HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOUNCIL - AGENDA ITEM - 05/23/2017 - COMMUNITY ORGANICS RECYCLING PROJECT.DATE:
STAFF:
May 23, 2017
Caroline Mitchell, Environmental Planner
Susie Gordon, Environmental Program Manager
Lucinda Smith, Environmental Sustainability Director
Jackie Kozak-Thiel, Chief Sustainability Officer
Jeff Mihelich, Deputy City Manager
WORK SESSION ITEM
City Council
SUBJECT FOR DISCUSSION
Community Organics Recycling Project.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The purpose of this item is to share an update regarding options for collection of organic waste (food scraps
and/or yard trimmings) for composting. In September 2016, Council unanimously approved the Community
Recycling Ordinance. Consideration of organics/composting, originally part of the discussion, was postponed to
2017 allow more time for detailed analysis. Staff has conducted initial analyses of waste diversion, greenhouse
gas reductions and financial costs for multiple scenarios, as well as potential locations to accept compostable
materials.
GENERAL DIRECTION SOUGHT AND SPECIFIC QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED
What feedback does Council have about diverting organics from landfill disposal in Fort Collins?
BACKGROUND / DISCUSSION
In 2013, City Council adopted Zero Waste goals for composting or recycling 75% of Fort Collins’ discards by
2020. The Road to Zero Waste report called for steps to be taken to divert organic material (food scraps and/or
yard trimmings) from landfilling. Reducing the amount of yard trimmings and food scraps decomposing in the
landfill also represents an important strategy in the City’s Climate Action Plan for reducing methane emissions.
Recent analysis of the waste stream from Fort Collins, detailed in Attachment 1, confirm that 48% of the material
currently landfilled by residents, and 68% of the material landfilled by restaurants, is methane-generating
organics.
When City Council adopted the Community Recycling Ordinance in September 2016, staff was directed to
investigate options for collecting food scraps and yard trimmings from single-family households and restaurants,
for further consideration in 2017.
This work session is intended to give City Council a preliminary look at the factors influencing the availability of
organics collection in Fort Collins, and options for increasing the amount of organics diverted from the landfill.
The Community Organics Recycling Project (CORP) focuses on the short-term options available for increasing
composting, while the concurrent Regional Wasteshed Planning Project (which includes Fort Collins, Loveland,
Estes Park, and Larimer County), is focused on policy and infrastructure needs for the long-term.
Essential element: end destinations / processors for organics
A fundamental aspect of providing organics collection service is the availability of locations to accept and process
the material. The landscape of organics processors available in northern Colorado has changed over the last 12
months and continues to evolve. Attachment 2 outlines the details of the locations available to accept and
process organics, as well as facilities that are under consideration in the Regional Wasteshed Planning Project or
other planning projects.
May 23, 2017 Page 2
While many factors influencing the availability of end destinations for organics are out of the control of the City of
Fort Collins, three options could be influenced or undertaken by the City:
1) Modifying the Drake Water Reclamation Facility to accept pre-processed food scraps
Would require a food pre-processing facility, which could be constructed onsite or elsewhere
nearby
Would provide local waste-to-energy use for food scraps, and energy would be utilized onsite
Would offer a very short hauling distance, which would have a significant impact on the cost for
the private sector to provide collection service
2) Creating a publicly-owned transfer station
A transfer station on the site of the current Larimer County Landfill is an option under
consideration in the Regional Wasteshed Planning Project
Larimer County recently released a request-for-proposals (RFP) for a service provider to grind
and haul away wood and yard debris delivered to their site. The RFP states a preference for a
provider that also has experience operating a transfer station for food scraps.
Would allow organics to be compiled into larger, more-efficient trucks for hauling longer distances
to end-processors
Is a more cost-effective option than hauling organics directly to distant end-processors
3) Facilitating / supporting a privately-owned transfer station
A privately-owned transfer station is operational in Frederick, Colorado
Could have the same cost-reducing benefits as a publicly-owned transfer station (due to the
decreased distance for collection trucks to haul materials)
Program Options
Once end processors are available within a reasonable distance from Fort Collins, options to expand collection of
organic waste would be more cost-effective.
Staff modeled scenarios for collecting organics from residents and from restaurants, and included three types of
analysis: waste diversion potential, greenhouse gas reductions, and financial costs. Details of this modeling, as
well as operational considerations for any of the options, are included in Attachment 3.
Peer Communities Perspective
Residential Programs
Of the 25 peer communities identified by the City’s Finance Department, 84% include organics
collection/composting in with basic trash and recycling services. Food scraps and yard trimmings collection is
provided by 25% of the communities, and yard trimmings-only service is included in 59% of them.
Six Colorado communities provide organics collection/composting options for residents of single-family homes.
Five (Denver, Longmont, Lafayette, Louisville, Boulder) provide food scraps and yard trimmings service; Loveland
provides yard trimmings-only collection service. Additional details of peer community programs are included in
Attachment 4.
Restaurant Programs
One community in Colorado requires restaurants to compost food scraps:
the City of Boulder requires all businesses, apartment complexes, and special events to have compost collection
service.
Five states require composting from large food generators. Details are included in Attachment 4.
May 23, 2017 Page 3
Key Drivers for Programs
The analysis conducted has uncovered key drivers for the following important factors that would affect restaurants
and residential generators of organics, and could play a role in determining which potential scenarios would most
effectively apply to waste diversion programs and services.
Outcome Key Driver
Amount of material collected
Type of service delivery:
universal / bundled results in more material collected
opt-in results in less material collected
Cost of service
Distance to end processor
a transfer station or end processor near Fort Collins would
substantially reduce costs
Greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions
Taking action that creates any alternative to landfilling would
significantly decrease GHG emissions. All scenarios modeled by Fort
Collins’ staff show significantly fewer GHG emissions than landfilling.
Stakeholder Input
Public outreach that has been conducted for this project is described in Attachment 5, and includes City boards
and commissions, a public meeting held on May 2, 2017, and meetings with private haulers.
Next Steps
Depending on feedback from Council, next steps include:
• Continue to engage in Regional Wasteshed Planning Project
• Explore additional end destinations if directed by Council
• Continue to engage with Fort Collins haulers
• Return for work session in September or October
• Support small-scale innovations through Innovate Fort Collins, foster partnerships
ATTACHMENTS
1. Fort Collins Waste Composition (PDF)
2. End Destination Options for Organics (PDF)
3. Greenhouse Gas and Financial Analysis of Potential Options for Organics Programs (PDF)
4. Peer Communities Perspective (PDF)
5. Public Engagement Summary (PDF)
6. Boards and Commissions Minutes Summary (PDF)
7. Powerpoint presentation (PDF)
1
Composition and Amount of Organic Material
from Fort Collins
Waste diversion goals in Fort Collins will not be achieved unless systems are created for collection and processing of
organics (food scraps and/or yard trimmings).
Residential
A combined 47% of the material currently being landfilled by residents
is made up of bio-degradable organic material, according to a 2016
study of materials from Fort Collins that were delivered to the
Larimer County Landfill. A total of 44,701 tons of waste was
landfilled by residents in 2016.
Commercial
A 2016 analysis for the Larimer County Landfill showed that the commercial sector’s waste stream was composed of:
• 31% food scraps and wet paper
• 17% yard trimmings and wood
• 35% recyclable materials
• 17% materials trash
• Total of 47,555 tons of material landfilled by businesses and apartment complexes in 2016
Restaurants
As a subset of the commercial waste stream, restaurants dispose of a
significant amount of compostable material. Staff verified the actual
composition and amount of waste generated by restaurants by
conducting 10 physical, on-site “waste sorts” at Fort Collins
restaurants in late 2016 and early 2017. The sampling included
a variety of restaurants (full service, fast casual etc.) in
different areas of town, with diverse menu offerings. The
resulting data confirmed an average waste composition
much higher in organics than the general profile for
commercial sources, as shown here.
Composition of Material Landfilled by
Fort Collins Residents, 2016
Composition of Material Landfilled by
Fort Collins Restaurants, 2016 & 2017
ATTACHMENT1
1
End Destination Options for Organics
A primary factor in considering organic waste diversion is the end destination for materials. There are two primary ways
materials can be managed:
1) Directly delivered to a composting facility or an anaerobic digestion plant
o A collection vehicle drives all the way to end destination
2) Taken first to a consolidation site (known as a transfer station) from which materials are shipped to a composting
facility or anaerobic digester.
o A collection vehicle drives to the transfer station; consolidated materials are then driven to end destination
by a semi- truck or other long-haul vehicle
o Transfer stations maximize the benefit of two different types of vehicles:
Collection vehicles are most efficient at the stop-start-stop type driving when collecting materials
Long-haul vehicles can carry more material and are more efficient at driving long distances
Nine potential end destinations were included in the life-cycle assessment and financial analysis for the Community
Organics Recycling Project. Local dairies are also a possible destination for composting yard trimmings (but not food
scraps), and are currently used by one hauler in Fort Collins. However, details were not available for staff to include local
dairies as a modeled end destination.
End Destinations Modeled for Community Organics Recycling Project
Facility Location and
One-Way Mileage Materials Accepted Comments
A1 Organics Eaton
(22 miles)
Permitted for Food
Scraps + Yard
Trimmings
Private entity in current operations; only accepting
yard trimmings although permitted also for food
scraps
A1 Organics Keenesburg
(66 miles)
Food Scraps + Yard
Trimmings
Private entity in current operations with full permitting;
accepting all food scraps and yard trimmings
McDonald
Farms
Transfer
Station
Frederick
(37 miles)
Food Scraps + Yard
Trimmings
Privately-owned and operated transfer station.
Accepting materials from haulers in Fort Collins,
Denver, and elsewhere in Front Range. Consolidates
material and hauls to A1 Organics in Keenesburg.
Hageman
Earth Cycle
Fort Collins Yard Trimmings only Currently accepting small volumes of yard trimmings
from residents and landscapers
Doug Weitzel
Inc.
Fort Collins Yard Trimmings only Currently accepting small volumes of yard trimmings
from residents and landscapers
Transfer
Station -
conceptual
Larimer County
Landfill (6 miles)
Potentially food scraps
2
KERSEY
KEENESBURG
Larimer EATON
County
Landfill
(6 miles)
Drake Water
Reclamation
Facility
(4 miles)
Heartland
Biodigester
(44 miles)
A1 Organics
(66 miles)
A1 Organics (22 miles)
FORT COLLINS
McDonald
Farms
Transfer
Station
(37 miles)
FREDERICK
Modeled Potential End Destinations for Organics
34
14
85
25
76
Potential transfer station
(could accept yard trimmings + food scraps)
Potential composting facility
(could accept yard trimmings + food scraps)
Potential anaerobic digester
(could accept food scraps only)
(a form of waste-to-energy)
Currently operating composting facility
(accepts yard trimmings + food scraps)
Currently operating transfer station
(accepts yard trimmings + food scraps)
Legend
Hageman’s &
Weitzel’s
Currently accepts small amounts of yard
trimmings only
ATTACHMENT 2
1
Greenhouse Gas and Financial Analysis of
Potential Options for Organics Programs
Residential Options
Service delivery options: “bundled” or “opt-in” service
An important feature of organics collection programs is how the service is charged; it can either be included in the price of
basic service (bundled price) or it can be offered as a separate for-a-fee service to which customers may elect to
subscribe (opt-in).
As of 2017, Fort Collins trash/recycling haulers must offer yard trimmings-only service to residents of single-family homes,
for which they may bill a separate charge. In contrast, Fort Collins customers who elect to use their hauler’s curbside
recycling programs receive it every-other-week as a combined, bundled service along with weekly trash collection.
Research shows that in communities where recycling is an optional service at a separate charge, 10-20% of households
subscribe to the service. In comparison, in communities with bundled recycling service, 80-90% of households typically
subscribe to the service. Fort Collins haulers report that 96% of their residential customers are signed up for recycling
service.
Communities with opt-in organics collection service (for an additional fee) follow the same participation pattern including
Denver (20%) and Longmont (20%). In Fort Collins, a hauler that has been providing optional yard trimmings collection
service reported that 13% of customers subscribe to the service. Data will be available in July regarding the number of
customers that have opted for the service after the recently-adopted Community Recycling Ordinance requirement for all
residential haulers to offer curbside yard trimmings collection/composting.
End destination considerations: yard trimmings only or yard trimmings + food scraps
While the City of Fort Collins likely wouldn’t require the haulers to use a specific end destination, there are more locations
available to accept yard trimmings only than there are to accept yard trimmings and food scraps combined. Please see
Attachment 2 for details about end destination options. If collecting both yard trimmings and food scraps, combining them
into one bin for collection is typical, due to the efficiency of collecting materials in one truck instead of running two
separate routes.
* It is very important to note that actual rates are set by private haulers. Costs that were modeled for this analysis are only
intended to provide a comparative look at financial impacts for potential scenarios. Actual rates charged by private haulers
can/would vary from these calculations.
Potential Residential Organics
Scenarios Bundled service;
yard + food
Opt-in service;
yard + food
Bundled service;
yard only
Opt-in service;
yard only
Annual tons composted
(% progress toward 2020
waste diversion goal)
12-16.5k
(21-27%)
2-3.5k
(6-8%)
5-6.8k
(8-11%)
800-1.5k
(3-6%)
Annual GHG reductions
MTCO2E
(% of tons needed to meet
2020 GHG goal)
5.3-11.8k
(2-4%)
870-2.6k
(0.5-1%)
2.2-4.8k
(1-2%)
360-1k
2
Restaurant Options
Service delivery options: “universal” or “opt-in” service
Fort Collins restaurants already have opt-in service options available: they currently can subscribe to food scraps
collection service offered by at least two service providers. However, due to low participation among restaurants, and
therefore the inefficiencies of a dispersed, small route, organics collection/composting service can be costly.
If the City was to modify the municipal code to require participation by restaurants, and if services were therefore
universally subscribed-to, the per-business cost would be likely to be lower than current prices.
Potential Restaurant Organics Scenarios
Universal Service Opt-in
Annual tons composted
(% progress toward 2020 waste diversion goal)
4.8-7k
(8-12%)
800-1.5k
(1-3%)
Annual GHG reductions MTCO2E
(% progress toward 2020 GHG goal)
2.8-7.9k
(1-3%)
460-1.7k
(0.3-0.6%)
Modeled potential monthly cost*
50% increase in
service cost
100% increase in
service cost
New jobs created 2-3 1
* As noted previously, actual rates for organics collection/composting services are set by private haulers. Costs that were
modeled for this analysis are only intended to provide a comparative look at financial impacts for potential scenarios.
Actual rates charged by private haulers can/would vary from these calculations.
Operational considerations
Food scraps need to be collected weekly from restaurants at minimum. Twice a week is a likely service frequency for
some establishments and as much as daily service is appropriate for large, high-volume restaurants. The analysis for this
project calculated twice per week collection.
Concern about increased pests often arises regarding food scraps collection but discussions should factor in that the food
scraps that would be collected in a separated program are already being thrown away in the trash, with about the same
exposure to pest issues. Furthermore, separated food scrap collection service for composting would allow restaurants to
decrease the size and/or service frequency of their trash bin.
Methodology for Calculations
Life-cycle analysis of greenhouse gas emissions
A Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA) focused on greenhouse gas emissions was conducted that encompassed all aspects of the
system once organic waste materials were ready for disposal. (Calculations were not made for “upstream” impacts such
as agricultural activities inherent in growing food, transporting food to Fort Collins, etc.) The LCA does capture detailed
impacts of collection/hauling vehicles, activities for processing/composting organic materials, and end use of the final
product (such as when compost is applied to soils).
Financial analysis
The financial analysis captures a rough estimation of the cost for the private sector to provide collection service.
Information for the assumptions was gathered from three municipalities in Colorado that provide organics collection
(Denver, Longmont, Loveland), and one private hauler in Boulder County. The assessment includes a base-case
scenario, made up of the average of the inputs received from these sources, as well as a worst-case scenario, which
selected the most expensive input received from each of the data sources (such as most expensive truck, least efficient
mileage per gallon, most maintenance costs, etc.).
The assumptions and financial analysis developed by staff were then shared individually with three primary haulers in Fort
Collins (Ram Waste, Gallegos Sanitation Inc., and Waste Management of Northern Colorado) for discussion and input.
Data gathered:
Truck cost, lifespan, fuel efficiency, maintenance
Bins cost, lifespan
Stops per route, pounds collected per load
Employee (FTE) cost
1
Yard trimmings
only
59%
Yard trimmings
+ food scraps
25%
No organics
program 16%
Peer Communities’ Residential Organics Collection
Peer Communities Perspective
Residential Organics Collection Programs
Colorado Communities
Program type Materials collected Service provided Cost/month per bin size
Boulder Bundled Yard + food Year-round Bundled into basic service
Denver Opt-in Yard + food Year-round $9.75 – 64 gallons
Lafayette Bundled Yard + food Year-round $7.70 – 64 gallons
Longmont Opt-in Yard + food Year-round $6.60 – 96 gallons
Louisville Bundled Yard + food Year-round Bundled into basic service
Loveland Opt-in Yard April - October $8.00 – 96 gallons
Peer Cities Across the U.S.
(25 peer cities identified by City of Fort Collins Finance Department)
84% of Fort Collins’ 25 identified peer cities collect organics from all residents bundled together as part of their regular
suite of trash and recycling services. Residents of these communities are not required to subscribe or pay an additional
fee for this service.
Yard Trimmings Only Collection
Anaheim, CA Garland, TX
Asheville, NC Irving, TX
Athens, GA* Norman, OK*
Burbank, CA Olathe, KS
Coral Springs, FL Richardson, TX
Denton, TX Santa Barbara, CA
Gainesville, FL
Food Scraps + Yard Trimmings
Collection
Ann Arbor, MI* Palo Alto, CA
Bellevue, WA Santa Rosa, CA
Boise, ID ◊ Tacoma, WA
Eugene, OR ∞
* Seasonal collection ◊ Vegetative food scraps; no meat, dairy products ∞ Pilot program underway
1
ATTACHMENT 4
2
Restaurant Food Scraps Collection Programs
Cities with Universal
Service
•Boulder, CO
•Austin, TX
•New York City, NY
(locations over certain
size)
• Seattle, WA
• Locations in 5 states
listed adjacent
Cities with Opt-in Service
•Asheville, NC
•Athens, GA
•Bellevue, WA
•Cedar Rapids, IA
•Charlottesville, VA
• Eugene, OR
• Lincoln, NE
•Norman, OK
•Portland, ME
• Tacoma, WA
State-wide Requirements
for Composting at Certain
Businesses
•California
•Connecticut
•Massachusetts
•Rhode Island
•Vermont
ATTACHMENT 4
Page 1
PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT SUMMARY
PROJECT TITLE: Community Organics Recycling Project
OVERALL PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT LEVEL: Collaborate with key stakeholders to develop new policy
recommendations based on community feedback.
BOTTOM LINE QUESTION: Should Fort Collins expand collection of food scraps and/or yard trimmings, and if
so, which system would work best for the community?
PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT CONDUCTED:
Stakeholder Group Presentations / Meetings
Climate Action Plan Citizens’ Advisory Committee,
April 20, 2017
Fort Collins Sustainability Group, May 1, 2017
Chamber of Commerce LLAC, May 19, 2017
City Boards and Commissions Presentations
Energy Board, April 13, 2017
Air Quality Advisory Board, April 17, 2017
Natural Resources Advisory Board, April 19, 2017
Economic Advisory Board, April 19, 2017
Water Board, April 20, 2017
Meetings with Fort Collins haulers
Feb 23, 2017
Individual meetings April and May, 2017
Public Open House
May 2, 2017, 4 – 6 p.m.
222 Laporte Colorado River Room, 20 attendees
Other outreach
Project website with updates and project documents
Email updates to 600+ subscribers
Press Release
News articles
Spotlight on fcgov.com
RELEVANT FEEDBACK FROM 2017 AIR QUALITY AND RECYCLING SURVEY:
Survey was a statistically-significant representation of Fort Collins residents.
Question
Somewhat
or
strongly
agree
Somewhat
or strongly
disagree
Don’t
know
Restaurants should be required to have compost collection 70% 26% 4%
Single-family households should have the option to pay a separate
charge for curbside collection of food scraps and yard trimmings 72% 21% 7%
Single-family households should get curbside collection of food scraps and
yard trimmings bundled as part of basic trash and recycling service
(i.e. no separate charge)
79% 15% 6%
The City should ban the disposal of “green waste” in the trash (e.g. food,
wood, leaves, branches, paper products) 45% 51% 4%
ATTACHMENT 5
Page 2
SUMMARY OF FEEDBACK FROM 2017 OUTREACH
Audience Supportive Comments Concerns
Boards and
Commissions
• Since costs for landfilling are likely to
increase when Larimer County Landfill
closes, makes sense to get ahead of it
and start composting now to soften
the impact of higher trash costs
• Could find synergy with Innovate Fort
Collins projects
• Interest in options with greatest
greenhouse gas reduction potential
• Could potentially lead to trash only
needing to be collected every other
week from residents
• Consider locations where residents
could drop off food scraps
• Odor potential in bins and at end processing
destinations
• Restaurants having enough space inside and
outside for compost bins
• Potential for pests
• State regulations make construction of
compost sites difficult
• Need to also continue education about
backyard composting
• Cost of service
Public Open
House
• Interest in bundled options for
residents
o Most significant greenhouse gas
impacts
o Makes participation easy for
residents
• Interest in restaurant composting
• Offer even smaller carts for trash
• Regionalize trash collection
• Cost of service
• Doesn’t address construction and demolition
waste, which is a huge amount of material
• How residential collection would impact small
start-up compost collectors
Climate Action
Plan Citizens’
Advisory
Committee
• Could develop coalition with
restaurants and agricultural producers
to collect food scraps, process, and use
compost – similar to the Glass
Recycling Coalition
• Composting important to meeting
goals
• How can compost hauling service and
processing be profitable?
• Could look at cost/benefit analysis in
comparison with more methane capture at
Page 1
Boards & Commissions Minutes
Fort Collins Utilities Energy Board Minutes (ABRIDGED)
Thursday, April 13, 2017
Energy Board Chairperson City Council Liaison
Pete O’Neill, 970-223-8703 Ross Cunniff, 970-420-7398
Energy Board Vice Chairperson Staff Liaison
Nick Michell, 970-215-9235 Tim McCollough, 970-305-1069
Roll Call
Board Present: Chairperson Pete O’Neill, Vice Chairperson Nick Michell, Stacey Baumgarn, Alan Braslau, Bill Becker, Greg
Behm
Late Arrivals: None
Board Absent: Phil Friedman, Marge Moore
Others Present
Staff: Travis Paige, Honore Depew, Jason Graham
PRPA: Paul Davis
Members of the Public: None
Community Organics Recycling Project
Honore Depew, Environmental Planner
(attachments available upon request)
Council adopted a waste reduction plan in 2013, known as the Road to Zero Waste. By 2030, the City hopes to be a
zero-waste community. Goals of the Zero Waste vision include 90% waste diversion by 2025 and 75% waste diversion
by 2020; as of 2016 the City is measured at 51% waste diversion. The 2016 composition of Fort Collins’ Landfill waste
shows that over half of garbage in the landfill could be composted or diverted into some other organics recycling (true
for residential and commercial customers), and approximately 30% of the waste is could be traditionally recycled. Mr.
Depew noted that 54% of residential waste is compostable, and approximately half of that waste is food scraps.
Additionally, the Larimer County landfill is expected to reach capacity by 2025.
Managing organic recycling on the Road to Zero Waste is crucial to meeting the City’s 2020 Climate Action Plan goals. In
September 2016, City Council approved updated rules for trash and recycling collections. The update mandates grocery
stores to divert all food scraps from landfill disposal by the end of 2017; by 2020 there will be bundled recycling service
to multi-family and commercial customers. Staff included options for organics collection service requirements for
residents and restaurants in their initial presentation to City Council, but Council did not see the feasibility at that time
and asked staff to return within a year with more options and in-depth analysis.
Some service options considered in the Community Organics Recycling Project (CORP) include curbside collection of food
scraps and/or yard trimmings (for single family homes only), as well as restaurant collection of food scraps. Staff is
analyzing the financial impacts, climate impacts, and conducting waste sorts at restaurants. Staff is analyzing a few
decision points for Council to consider, such as if the program should be mandatory or voluntary; should residential
ATTACHMENT 6
Page 2
collection include yard trimmings only, or also include food scraps; and how the end destination for materials collected
impact costs and environmental benefits. Staff’s internal analysis includes input from other Colorado communities as
well as private sector haulers that serve Fort Collins.
The estimated residential capture rate of diverted waste could be up to 16,000 tons a year, depending on the type of
capture (i.e., mandatory yard and food vs. voluntary yard and food), but the potential monthly cost does not vary
drastically regardless of the collection scenario. Annual greenhouse gas reductions were between 1,000-12,000 CO2e
tons, depending on the collection scenario. Board member Becker asked what the difference is between letting the
waste decompose in a landfill as opposed to a composting scenario. Mr. Depew clarified in a landfill methane is
released due to the anaerobic conditions—the waste breaking down without oxygen. Conversely, composting is aerobic
(with oxygen), and there is very little release of greenhouse gases as the waste breaks down, if managed correctly.
Board member Behm asked if there were no changes to the rate of diversion and the landfill is at capacity by 2025, what
will the cost expectation be for customers? He believes that no matter what, an additional cost is coming, whether
that’s for composting or hauling garbage. Mr. Depew briefly explained the Regional Wasteshed planning process, which
addresses what might happen post-landfill-closure. There will definitely be increased costs for disposal, so how does the
community at large want to redistribute those costs and address that issue.
Anaerobic digestion produces biogas, which is combusted to generate electricity and/or heat. The Drake Water
Reclamation Facility (DWRF) currently has the capacity to anaerobically digest some of the organic material that comes
through the sewer to produce biogas and heat the facility, but by the end of 2017, DWRF will also have co-generation
capability to create electricity onsite. The option of increasing food waste processing at DWRF is currently being
considered as possibility for restaurants and/or other commercial facilities that produce source-separated organics, but
a receiving or preprocessing station (on or offsite) would be required.
Mr. Depew reviewed some Lifecycle Assessment Research conducted to compare the environmental impacts of
between two scenarios for routing food waste to DWRF. One possible residential scenario analyzed was using garbage
disposals to transfer food waste to the wastewater treatment plant via the sewer; this equates to approximately a 74%
reduction in GHG from landfilling baseline. Mr. Graham noted that there would need to be a lot of public outreach to
make this an effective strategy, including what food waste can go down the disposal (no fats, oils and grease) as well as
the potential negative impacts of increased disposal on service lines and sewers. In a possible commercial scenario
trucks would haul food material to DWRF for onsite preprocessing at a new (hypothetical) receiving station; this
scenario provides approximately 98% reduction in GHG from landfilling baseline. A food waste reduction education
campaign is expected to roll out in the fall of 2017. It will be focused on residents and providing them tools, a website
and infographics.
Vice Chairperson Michell asked how sensitive staff’s analysis is to contamination. Mr. Depew said in general, the
contamination rate is much lower (in comparison to other communities) and they hope to continue to see low
contamination rates. The numbers do reflect an expectation for a certain amount of reject materials, regardless of the
processing facility (2% or less to landfilling).
Approved by the Energy Board on May 11, 2017
MINUTES
CITY OF FORT COLLINS
ATTACHMENT 6
Page 3
AIR QUALITY ADVISORY BOARD
DRAFT
Date: Monday, April 17, 2017
Location: Colorado River Room, 222 Laporte Ave.
Time: 5:30–8:00pm
For Reference
Mark Houdashelt, Chair
Ross Cunniff, Council Liaison 970-420-7398
Cassie Archuleta, Staff Liaison 970-416-2648
Board Members Present Board Members Absent
Mark Houdashelt, Chair Tom GriggsGregory Miller Robert Kirkpatrick
Harry Edwards Jim Dennison
Chris Wood Vara Vissa, Vice-Chair
Staff Present
Cassie Archuleta, Staff Liaison
Caroline Mitchell, Senior Environmental Planner
Guests
Alan Braslau, Energy Advisory Board member
Asma K. Henry, Citizen
AGENDA ITEM 1: Composting – Organic Options
Caroline Mitchell, Sr. Environmental Planner, provided an update regarding the analysis of options for composting
food scraps from restaurants as well as options for food scraps and yard trimmings from residents of single family
homes.
Caroline introduced the Community Organics Recycling Project (CORP). The Community Recycling Ordinance
(CRO) updated rules for trash and recycling, but did not include organics. Services being considered in the CORP
include curbside collection of food scraps/yard trimmings for single family homes and restaurant food scraps
collection. Important decision points for the CORP are: mandatory or voluntary programs, collection of yard
trimmings only or with food scraps, which would impact the end destinations for materials. Caroline showed
predicted summary results for several scenarios. A food waste reduction education campaign is under development
and expected to be available in Q3 2017. There will be a public meeting on May 2nd, and a Council work session on
May 23rd.
Discussion
• Is there an odor problem with organics collection?
o For smelly bins, mixing yard trimmings absorbs the smell. For facilities, enclosed buildings for
disposal are a pretty standard practice. Odor should not be a problem.
• Will there be collaborative model between other cities that have municipal haulers?
o This has been considered in Fort Collins twice in the past, with little interest.
• Would collection be seasonal or year-round?
o Year-round.
• Are multi-family residences considered for CORP?
o No, but could be a future consideration following residential and commercial.
• Are there any comparisons between CSU’s and the City’s strategies for recycling and composting?
o CSU is doing a great job at composting, hands-down. CSU has a pulper, and material from the pulper
was used in an informative pilot project at the Drake Water Reclamation Facility to test being able to
ATTACHMENT 6
Page 4
accept food scraps there. CSU also just built a windrow composting site on the foothills campus. The
City and CSU have talked several times about working together on organics, but the size of the new
compost facility and the type of permitting for it prevent materials from outside CSU to be
composted there.
MINUTES
CITY OF FORT COLLINS
ECONOMIC ADVISORY COMMISSION
Date: Wednesday, April 19, 2016
Location: Colorado River Room, 222 Laporte Ave.
Time: 11:00am–1:00pm
For Reference
Wade Troxell, Mayor & Council Liaison
Josh Birks, Staff Liaison 221-6324
Dianne Tjalkens, Minutes 221-6734
Commission Members Present Commission Members Absent
Sam Solt, Chair
Denny Otsuga
Alan Curtis
Ted Settle
Connor Barry
John Parks
Ann Hutchison
Linda Stanley
Craig Mueller
Staff Present
Dianne Tjalkens, Admin/Board Support
Josh Birks, Economic Health Director
Katie Ricketts, Economic Healthy Analyst
Caroline Mitchell, Senior Environmental Planner
Katy Bigner, Environmental Planner
Victoria Shaw, Senior Financial Analyst
Guests
Dale Adamy, citizen
AGENDA ITEM 4— Citywide Organics Composting, Caroline Mitchell
Council adopted goals around waste reduction. We throw away a lot of material that could be composted. Study of
Larimer County Landfill materials from Fort Collins—about ½ of materials coming from residential, commercial and
industrial could be composted. About 1/3 could be recycled. Only about 15% of materials don’t have a diversion option
yet. Over last two years worked on Community Recycling Ordinance—adopted in September—options that were moved
forward include yard trimming service for single family homes (opt in service with all haulers), all multifamily complexes
and businesses will have recycling by 2020, and all grocers composting by end of 2017. Giving more review to other
options and taking them back to Council this year—includes curbside collection of food scraps and yard trimmings, and
collection of food scraps at restaurants. Doing series of waste sorts at restaurants in Fort Collins—65–80% of waste is
compostable food scraps. These generate a lot of methane in the landfill—very potent GHG. Elements looking at:
mandatory vs. voluntary, where materials would go (dependent on materials collected), etc. Existing potential
destinations: A1 Organics has location in Eaton (yard trimmings only) and Keensburg (yard trimmings and food scraps).
ATTACHMENT 6
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Other potential options that could be built: Build a transfer station at Larimer County Landfill, composting facility at
LCL, food scraps to Drake Water Reclamation facility (would require additional facility), Heartland Biodigester in
Kersey. Cost model methodology—Collected input from peer communities and one private entity. Broke down
information into per mile cost (hauling cost, tipping fees, personnel, etc.). Base-case reflects average, worst-case reflects
most expensive input received. The more who participate, the lower the cost. Calculated GHG reduction, job creation,
monthly cost/person, and tons composted. Ex: Residential bundled yard and food scraps=$10–20/mth. Still working on
cost/mth for restaurants based on required vs. opt-in models. Also rolling out this year a food waste reduction campaign—
starting with residents, then will build program for restaurants.
Public meeting May 2, Work Session May 23. Members can send comments to Caroline.
Discussion/Q & A:
• Infrastructure costs for restaurants—Where will they store scraps until picked up? Pest control? Etc?
o Bins are calculated into cost, but pest control and training are not included. Incremental marginal costs of
collection itself. Haven’t yet looked at “right sizing” bins. Will interview business and refine model.
o Talking about another bin, but not any new material. This waste is already being generated and stored
outside, collected, hauled, etc. Nothing about separating food scraps that increases pests compared to
having it mixed with other trash.
• How many people use yard trimming collection? Are people opting in?
o Nationwide, recycling programs that are opt-in get subscription rates of 10–20%. Rates are about the
same for organics when opt-in. When bundled, higher. Ex: 96% of Fort Collins residents participate in
recycling.
• Loveland has yard waste pick up? More integrated system.
o Municipal hauler—different rate structure.
• There are communities that require food waste recycling?
o Many communities offer the service, either as bundled or opt-in. Cannot force people to use it unless ban
the materials from the landfill.
• Opportunity for CAP Pilot Project Competitive Process.
MINUTES
CITY OF FORT COLLINS
NATURAL RESOURCES ADVISORY BOARD
Date: Wednesday, April 19, 2017
Location: Colorado River Room, 222 Laporte Avenue
Time: 6:00–8:00pm
For Reference
Bob Overbeck, Council Liaison 970-988-9337
Katy Bigner, Staff Liaison 970-221-6317
Board Members Present Board Members Absent
Jay Adams John Bartholow
Nancy DuTeau, Chair Bob Mann
Elizabeth Hudetz
Luke Caldwell, Vice Chair
Drew Derderian
Ling Wang
Katherine de Leon
Staff Present
Katy Bigner, Staff Liaison, Environmental Services
Donnie Dustin, Fort Collins Utilities Water Resources
Manager
ATTACHMENT 6
Page 6
Lance Smith, Fort Collins Utilities Strategic Finance
Director
Honoré Depew, Environmental Planner
Victoria Shaw, Senior Financial Analyst
Guests:
David Tweedale, Land Conservation and Stewardship
Board
Tucker Cunningham, CSU Student
Trevor Donnelly, EnergyLogic, Inc.
Call meeting to order: 6:03 pm
AGENDA ITEM 2— Community Recycling Ordinance and Organic Update
Honoré Depew, Environmental Planner, provided an update on the Community Organics Recycling Project (CORP).
Staff will be going to a City Council Work Session on May 23rd and is seeking feedback prior to that meeting.
Community Organics Recycling Project (CORP) is a new project that has stemmed out of the Community Recycling
Ordinance (CRO). Over ¾ of what ends up at the Larimer County Landfill is recoverable through composting or
recycling. The CRO updated rules for trash and recycling collection; it was unanimously approved by Council in
September 2016. Council delayed a decision on organics and asked for a more in-depth analysis. CORP decision
points include: should organics collection be mandatory or voluntary, should collection be for yard trimmings only
or yard trimmings and food scraps combined, and where should the end destination for materials be? Current
operational end destinations: A1 Organics in Eaton or Keenesburg. Theoretical options: Transfer station in Larimer
County, new regional/local composting facility, Drake Water Reclamation Facility, Heartland Biodigester (if re-
opened). Financial modeling evaluated cost inputs and variables and estimated monthly impacts for the tons of
material composted, greenhouse gas reductions, potential cost, and jobs created. Residential results included
bundled or opt-in options for yard trimmings and yard plus food collection. The model showed that the more
material is diverted, the cheaper the cost per ton diverted. For restaurants, they are working on converting
numbers to percentages because it would be more meaningful than dollar amounts. Only 2-3 additional pick-up
routes would be required to pick up food scraps semi-weekly from restaurants. Developing a food waste reduction
education campaign. Potential branding could be “Save Your Food” or “Food Too Good to Waste.” Changing where
our waste goes does not solve the root problem: about ¼ of the average American’s food is wasted.
Next steps: Continue to refine analysis, continue outreach to boards and commissions, public meeting on May 2,
Council work session on May 23.
Discussion/Q&A:
• Data on residential food scraps measured in weight or volume?
o Weight. 23% of residential waste is food. It is difficult to have people separate food into a different bin.
Comingled recycling was successful because people didn’t need to separate.
• Which end location showed the most greenhouse gas reduction?
o Of the facilities that are constructed, Heartland. For composting, Larimer. For residential, Drake.
• Can any of those potential future landfill sites have composting, too?
o Potentially the site north of Wellington. Compost facilities are challenging to site.
• Mandatory yard and food collection might lead to trash being collected bi-weekly in the long term.
o Downsizing containers could be a more feasible option. We would need to gradually transition to bi-
weekly, and the startup cost may be high.
• Someone would need to supply a food waste bin of some sort?
o We considered the cost of adding bins for residential and restaurants in the modeling.
ATTACHMENT 6
Page 7
• Have you considered having grocers act as a drop off station for food scraps?
o No, but that is a good idea.
• Another idea is residents getting unused compost back for a fee.
• Will the improved CDPHE regulations allow for more recycling facilities?
o Integrated Solid Waste and Materials Management Plan analyzed the entire Front Range and provided
geographical recommendations. There are stronger calls for unified statewide recycling goals.
• Will there be continued promotion for composting at home?
o To a certain degree. Staff resources and funding need to be directed strategically.
CAP Community Advisory Committee Q2 Meeting
12-2:30pm April 20th, 2017
222 Laporte Ave. Colorado Room
Attendees:
CAC Members: Steve Kuehneman, Alan Strope, Dana Villeneuve, Marissa Bell, Hunter Buffington, Fred Kirsch, Steve
Balderson, Ann Hutchison, Clint Skutchan, Trudy Trimbath, Chadrick Martinez
Facilitator: Chris Hutchinson, Diana Hutchinson
City Staff: Jackie Kozak Thiel, Lisa Rosintoski, John Phelan, Molly Saylor, Lindsay Ex, Carrie Frickman, Caroline Mitchell,
Susie Gordon, Lucinda Smith, Katy Bigner, Emily Wilmsen
Public Visitors: JD Murphy, Janice Lynn, Mark Houdashelt
Action Items:
• Caroline/Victoria:
o Consider enhancing methane capture as an option within the organics work
Meeting Notes
Waste Deep Dive and Focus on Community Organics Recycling Project (Caroline Mitchell)
• Road to Zero Waste goals: this project was identified in the original Road to Zero Waste plan
• Study in 2016: Landfill Composition
o Over ½ of the material we are sending to the landfill could be composted
o Organics: means anything that will break down in a landfill
o Common misconception: the landfill is a place for things to break down, but really landfills are designed
as “dry tombs” where things are not supposed to break down
If things break down in this anaerobic environment it generates methane emissions
o Instead of putting organics into a landfill where the anaerobic breakdown produces methane into the
environment, options are:
Composting – produces very little methane and may sequester carbon
• Industrial composting – can take more materials because temperatures are hotter, can
break down meat, bones, dairy (this project would include industrial composting)
Anaerobic digestion – like at wastewater treatment plant, takes nitrogen rich materials like food
– purposefully generate methane and burn it or capture it to use as natural gas
ATTACHMENT 6
Page 8
Conducting research on the carbon sequestration benefits of using compost on the land
• Community Recycling Ordinance: approved by Council September 2016
o Outcomes:
Updated rules for trash and recycling (yard trimmings pick up April- November, residents pay a
fee)
Recycling service to multi-family homes and commercial
Grocers will have food scrap collection by end of 2017
o Organics collection was not initially included due to additional considerations and analysis needed
(Organics collection from residents and restaurants)
• Services Being Considered Now
o Curbside collection of food scraps + yard trimmings (single family homes)
o Restaurant collection of food scraps
o Analysis: Financial impacts, climate impacts, waste sorts at restaurants
• Decision points:
o Should this be mandatory or voluntary?
o For residential: should it be yard trimmings only, or add food scraps
o End destination of materials (City’s role is to create the ordinance, haulers are private companies)
• Analysis: received input from other Colorado communities & meeting with Fort Collins haulers
• Modeled End Destination Options
o A1 Organics in Eaton & Keenesburg (Currently operational)
o Transfer station at Larimer County, Composting facility in Larimer County, Drake Water Reclamation
Facility, Heartland Bio digester in Kersey (Theoretical options)
CSU composts materials from Campus, but can’t accept outside food scraps
• Results of Modeling (see PowerPoint chart for detailed breakdown)
o Financials: efficiencies of scale, the more people who participate, the less expensive it is overall (least
expensive is the mandatory yard + food)
o Opt-in services get about 10-20% participation; bundled in service gets about 95% participation and
reduces per user cost by spreading out fixed costs
• Developing a Food Waste Reduction Education Campaign
o Starting with residents (beginning this year)
o Goal is to reduce the amount of food waste created in the first place
Questions:
Is this financially beneficial for the private sector?
o Many composting businesses have started in Fort Collins and have gone out of business
o Challenge because landfill fees are so low and haulers are having to charge high fees for these types of
services
o This should be leveraged in the policy realm, how can we make it profitable
CSU Facility: can this be expanded, or could the permit be changed?
o Not large enough for the community, designed for CSU capacity
It would be beneficial to see a cost/benefit analysis of all of these options, including methane capture
Amount of land-use as a barrier (for private sector engagement)
What are the retail options when it becomes compost? Could this be profitable?
Glass Recycling Coalition (New Belgium)
o Beverage brands working with communities to find a more efficient way to recycle glass
o Could this be a model for working with agricultural producers and restaurants?
What about those who already backyard compost and don’t want to pay this additional cost?
o Larger-scale composting can take more materials, diverts more materials from landfill
What questions do you think the stakeholders you represent would have about organics collections and the
various approaches?
o Need to evaluate thoroughly on the collection side, issues with attracting pests
ATTACHMENT 6
Page 9
o Restaurants concerned about infrastructure and processing costs
o Neighborhood composting model vs. large scale curbside pickup
Is this something we are considering?
o Is this something CSA’s would consider helping with?
Heavy regulated side to this process
o If it is mandatory and costs go up, how would citizens feel about this?
Excerpt from Unapproved Water Board Minutes – April 20, 2017
Community Organics Recycling Project
(Attachments available upon request)
Environmental Planner Honoré Depew summarized the project. Staff is researching options for diverting
organics from the landfill, which is a significant step to meeting waste reduction and climate action goals. One
of the options being researched is to accept food scraps from restaurants at the Drake Water Reclamation
Facility (DWRF). Staff will be able to share environmental and economic analysis of this and the other options
being researched, and appreciates feedback from Water Board.
Discussion Highlights
Board members inquired about various related topics including truck size and gas efficiency; greenhouse gas
reduction; potential residential and commercial food scraps and yard trimming recycling; current collection
services for food scraps and yard trimmings; and a food waste reduction campaign to reduce waste at the
source.
ATTACHMENT 6
1
Community Organics Recycling Project
Jeff Mihelich, Jackie Kozak Thiel, Victoria Shaw, and Caroline Mitchell
May 23, 2017
ATTACHMENT 7
Question for Council
What feedback does Council have about
diverting organics from landfill disposal in
Fort Collins?
2
ATTACHMENT 7
Council-Adopted Waste Reduction Goals
Road to Zero Waste Goals
• 75% diversion by 2020
• 90% diversion by 2025
• Zero waste by 2030
3
Concurrent project:
Regional Wasteshed Planning Project
ATTACHMENT 7
Community Recycling Ordinance
Approved – September 2016
• Updated rules for trash and recycling
collection
• Grocers subscribe to food scraps collection
by end of 2017
• Recycling service to apartments and
businesses by 2020
4
Initially included organics collection from residents, restaurants
• Organics decision delayed for more in-depth analysis
• Council requested follow-up on organics options in 2017
ATTACHMENT 7
5
Trash
18%
Recyclable
35%
Yard
Trimmings
21%
Food Scraps
+ Wet Paper
26%
Residential
Trash
11%
Recyclable
Food 21%
Scraps +
Wet Paper
68%
Restaurants
Material landfilled by sector, 2016 / 2017
ATTACHMENT 7
6
KERSEY
KEENESBURG
Larimer EATON
County
Landfill
(6 miles)
Drake Water
Reclamation
Facility
(4 miles)
Heartland
Biodigester
(44 miles)
A1 Organics
(66 miles)
A1 Organics (22 miles)
85
76
34
14
25
FORT COLLINS
McDonald
Farms
Transfer
Station
(37 miles)
FREDERICK
Modeled Potential
End Destinations
for Organics
Hageman’s &
Weitzel’s
ATTACHMENT 7
Key Program Drivers
Outcome Key Driver
Amount of material
collected Service delivery: universal / bundled vs. opt-in
Cost of service Distance to end processor
Greenhouse gas
emissions reduction Any destination except landfilling
7
ATTACHMENT 7
Cost Model Methodology
• Aligned to Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
• Enhanced with inputs from interviews
• Modified with hauler feedback
• Modeled 84 permutations
• Base and Worst Case
• Opt-in vs. Bundled
• Materials Collected
• End Destinations
8
Financial Model
Haulers
Peers
LCA
Distance to destination is most impactful variable
ATTACHMENT 7
9
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
Landfill
(status quo)
Keenesburg Keenesburg
w/TS
Eaton Eaton w/TS
MTCO2E / year
Emissions for Residential Options
Yard Trimmings Only Yard Trimmings + Food Scraps
ATTACHMENT 7
-2,000
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
Landfill
(status quo)
Keenesburg Keenesburg
w/ McDonald
Keenesburg
w/TS
Drake
MTCO2E / year
Emissions for Restaurant Food Scraps Options
ATTACHMENT 7
Peer Communities
11
Residential Collection in Colorado:
• 5 communities collect food scraps +
yard trimmings
• Loveland: yard trimmings only
Yard
trimmings
only
59%
Yard
trimmings +
food scraps
25%
No organics
program
16%
Peer Communities’ Residential
Organics Collection
Restaurants:
• 5 states require composting from
large food generators
ATTACHMENT 7
Really cuts down how
much we would have to
landfill.
Will residents and restaurants
have space for another bin?
Will there be odor or pests from
the service?
Distance to and reliability
of end processors.
Makes it easy for
residents to
participate.
Higher cost of service.
Feedback
12
Concern…………………………………………………………….Support
Needs to complement backyard
composting efforts.
Important to implement options that
would decrease greenhouse gas
emissions the most.
ATTACHMENT 7
Food Waste Reduction
Education Campaign
Under development, expected roll-out Q3 2017
“Save Your Food”
• Focused on residents
• Providing tools, website, infographic
• Connect larger concepts with local relevance and action
• Will build upon national campaigns
13
ATTACHMENT 7
Next Steps
• Continue to engage in Regional Wasteshed Planning
Project
• Explore additional end destinations if directed by Council
• Continue to engage with Fort Collins haulers
• Return for work session in September or October
• Support small-scale innovations through Innovate Fort
Collins, foster partnerships
14
ATTACHMENT 7
Question for Council
What feedback does Council
have about diverting organics
from landfill disposal in Fort
Collins?
15
ATTACHMENT 7
Potential End Destinations Actions
1) Modify Drake Water Reclamation Facility to accept
pre-processed food scraps
2) Create a publicly-owned transfer station
3) Facilitate / support privately-owned transfer station
16
ATTACHMENT 7
the landfill
• How does residential service benefit those
who already compost in back yards?
• Could do food scrap composting on a
neighborhood scale?
Fort Collins
haulers
• Able to provide service to customers • Distance to and stability of end destinations
• Potential contamination of bins (people
putting the wrong materials in the bins)
• High water content of food scraps make it
hard to prevent leaking of trucks
• Difficult to find employees with Commercial
Drivers’ License (CDL)
• Will residents have space for three carts?
ATTACHMENT 5
Tip fees (cost to deliver materials to end
destination
ATTACHMENT 3
(0.3-1%)
Modeled potential monthly
cost* $10-20 $12-24 $12-25 $12-25
New jobs created
20-24 5-6 20-24 5-6
ATTACHMENT 3
+ yard trimmings
Being evaluated as part of Regional Wasteshed
Planning Project
Composting
Facility -
conceptual
Larimer County
Landfill (6 miles)
Potentially food scraps
+ yard trimmings
Being evaluated as part of Regional Wasteshed
Planning Project
Heartland
Biodigester -
currently
closed
Kersey
(44 miles)
Potentially food scraps
only
Privately-owned anaerobic digesters (a type of
waste-to-energy): currently shut down; litigation in
progress; potential re-opening unknown
Drake Water
Reclamation
Facility -
conceptual
Fort Collins
(4 miles)
Potentially food scraps
only
City facility operating anaerobic digesters (a type of
waste-to-energy): capacity available for accepting
more food materials. Capital expenditures would be
needed to inject directly into system and for
pre-processing of food scraps.
ATTACHMENT 2