air conditioning, which means their summer bills are
likely lower (unless they install window air conditioning or have other demands for electricity
during the on-peak hours).
Recognizing these seasonal variations, and because revenue requirements for the utility are set on an annual
basis, it is important to analyze revenue impacts across a full 12 months.
The graph below summarizes average bill impacts (compared to the pilot study) based on varying types of
customers.
• Roughly 89% of customers live in gas-heated homes and are on the standard TOD rate with a tiered
component for electric use over 700 kWh/month. These customers had an average savings of $1.26/month.
• Approximately 9% of customers live in all-electric homes and are on a TOD rate without a tier. On average,
this group saved $3.51/month.
• Additionally, 2% of our customers have rooftop solar systems and had an average bill increase of
$2.94/month.
In order to fully understand the impacts related to the TOD transition, other changes that occurred during
this timeframe also need to be identified, including:
1. Expanding the summer season from three months (previously June-August) to five months (now May-
September), as May and September peak demand hours align more closely to the summer season.
2. A 5% rate increase for the electric fund went into effect January 1, 2019.
3. Other utility programs also have contributed to energy conservation or peak-shifting, such as the Peak
Partners Electric Water Heater Control Program.
a. This program has seen success with 1,936 water heater controllers in place. Customers can
choose between three options: basic, default or aggressive settings, depending on how many
hours within the on-peak period they want their water heater to be scaled back. On an annual
basis, these customers shifted ~400 MWh of energy from the on-peak hours to the off-
peak hours, with an estimated annual average savings of $48 per customer.
The following graphs show the distribution of bill impacts based on customer type (e.g., gas vs. all-electric
heat; solar installation; or participant in the Income-Qualified Assistance Program (IQAP) or Medical Assistance
Program (MAP).
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Note – this analysis only includes customers who lived at the same premise for the full 12-month period.
This first graph shows residential customers living in gas-heated homes. This group is subject to am
additional tiered charge for electric use 700 kWh/month.
• Roughly 2/3 saved on TOD, while the other 1/3 paid more. The overall average savings equated to
$1.26/month.
The following graph shows residential customers who live in all-electric heated homes. These customers
do not have an additional tiered charge for use over 700 kWh.
• Roughly 2/3 of these customers saved on TOD, while the other 1/3 paid more. The overall average savings
equated to $3.51/month.
Note, the below represents two types of customers: those previously on the residential demand (RD) rate, who
paid $2.21/month more (on average) and those previously on a tiered rate, who paid $4.60/month less (on
average).
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The following graph shows residential customers who have gas heat and solar installed on their rooftop.
• Roughly 24% saved on TOD, while the other 76% paid more.
• The overall average bill difference equated to $2.94/month more per customer, largely due to solar generation
not directly aligning with when customers use electricity (especially during the non-summer months when it is
dark during the on-peak hours of 5-9 p.m.). Because TOD aligns with the time-based costs more accurately
than the previous rate, customers do not receive as much in credits for their solar generation during the non-
summer months.
• Additional analysis is pending that will enable separating the behavioral impacts of the TOD pricing from the
changes in solar generation value from the TOD structure.
The following graph shows residential customers with all-electric homes and solar installed on their
rooftop.
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• Roughly 86% of customers saved on TOD, while the other 14% paid more.
• The overall average bill difference equated to $6.31/month less per customer. Most of these customers were
on the tiered rate prior to TOD and are now seeing bill reductions by avoiding the higher tier 3 charges
traditionally associated with all-electric homes.
The following graph pertains to customer who are part of the Income-Qualified Assistance Program
(IQAP), which also rolled out in October 2018 in conjunction with TOD.
• There are over 620 customers enrolled, and with the IQAP discount, they saved an average of 21.7% on their
electricity bill.
By isolating only the change in rate structure to TOD, and not including the 23% IQAP discount on components of
their electric bill, these customers saved $1.09/month.
By adding in the 23% IQAP discount, the following graph shows the total benefit received per month is
$14.05/month per customer, with 100% of customers seeing a reduction in their overall bill.
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There are three separate medical rates offered to customers through the Medical Assistance Program
(MAP). These include a rate for customers with durable medical equipment (DME), those with specific medical
needs requiring air conditioning (AC) and a combination of the DME and AC rates. These rates have been in
place since 2012, with revisions to a TOD rate structure in October 2018, and have discounts applied to varying
components/seasons, depending on the MAP rate.
• There are approximately 200 customers on all three rates combined, and the graph below shows a nearly
50/50 split between those who saved on TOD vs. those who paid more, with an overall average savings of
$1.40/month per customer.
Energy Conservation
The 2015-2016 pilot study showed a reduction in energy consumption by 2.5% for both TOD rate
structures. One of the challenges with having all residential customers on TOD is there is no longer a separate
control group to measure conservation results against, which the pilot study provided.
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There are various measures to look at to help understand if conservation occurred. At the highest level,
total consumption for the 12-month period on TOD can be compared to the prior 12-month period on the previous
rate structures. These results showed a 1.9% decrease in overall residential consumption.
More importantly, weather-normalizing the data is necessary to fully understand the impacts of the transition to
TOD. Temperatures largely drive customer behavior (e.g., energy consumption), which can result in significant
variations from year-to-year due to a customer’s heating and cooling requirements within their home. These
weather impacts are isolated to further understand how much conservation is related to the rate structure itself
and how much is related to changing temperatures.
Heating and cooling degree days by month are shown in the following graph, with a baseline of 65-
degrees. The month of May is called out as an example because May 2019 had a total of 421 degree days, more
than twice that of May 2018, which had a total of 200 degree days. The cooler month in 2019 meant more heating
needs within the home, and little to no air conditioning needs, which not typical for May.
To isolate the impact of weather from the impact of the change in rate structure, Utilities’ staff examined
several methodologies.
• One process that is traditionally used for this purpose identifies the minimum month of each year for
each premise. It then calculates the use above that minimum (base), and only applies the weather
normalization to that portion, before adding it back to the base. The theory is that taking the monthly total for
the minimum month (typically a shoulder month), gives you their non-seasonal use. By only applying the
weather-normalization to the usage above that minimum, only the seasonal usage is being normalized (the
portion that is dependent on weather). Shoulder months typically include both some heating & cooling, and
the seasonal use includes other things (like increased lighting hours in winter), but in general, it’s more
accurate than just normalizing the total. After weather-normalizing the annual data using this method, the
results showed a 5.1% decrease in overall residential consumption.
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Additionally, the average daily load curve for a summer peak day is represented in the graph below,
comparing the peak day in 2018 to the peak day in 2019, which represents a reduction in consumption during
on-peak hours.
• Alternatively, staff collaborated with the Energy Institute at Colorado State University (CSU) to
analyze the impacts of TOD and how weather impacts customer behavior and consumption. A model
was developed which uses an hourly time-matching methodology to compare consumption before and after
TOD rates were implemented in October 2018. This method showed a 3.7% reduction in overall residential
consumption over the course of the 12 months, with some seasonal differences where the summer months
showed a greater reduction than the non-summer months, as shown in the graph below. This data is based
on roughly 1/3 of all residential customers, who had electric history going back nearly five years, in order to
establish the algorithm used to produce statistically significant results.
The graph below highlights the seasonal energy reductions measured with this method, as well as the
combined annual reduction.
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Electric Vehicles (EV)
One of the benefits of a TOD rate is that it encourages the charging of EVs during off-peak hours, when the price
for electricity is lower. In doing so, electric vehicles can help increase load factors on the system and use
resources in a more efficient manner by drawing energy from the grid during the overnight hours. EV
consumption can be easily shifted away from on-peak hours by programming vehicles to charge during the lower-
priced, off-peak hours.
The graphs below show data from a Platte River Power Authority (PRPA) pilot related to EV charging within Fort
Collins, as well as Loveland and Longmont. Highlighted are the summer on-peak hours of 2-7 pm. From these
graphs one can conclude that having a time-based TOD rate in place encourages customers to charge during off-
peak hours, with the benefit of a lower rate, as consumption during these hours is minimal in Fort Collins
compared with the other cities.
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CITY FINANCIAL IMPACTS
The TOD rate structure was designed to be revenue neutral and any reductions due to conservation efforts or
demand shifting would be offset by lower wholesale expenses.
PUBLIC OUTREACH
Fort Collins Utilities transitioned to mandatory TOD pricing for all residential customers in October 2018. The
transition to TOD was not a rate increase, but rather a rate structure change, which staff knew would
require a thorough outreach campaign that would resonate with customers from diverse sectors and
demographics, including low-income and Spanish-speaking residents.
Prior to the launch of TOD and throughout 2019, we developed and implemented a community-wide
communication, outreach and engagement campaign to inform and educate residents about the new rate
structure, when it was going to occur and how they could find more information. One of our goals was to provide
tips and tools to help customers learn ways to better control their electric bills by shifting their electric use to the
lower-priced, off-peak hours or by reducing their overall use. It was also important to us to provide opportunities
for questions to be answered regarding individual bill impacts and for those interested in learning more about why
we were moving to a time-based rate.
Staff encouraged customer feedback, questions, and two-way conversations via social media, website
interaction, printed material, phone calls and in-person discussions. We worked with our Customer Service
Representatives to ensure they were equipped to field customer questions, provide rate comparison reports and
transfer calls to subject matter experts within Utilities who could assist with more in-depth questions. Our
Community Engagement team provided presentations and staffed booths at as many events as we could fit in, as
well as to HOAs and other organizations (e.g., EV groups, boards, etc.) upon request – which we will continue
throughout 2020 and beyond.
Staff also recognized the importance of educating internal employees, many of whom receive their electric
service from Utilities, as another important strategy to help them be better equipped to answer questions from
friends and neighbors. We hosted internal Lunch and Learn sessions, utilized our internal newsletters and
email systems to keep employees as up to date as possible.
Staff provided a variety of tools and methods to increase awareness about on-peak hours and prices and
savings opportunities. We used icons to demonstrate the variety of appliances and electronics that customers use
daily, with an emphasis on those that use the most electricity and tips for shifting use to off-peak times.
Specific tools included clings to place on household appliances and electronics as reminders of the on-peak
hours and savings opportunities; 12-month bill comparisons of TOD to their previous tiered rate; 1-month bill
estimates on TOD pricing; and handouts with cost-specific details regarding the electric use of household
appliances and electronics (more detail is included below).
Staff also provided a variety of visuals showing the on-peak and off-peak hours and associated costs,
including clocks and bar charts featured below.
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Staff learned many residents preferred the bar charts (shown above), which show the full 24 hours of the day
and not just 12 hours as shown in a clock. The bar charts helped customers understand the cost differences and
better see the off-peak hours during which they could save.
In addition to the graphics above, the following tools, resources and programs were available to
customers:
• 1-month online estimator (plug and play online estimator for customers to see their monthly use and related
costs for a particular month – still online)
• 12-month bill comparison report (compared 12 months of the previous tiered rate to what that same electric
use would cost with TOD pricing – was phased out in January 2020)
o This tool helped remove some uncertainty and fear customers may have had and also
demonstrated how TOD pricing would impact them using their own electric use and data.
• Take Control of Your Electric Bill: Know What it Costs to Use an Appliance for One Hour (cost comparison
handout)
o This was our most well-received tool for helping customers learn which appliances use the most
electricity, where they could prioritize shifting their use, and most importantly, helped combat the
myth that they could not prepare dinner after work or watch TV.
o This piece shows the biggest users/savers and has been shared with numerous other
communities as a positive tool.
• In-depth, room-by-room spreadsheet (electric use for those who want more detail)
• Non-adhesive clings highlighting the various seasonal on-peak hours that can be placed near higher energy-
using appliances.
• Numerous printed and direct mail pieces, including letters, bill inserts and postcards.
• Interactive presentations and activities were developed by our education team and serve as a helpful tool at
community meetings throughout the city. Residents can request a presentation at
fcgov.com/utilities/presentations/.
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• Seasonal video clips, like the below screenshot that were used online and via social media.
• Citywide SHIFT Campaign partnership (ongoing).
Also a priority was reaching underserved audiences. The Income-Qualified Assistance Program (IQAP)
was created to provide direct assistance and education to low-income residents.
Through IQAP, participants receive 23% off their monthly utility bill. Enrolled participants (~700) receive a
newsletter each month to learn about utility topics and easy tips to save money, energy and water. The average
open rate for the newsletter in 2019 was 46% (industry average is ~29%).
Translating much of the TOD material listed above, as well as the development and translation of IQAP material,
also helped us reach Spanish-speaking customers.
Another important tool was social media which provided the opportunity for questions to be answered
and two-way conversations.
• Content has been posted using three strategies:
o Awareness/announcement of TOD and seasonal changes – using animations and icons
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2. Off-peak prices on major holidays
3. Customer profiles to highlight actual experiences through storytelling
• During the introductory phase, we had to work through the initial fear of customers thinking their bill
would double or triple.
o Online calculators and bill estimators helped provide a tool for customers to see what their bills
were estimated to be and alleviated their concerns.
o Directed customers to our subject matter experts for more information, which also helped
alleviate concerns.
• 2019 brought more customer understanding.
o Overall feedback was neutral, and all direct questions were answered with factual and
educational information, even those that were negative.
o Customer profiles (storytelling) approach worked well and did not receive any negative feedback
Lessons Learned, Ongoing Opportunities and Benefits
Rate changes are complicated. Working through the myths and rumors, especially in this era of social media,
presented challenges. Public assumption was that the rate change meant a rate increase—even though this
was not the case.
To respond to these challenges, we developed a better policy of when to react (direct questions) and when not to
engage. We’ve learned it’s important to focus on the off-peak hours that have a lower price, including
weekends and major holidays, as opposed to when the price was higher, which seems to resonate better with
customers.
Staff developed the 80/20 triangle graphic to help convey this message visually and has received positive
feedback from it. Knowing that most customers use over 80% of their electricity during the off-peak hours
provided awareness that they may have a less expensive electric bill than with the previous tiered system.
Opportunities
• Utility bill education (especially as new utility bill rolls out with bar chart showing residents their on- and off-
peak electric use will provide for better data)
• More outreach/education regarding how customers can monitor their use (previously known as ‘Monitor My
Use’, which will also be changing with the new billing system; still TBD) and utilize technology to help them
save money.
• Additional segmented outreach – all-electric homes, tech-savvy groups, low-income, EV drivers, etc.
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• Continue working with the graphics department on tools and resources, including an interactive energy-
efficiency house, additional infographics and videos.
• Continued community engagement and education through event attendance, presentations, etc.
• Continue enhancing presentation to share ways to shift and reduce electric use and provide further
understanding of the ‘why’ TOD.
Since the launch of TOD, we have served as a resource to many other communities that are implementing similar
rates, have spoken at various conferences and recently received the 3CMA Silver Circle Award for
Communication and Marketing plans.
Staff’s communication and education efforts are ongoing, continually being refined and aligned to best answer
customer questions and provide tools and resources that meet their needs. As a side benefit to our outreach,
more residents are now aware of their rates overall and the ongoing benefits Fort Collins Utilities provides through
its reliable and high-quality services. We will continue to build on this awareness, as well.
Customer Care and Technology - Customer Service Feedback
Out of 70,000 electric customers, Customer Service Representatives (CSRs) received calls and emails from
approximately 2% of the community (less than 1,500 calls and emails). Talking with customers provided an
opportunity to better inform and educate the caller about why TOD was being implemented and help them
understand how it would impact them personally. After interacting with CSRs, most customers walked away with a
better understanding. Now, most inquiries are about general information and no longer escalated due to TOD
concerns.
Leading up to TOD, staff received several angry emails from customers. However, after the TOD rate went into
effect, email feedback became more positive as customers realized their bills were not substantially
increasing as they originally perceived.
Differences between the all-electric rate and standard rate with the 700 kWh tier caused confusion and irritation
from some customers, though speaking with CSR or Rate Analyst staff provided customers with a better
understanding of the reasoning and opportunities in managing TOD based on the customers usage.
Program Statistics
Reaching as many of our residential community as possible meant using every outreach tactic, including ongoing
community engagement and event participation.
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Tactic/Outreach (Appx. Results) Contacts
CSR Phone Inquiries 1,313
CSR Email (Incoming) 160
In-Person 100
Marketing Email (Outgoing) 1,088
Website Visits (Overall) 50,364
1-Month Comparison Tool (Page Views) 3,367
12-Month Estimator Tool Report Requests 712
Social Media Impressions (All Platforms, Aug. 2018 - present) 26,375
Citizen Requests via Mayor/Council/City Manager 42
Presentations/Events 1,755
Media Inquiries/Stories/Requests 17
Postcards (August 2018 and April 2019) 136,000
Letters (October 2018) 136,000
Bill Inserts (September 2018 and April 2019) 98,000
ATTACHMENTS
1. Powerpoint presentation (PDF)
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Residential Time-of-Day Pricing
Randy Reuscher, Lisa Rosintoski, John Phelan
February 11, 2020
ATTACHMENT 1
3.1
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
2
City Council Update
Does Council need additional
information or analysis from staff
regarding Time-of-Day (TOD) pricing?
3.1
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
3
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
3.1
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
TOD History
4
2014-2015
Council Decision
2015-2016
DEC. 2016 Pilot Study
Results shared with Energy
Board and City Council
NOV. 2017
Adopted by City Council OCT. 2018
TOD Launch
2011-2013
AMI Implementation
OCT. 2019
12-Month
Wrap Up
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
5
• TOD Pricing
• One-Year Review
• Community Outreach
Agenda
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
Why TOD?
FAIR &
EQUITABLE
STRUCTURE
MORE
CUSTOMER
CONTROL
LOWER PEAK
DEMANDS &
COSTS
ELECTRIC
VEHICLE
FRIENDLY
ENERGY &
CARBON
SAVINGS
3.1
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
TOD Pricing Structure
• On-peak hours:
Monday-Friday
• Off-peak hours:
Weekends and
major holidays
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
Residential Results Summary
• 2.3% customer bill savings
• $1.54 monthly savings on average
• ~2.7% reduction in wholesale costs
• ~16,775 MWh in energy reduction
8
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
9
Overall Residential Bill Impacts
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
10
Comparisons to Pilot Study
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
11
Standard TOD (with Tier)
Overall Average: -$1.26/mo
Overall Median: -$0.80/mo
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
12
All-Electric TOD
Overall Average: -$3.51/mo
Overall Median: -$2.24/mo
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
13
Solar Customers
Overall Average: +$2.94/mo
Overall Median: +$2.71/mo
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
14
Income-Qualified Assistance Program Participants
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
15
Energy and Peak Savings
Year-over-year measured
changes (not weather-
normalized)
• Total residential electricity
use: 1.9% reduction
• Peak hours electricity use:
7.5% reduction
3.1
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
Weather-Adjusted Savings
16
• Weather-normalization
• Methods
• Traditional monthly degree days
• New hour matching model (CSU)
• Results
• 3.5% to 5% reduction in overall
electricity use
• 10% reduction in peak hours
electricity use
Degree Days
3.1
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
17
Carbon Savings
• 1.9% residential electricity savings
• 16,775 MWh
• 15,800 metric tons CO2 avoided
• 0.8% of community inventory
• Carbon mitigation
• Reduced community electric bill
• Reduced wholesale power costs
• Significant savings
3.1
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
18
Electric Vehicles
EV data for
graphs from
by PRPA
3.1
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
Peak Partners Program and TOD
Electric water heater control
• Control box installed free
• Avoids on-peak hours
• Customers options
Results
• 1,936 customers enrolled
• $48 average annual savings
• 400 MWh shifted
19
3.1
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
Payment
Assistance
Fund
(One-Time
Assistance)
Financial Support:
Utilities Affordability Portfolio
20
Colorado
Affordable
Residential
Energy
(Deep Retrofits)
Income-
Qualified
Assistance
Program
(Discounted
Rate)
Medical
Assistance
Program
(Discounted
Rate)
LCCC Water
and Energy
Program
(Basic Retrofits)
3.1
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
Communication & Outreach
Mass Communication
• Utility bill inserts
• Brochures
• Social media
(all avenues)
• Website
• Postcards
• Letters w/ clings
• Overall outreach
Targeted Communication
• All-electric heat
• Low-income
• Multi-family
• Net metering – solar
• Community solar
• Electric vehicle charging
Stakeholder Collaboration
• Boards/commissions
• Low-income nonprofits
• HOAs
21
3.1
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
What Have We Heard?
22
1,300+
Calls
150+
Emails
50,000+
Web Visits
26,000+
impressions
~30 Service Area
Requests
(SARS)
700+ Estimator
Tool Report
15+ On-
Camera or
Print Stories
200+ IQAP
Participant Survey
Responses
3.1
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
Customer Outreach
23
3.1
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
Customer Tools
43¢ | 13¢ | $$
To use an
electric oven
26¢ | 8¢ | $$
To use a
microwave
<1¢ | <1¢ | $
To use an
LED light bulb
Approximate appliance costs for one hour
*On-Peak *Off-Peak
24
3.1
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
Ongoing Roadmap
25
• Continued education and outreach
• Refining rate components to reflect
ongoing changes in usage patterns
and costs
• Report ongoing TOD observations
• Encourage customers to contact Utilities
for support
3.1
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
26
City Council Update
Does Council need additional
information or analysis from staff
regarding Time-of-Day (TOD) pricing?
3.1
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)
27
3.1
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Attachment: Powerpoint presentation (8716 : Residential Electric Time-of-Day (TOD) 12 Month Review)