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Home My WebLink AboutCOUNCIL - AGENDA ITEM - 07/02/2019 - FIRST READING OF ORDINANCE NO. 088, 2019, DESIGNATAgenda Item 9 Item # 9 Page 1 AGENDA ITEM SUMMARY July 2, 2019 City Council STAFF Karen McWilliams, Historic Preservation Planner Brad Yatabe, Legal SUBJECT First Reading of Ordinance No. 088, 2019, Designating the Maneval/Mason/Sauer Property, 100 1st Street, Fort Collins, Colorado, as a Fort Collins Landmark Pursuant to Chapter 14 of the Code of the City of Fort Collins. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This item is a quasi-judicial matter and if considered on the discussion agenda, it will be considered in accordance with the procedures described in Section 1(e) of the Council’s Rules of Meeting Procedures adopted in Resolution 2019-064. The purpose of this item is to consider the request for landmark designation of the Maneval/Mason/Sauer Property, 100 1st Street. This is a voluntary designation at the property owner’s request. The Landmark Preservation Commission unanimously recommends approving this landmark designation. STAFF RECOMMENDATION Staff recommends adoption of the Ordinance on First Reading. BACKGROUND / DISCUSSION The Maneval/Mason/Sauer Property is special among Fort Collins’s historic resources because the property is significant under all four Standards of Significance for Fort Collins Landmark designation, a very rare occurrence. Containing some of the earliest extant buildings in Buckingham Place, this property is significant under Standard 1(b), Patterns of Events, for its contributions to several aspects of Fort Collins’ history: the development and success of the Great Western Sugar Company; the physical and social distance separating the Germans from Russia and Hispanics in Buckingham Place from central Fort Collins, which is illustrated through instances of cultural misunderstanding and outright discrimination; the early efforts by Buckingham Place to incorporate as a separate town; and the property’s association with Fort Collins’ lengthy period of prohibition. Under Standard 2, Persons/Groups, this property is associated with the Germans from Russia (Volga Germans), who emigrated from Russia in the late 1800s and early 1900s and settled in Buckingham Place and nearby Andersonville neighborhoods. The property is also associated with Fort Collins’s Hispanic community, who similarly settled predominantly in the Sugar Factory Neighborhoods. Both Hispanics and Germans from Russia faced forms of discrimination for many decades, even being denied service in some stores. The presence of the store on this property evokes this history of prejudice directed at these groups and the ways in which they reacted to overcome it. The contributions of Fort Collins’s Germans from Russia and Hispanics are a significant but often overlooked theme in the growth and development of the city. Agenda Item 9 Item # 9 Page 2 Under Standard 3, Design/Construction, this property includes a rare example of a late-nineteenth/early- twentieth century false-front commercial building. The house also is a good example of true vernacular architecture, Buckingham’s representative architectural form, as seen in its evolving plan, large porch, use of yard space, and collection of associated buildings, including a historic shed and privy. And finally, under Standard 4, Information Potential, select archeological excavation on this property has a high probability of yielding significant information related to the lives of German-Russian families in Colorado in the early twentieth century. CITY FINANCIAL IMPACTS Recognition of a property as a Fort Collins Landmark enables its owners to qualify for financial incentive programs available only for designated properties. BOARD / COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION At its June 19, 2019, regular hearing, the Landmark Preservation Commission unanimously (8-0, Simpkins absent) adopted a resolution recommending Council adoption of an ordinance for landmark designation of this property. PUBLIC OUTREACH A public hearing on this item was held at the June 19, 2019, meeting of the Landmark Preservation Commission. ATTACHMENTS 1. Location Map (PDF) 2. Designation Form (PDF) 3. Staff Report (w/o attachments) (PDF) 4. Landmark Preservation Commission Resolution No. 4, 2019 (PDF) 9,028 1,504.7 100 First St. This map is a user generated static output from the City of Fort Collins FCMaps Internet mapping site and is for reference only. Data layers that appear on this map may or may not be accurate, current, or otherwise reliable. 6,859 City of Fort Collins - GIS 1,143.0 1: WGS_1984_Web_Mercator_Auxiliary_Sphere 0 571.50 1,143.0 Feet Notes Legend Street Names Parcels Parks Natural Areas ATTACHMENT 1 Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Fort Collins Landmark Designation LOCATION INFORMATION Address: 100 1ST Street, Fort Collins, CO 80524 (Also known as 100 First Street and 100 E. Lincoln Ave.) Legal Description: Lots 1 and 2, Block 9, Buckingham Place, Fort Collins Property Name (historic and/or common): Maneval/Mason/Sauer Property OWNER INFORMATION Name: Lori Juszak Company/Organization (if applicable): N/A Phone: (970) 214-6667 Email: lori@juszak.net Mailing Address: 100 1st Street, Fort Collins, CO 80524 CLASSIFICATION Category Ownership Status Present Use Existing Designation Building Public Occupied Commercial Nat’l Register Structure Private Unoccupied Educational State Register Site Religious Object Residential District Entertainment Government Other FORM PREPARED BY Name/Title: Lori Juszak, Owner/Resident Reyana Jones, Historic Preservation Specialist Address: 100 1st St., Fort Collins, CO 80524 281 N. College Ave., Fort Collins, CO 80524 Phone: (970) 214-6667 (970) 224-6078 Email: lori@juszak.net preservation@fcgov.com DATE: May 31, 2019 ATTACHMENT 2 Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 TYPE OF DESIGNATION and BOUNDARIES Individual Landmark Property Landmark District Explanation of Boundaries: The boundaries of the property being designated as a Fort Collins Landmark correspond to the legal description of the property, above. Contributing historical buildings and structures on the property (hereinafter the “Property”) are the house, false-front store, gable-roofed shed, privy, and a historic mailbox. Non-contributing structures include a covered concrete slab used as an outdoor patio. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE and INTEGRITY Properties are eligible for designation if they possess both significance and integrity. Significance is the importance of a site, structure, object or district to the history, architecture, archeology, engineering or culture of our community, State or Nation. For designation as Fort Collins Landmarks or Fort Collins Landmark Districts properties must meet one (1) or more of the following standards set forth in Fort Collins Municipal Code Section 14-22(a): Standard 1: Events This property is associated with events that have made a recognizable contribution to the broad patterns of the history of the community, State or Nation. It is associated with either (or both) of these two (2) types of events: a) A specific event marking an important moment in Fort Collins prehistory or history; and/or b) A pattern of events or a historic trend that made a recognizable contribution to the development of the community, State or Nation. The Maneval/Mason/Sauer Property is special among Fort Collins’s historic resources because it is significant under all four Standards of Significance, which is a rare occurrence. Containing some of the earliest extant buildings in Buckingham Place, this property represents the development of the region surrounding the Sugar Factory and is significant under Standard 1(b), for its contributions to four significant patterns of events in Fort Collins’ history and development: the development and success of the Great Western Sugar Company through the supply of permanent labor the Buckingham Place dwellings offered; the physical and social distance separating the Germans from Russia and Hispanics in Buckingham Place from central Fort Collins, which is illustrated through instances of cultural misunderstanding and outright discrimination; the early efforts by Buckingham Place to incorporate as a separate town; and the property’s association with Fort Collins’ lengthy period of prohibition, through its ownership by notorious bootleggers Robbert “Blackie” and Nellie May Mason. Standard 2: Persons/Groups Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 This property is associated with the lives of persons or groups of persons recognizable in the history of the community, State or Nation whose specific contributions to that history can be identified and documented. Under Standard 2, Persons/Groups, this property is associated with the Germans from Russia (Volga Germans), who emigrated from Russia in the late 1800s and early 1900s to escape a tyrannical regime. Germans from Russia settled almost exclusively in the Buckingham Place and nearby Andersonville neighborhoods, as reflected by the property’s ownership by multiple German and German from Russia families, including its first owners the Manevals, as well as the Sauer family. The house and store on this property are also associated with Fort Collins’s Hispanic community, who similarly settled predominantly in the Sugar Factory Neighborhoods. Both Hispanics and Germans from Russia faced forms of discrimination for many decades, even being denied service in some downtown stores. The presence of the store on this property evokes this history of prejudice directed at these groups and the ways in which they reacted to overcome it. The contributions of Fort Collins’s Germans from Russia and Hispanics are a significant but often overlooked theme in the growth and development of the city. Standard 3: Design/Construction This property embodies the identifiable characteristics of a type, period or method of construction; represents the work of a craftsman or architect whose work is distinguishable from others by its characteristic style and quality; possesses high artistic values or design concepts; or is part of a recognizable and distinguishable group of properties. Under Standard 3, Design/Construction, this property includes a rare example of a late- nineteenth/early-twentieth century false-front commercial building, the only one like it in this neighborhood. The house is also a good example of vernacular architecture, Buckingham’s representative architectural form, as seen in its evolving plan, large porch, use of yard space, and collection of associated buildings, some of which, like the shed and privy, are also historic. Standard 4: Information Potential This property has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. Under Standard 4, this property has potential to yield archaeological information to reveal aspects of the lives of German-Russian families residing in Buckingham in the early twentieth century, and information related to its occupants. Although the privy box was moved and its pit filled in, excavation of the original site would reveal information about the property’s inhabitants and potentially about construction of the property. Integrity is the ability of a site, structure, object or district to be able to convey its significance. The integrity of a resource is based on the degree to which it retains all or some of seven (7) aspects or qualities set forth in Fort Collins Municipal Code Section 14-22(b): location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and association. All seven qualities do not need to be present for a site, structure, object or district to be eligible as long as the overall sense of past time and place is evident. Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Standard 1: Location is the place where the resource was constructed or the place where the historic or prehistoric event occurred. The house is most likely in its original location, built sometime after 1906, the year stamped on a foundation stone. The store is also likely in its original location, given a photo from the 1904 flood in Buckingham that shows the structure still standing.1 Little information is known about the original appearance or location of the shed or privy, but owner testimony indicates that the privy has been moved and its previous site filled. Standard 2: Design is the combination of elements that create the form, plan space, structure and style of a resource. As vernacular buildings, structures built in Buckingham and the other Sugar Factory neighborhoods of Andersonville and Alta Vista are characterized by the fluidity of their design. The form of vernacular structures changes over time to accommodate the needs and financial ability of their users. Vernacular houses often feature prominent front porches that are usable as outdoor living space. The properties in Buckingham, specifically, tend to accumulate a collection of outbuildings and make use of yard space. Based on 1948 tax assessor sketches, the house’s design has undergone little alteration.2 Its simple design consists of an intersecting gable, a shed roofed portion, and two porches, one enclosed and one open. The enclosed porch was most likely open sometime prior to 1948 based on the visibility of exterior siding on its east-most wall. The shed-roofed portion of the east part of the house was most likely an addition built sometime prior to 1948, based on the appearance of the foundation beneath this section compared to the rest of the elevation. On the west elevation, facing First Street, a second door opening and deck were added sometime after 1977.3 On the east elevation, a ramp was added to access a door. Nearby this ramp is an access stair and door to the dug-out cellar, which was excavated during the 1970s. The design of the store has changed over time to accommodate changes in use, but, importantly, the store retains its character-defining false front that marks it as a commercial building. The front door was once a much larger opening, possibly a garage door. It is unknown when this door was reduced, but it may have coincided with a change in use. The rear 16X18 foot portion of the store was likely an addition that occurred sometime prior to 1948, based on its appearance in a tax assessor sketch and its apparent use as a living space. Standard 3: Setting is the physical environment of a resource. Setting refers to the character of the place; it involves how, not just where, the resource is situated and its relationship to the surrounding features and open space. Both the house and store are situated in the Buckingham neighborhood, which historically housed immigrant Germans from Russia and Hispanic families, many of whom worked at the 1 “9 th So in Andersonville, now No. Lemay, Dry Creek Flood, 1904,” Records of the American Public Works Association, Colorado Chapter, Water Resources Archive, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. 2 100 East Lincoln Avenue, Tax Assessor Card, 1948, The Local History Archive at the Fort Collins Museum of Discovery, Fort Collins, CO. 3 100 1 st Street, Tax Assessor Card, 1977, The Local History Archive at the Fort Collins Museum of Discovery, Fort Collins, CO. Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Great Western Sugar factory north of the subdivision. Many of the homes in this neighborhood, including this one, are vernacular structures. Although the property’s mature landscaping has been removed, the development of Buckingham Park across from the house and store maintains that view as greenspace, which harkens to the area’s original setting as separated from the town. The address of this property officially changed from Lincoln Avenue to 1st Street in 1985, but the house retains its entrances and porches on both the south and west elevations, and the store’s primary entrance still faces First Street as it always did. Outbuildings of unknown construction date, a metal shed and an open, wooden shed have been removed, and another outbuilding, a modern gambrel-roofed shed, was also removed. Standard 4: Materials are the physical elements that form a resource. Although the house has lost some of its historic materials, such as windows, it retains sufficient material to demonstrate its history and its adaptation over time as a vernacular dwelling. The house is now clad in aluminum siding, but the original wooden siding remains underneath; a portion of the original siding is visible on the west elevation. Many windows have been replaced with vinyl or aluminum windows, including the larger window on the south elevation, the window on the west elevation of the enclosed porch, and the central and eastern windows on the north elevation. There is also a boarded-up window opening on the north corner of the east elevation. A 2004 survey report indicates that the windows on the north and south sides of the enclosed porch were casement windows, but they have since been replaced with three-over-three, wood fixed windows; these three-over-three windows are more consistent with those seen in the 1977 tax assessor photo, and they do appear aged, so they may have been reinstalled. The casement windows have been stored elsewhere on the property along with many other historic windows and doors. The turned wood posts on the south porch appear to be original, based on the 1948 tax assessor photo, and the wood lattice skirt, though not original, is consistent with that photo as well. The store, though not in good condition, has good integrity of materials. Although the front windows have been boarded up, the one-over-four (four narrow, vertical panes), are behind those boards; the north window is entirely intact, and the south window is partially intact, the upper glass broken. The store retains its false-front with horizontal boards and its contrasting vertical board-and-batten construction on the building’s other elevations, although many of the battens are missing. The concrete-parged brick chimney is still intact on the rear of the building, as is the rear attic-access hatch. The property retains a historic metal mailbox as well. This mailbox is visible from First Street and the name of an early resident and owner, Adam Sauer, is still painted on the side. The shed and privy to the east and south of the store are also in poor condition but retain historic material. The shed still has wooden shingles visible under its damaged rolled asphalt roofing. Both structures have what appear to be their original vertical plank walls. At one point, there was an addition on the east side of the shed, but it has been demolished. Standard 5: Workmanship is the physical evidence of the crafts of a particular culture or people during any given period in history or prehistory. It is the evidence of artisans' labor and skill in constructing or altering a building, structure or site. Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 The store exhibits clear evidence of labor in constructing and altering the building. The false front is the most distinct example of workmanship on this structure, but evidence of labor is also visible on the façade through the easily apparent change in door opening. Similarly, the addition of the “living space” to the rear of the store indicates the labor of an inhabitant to accommodate their changing needs. The house’s vernacular nature indicates the workmanship and labor of its inhabitants. For example, a large deck and antique-looking, many-paneled wood door were added to the west elevation, most likely to accommodate an address change from Lincoln to First Street that occurred in 1985. A ramp was added to the rear of the property, providing accessibility. Details like the turned wooden porch posts on the south elevation’s porch, and the rock-faced concrete blocks used on the most public elevations, south and west, indicate an awareness of style and workmanship. Standard 6: Feeling is a resource’s expression of the aesthetic or historic sense of a particular time. It results from the presence of physical features that, taken together, convey the resource's historic or prehistoric character. The pairing of this store with this single-family dwelling evokes the feeling of the development of the Buckingham Place addition. The arresting false front of the store is also characteristic of late nineteenth/early twentieth century commercial buildings, giving it the presence of the time period. The physical features of the house and its collection of outbuildings (shed, privy, etc.) are indicative of a vernacular dwelling. This aligns with development patterns in this immigrant neighborhood at the turn of the twentieth century. Standard 7: Association is the direct link between an important event or person and a historic or prehistoric resource. A resource retains association if it is the place where the event or activity occurred and is sufficiently intact to convey that relationship to an observer. Like feeling, association requires the presence of physical features that convey a property's historic character. The store retains a strong association with the development of the Buckingham neighborhood in the early twentieth century. Its false front marks it as a commercial building, as does its ghost “garage” door; the existence of this store suggests the development of economic interests in Buckingham that were more diverse and complex than those that are typically attributed to the “sugar factory neighborhood.” The house itself retains an association with its historic neighborhood and Volga Russian demography through its vernacular form. Additionally, its placement on a tall foundation brings to mind the 1904 flood and the persistence of the Buckingham neighborhood through a devastating natural event. Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 HISTORICAL INFORMATION The Maneval/Mason/Sauer Property is special among Fort Collins’s historic resources because it has significance under all four Standards (Event, Persons/Groups, Design/Construction, Information Potential), and it is able to convey its history through its physical integrity, which is a rare occurrence. The property at 100 First Street sits on land originally homesteaded in 1867 by Eusebio Duro and Rufus Talpey, who later worked as a grain dealer.4 They soon sold the land to wealthy banker and land investor, Charles Buckingham. Residing in Boulder, Buckingham hired various locals, like James L. Allen, to farm the land for him for years and also rented out acreage to farmers or ranchers like Jesse Harris, who sold 450-500 horses from the Buckingham farm one year.5 The railroad arrived in Fort Collins in the late 1870s, and it soon drew other industries to the area. Buckingham sold right of way through his property to the North Poudre Irrigation Company in April 1902. Later that same year, Buckingham sold his land to the Fort Collins Sugar Manufacturing Company, using Franklin Avery as a trustee.6 Inspired by the success of the Great Western Sugar Company in Loveland, which was established in 1901, the residents and investors of Fort Collins set their sights on a sugar manufacturing company for the city. Much like the excitement around railroad development, people regarded the establishment of a sugar factory as a kick-starter to local prosperity, investment, and population growth, “all this push and enterprise and new life… due to the sugar beet.”7 One opinion article claimed that Fort Collins’s agricultural roots made it an ideal candidate for a successful sugar factory, and others believed that Colorado’s soil and climate were particularly well suited for growing sugar beets.8 Once the Fort Collins Sugar Manufacturing Company formed and began investigating the potential for sugar manufacture in Fort Collins, the financial potential spurred many smaller farmers to action. Countless farmers signed beet contracts that assured the future factory that they would use some of their land to raise sugar beets so the factory could immediately begin sugar production upon its completion. Local newspapers fervently urged citizens to sign their beet contracts to speed the development of the sugar factory.9 The economic potential of the sugar factory was so great that the Colorado & Southern railroad reportedly told Boxelder Valley farmers that if they did not sign their beet contracts, they would refuse to extend the railroad into that area.10 With assurances in hand, the company began to plan for construction. 4 “Kansas City City Directory: 1884,” Ancestry.com. U.S. City Directories, 1822-1995 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011, Accessed May 13, 2019, https://search.ancestry.com/cgi- bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=2469&h=530590769&tid=&pid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=ofc301&_phstart=successSource. 5 “District No. 11,” Fort Collins Courier, February 16, 1888. No Title. Fort Collins Courier, November 27, 1884. 6 “Real Estate Transfers,” Weekly Courier, November 26, 1902. 7 ”A Prosperous Country,” Weekly Courier, March 20, 1902. 8 “A Sugar Facttory [sic] at Fort Collins,” Weekly Courier, March 20, 1902. 9 “Those Beet Contracts,” Weekly Courier, April 16, 1902. 10 No Title, Weekly Courier, July 23, 1902. Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 The Fort Collins Sugar Manufacturing Company envisioned the establishment of a fully outfitted sugar manufacturing region north-east of the city, complete with the sugar factory itself and worker housing. Several months before the Fort Collins Sugar Manufacturing Company purchased Buckingham’s land, subscribers to the capital stock of the sugar company met with J. F. Kilby in September 1902. Kilby’s firm, the Kilby Manufacturing Company in Cleveland, Ohio, specialized in building sugar beet houses and refineries and was pivotal in the ultimate decision of where to locate the factory and its associated buildings.11 The sugar company chose Charles Buckingham’s farm, located north-east of Fort Collins. They purchased the land in November 1902, commenced work on the construction of the factory, and turned their attention toward finding a suitable workforce. In the spring of 1902, Loveland’s sugar factory commissioned special trains to transport hundreds of Volga Russian families from Nebraska and Kansas to northern Colorado to work in the sugar beet fields.12 According to newspaper articles, most of these German-Russian workers opted to stay in the area, attracted to the steady work of the sugar industry.13 F. M. Shaw of the sugar factory office specifically managed finding homes for these families; he solicited the help of local farmers with extra lodgings to board these workers over the winter of 1902-1903.14 As early as December 1902, “little boxes houses 20X12, with oval roofs and 4 little windows… with sheds for horses and cows” popped up on the land newly owned by the Fort Collins sugar factory, with “new [houses]… built daily.”15 Within this context of high housing demand for immigrant agricultural workers, the Fort Collins Sugar Manufacturing Company platted Buckingham Place on March 3, 1903.16 Given the inconsistency of early building records and the historic marginalization of the sugar factory neighborhoods and their residents, there is much ambiguity in this property’s history. The earliest indication of a residence on the Buckingham Farm dates to April 1883, when James A. Kelley, brother of John Kelley, “the gentlemanly depot express agent,” leased the land and settled there with his family, bringing with him “his household goods from his former place of residence, Crisman, Boulder county.”17 Kelley was a merchant, according to newspaper records and Boulder County census records.18 Given Kelley’s occupation, it is possible that he constructed the store as a mercantile business, but there are no documentary records indicating his precise place of residence or occupation while residing in Buckingham Place. 11 “Meeting of Sugar Factory Promoters,” Weekly Courier, September 3, 1902. 12 Adam Thomas, “Work Renders Life Sweet: Germans from Russia in Fort Collins, 1900-2000: A Historic Context” (Westminster, CO: SWCA, 2003), 8. 13 ”Additional Local,” Weekly Courier, December 10, 1902. 14 ”City and Country,” Weekly Courier, December 17, 1902. 15 ”City and Country,” Weekly Courier, December 31, 1902. 16 Buckingham Place, Plat, City of Fort Collins, Accessed May 20, 2019, https://records.larimer.org/LandmarkWeb/search/index?theme=.blue&section=searchCriteriaDocuments&quickSearc hSelection=. 17 “Home Matters,” Fort Collins Courier, April 5, 1883. 18 1880 United States Census, Census Place: Salina, Boulder, Colorado; Roll: 88; Page: 465D; Enumeration District: 023, Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1880 United States Federal Census[database on-line], Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2010; “Home Matters,” Fort Collins Courier, April 5, 1883. Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 It is also possible that the first owners of lots one and two, block nine, of Buckingham Place, Ernest G. and Susanna (Susie) Maneval, constructed the store and house. The Manevals purchased the property from the Fort Collins Sugar Manufacturing Company on the same day as the plat of Buckingham Place, March 3, 1903, for $70.19 This could be a coincidence, but it may also indicate that the Manevals already lived on the property they purchased from the sugar factory, perhaps constructing their residence during Buckingham’s winter 1902-1903 construction boom. Ernest and Susie Maneval both were born in Germany. Ernest worked as a baker, and the Maneval residence was located north of the river on Lincoln Avenue, according to the 1903 city directory.20 Despite the lack of clarity in this record, a newspaper article places Ernest’s residence “near the creamery,” which was located just south of what would become 100 First Street based on historic maps.21 Furthermore, because city directories are usually published the year before their title date, the Manevals likely resided in Buckingham Place prior to their purchase of the property in 1903. Although there are no building permits for the house, store, or any of the contributing outbuildings on this property, there is one historic photograph that helps date the store and house. This photo was taken at the time of the 1904 flood. The local history archive attributes the photograph (Photo 1) to John Coy in Buckingham Place; it appears to show the store still standing in floodwaters, its character-defining false front visible.22 It is therefore probable that the store predates 1904. If the store was not moved, this photo also indicates that the current house was built sometime after the flood because it is not pictured nearby the store. If the Manevals did have a residence nearby the store building, it was most likely washed away by the flood. Despite the 1903 platting of Buckingham Place, Fort Collins city directories and federal censuses did not number addresses in this neighborhood until the 1930s. This makes it difficult to know whether property owners actually resided in a house on this property or used the store and when the buildings were constructed. However, some writing in the margins of a couple of the property deeds provides some clues related to the house. As early as 1868, the territory of Colorado enacted a law called a “homestead exemption,” which stated that if the word “Homestead” was written in the margins of a deed by a certified recorder at the behest of a husband or wife while that property was “occup[ied]… as a home,” then the property was protected from seizure by creditors.23 The intent of the law was to protect wives and families and ensure they had a place to live in the event of a husband’s death. This law carried over unchanged after Colorado gained 19 Warranty Deed, Fort Collins Sugar Manufacturing Company to E. G. Maneval, March 3, 1903, Larimer County Clerk and Recorder, Fort Collins, CO, Book 162, Page 119. 20 Fort Collins City Directory: 1903, Greeley: Tribune Press, 1903, Local History Archives at the Museum of Discovery, Fort Collins, CO. 21 “A Gang of Juvenile Offenders Captured,” Weekly Courier, July 1, 1903; “Fort Collins, Larimer County, Colorado,” W. C. Willits, Map, Fort Collins History Connection, Local History Archive at the Museum of Discovery, Fort Collins, CO, http://database.history.fcgov.com/cdm/compoundobject/collection/hm/id/817/rec/23. 22 “Flood at Buckingham Place,” John Coy, 1904, Photograph, Fort Collins History Connection, Local History Archive at the Museum of Discovery, Fort Collins, CO, http://database.history.fcgov.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/ph/id/5940/rec/4. 23 “Homestead,” in Courtright’s Colorado Digest: Digesting All Colorado Decisions Reported in Colorado Report, Volumes 1-57 Inclusive, and Colorado Court of Appeals Reports, Volumes 1-25 Inclusive, Volume 2 (Denver: W. H. Courtright Publishing Company, 1915), 2022-2026. Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 statehood in 1876. In practice, by judicial precedent, a person who claimed “homestead” by writing in the margins of a property deed lost their homestead rights if they did not continuously occupy the property.24 There are two such notations on warranty deeds for this property. Susie Maneval claimed a homestead exemption in September 1905; a recorder wrote “Homestead” in the margins of her husband’s 1903 property title with her name and signature.25 This implies that the Manevals occupied a residence on their property by 1905. However, this may allude to the “living space” on the back of the store building rather than a house, especially given a stamped foundation stone on the house’s south elevation that reads “PATD June 8, 1906.” This date refers to the patent of Miracle Hollow Block, a concrete building material.26 The Manevals sold their property to Nellie May Mason in October 1905, who soon transferred the property to her husband, Robbert A. Mason, in April 1906 and quickly thereafter claimed a homestead exemption on that deed.27 This similarly implies that the Masons lived on this property, establishing another resident with reasonable certainty. Robbert Mason, also known as “Blackie” Mason, and his wife, Nellie May, were notorious bootleggers in early twentieth-century Fort Collins. Reflecting the temperance movement that swept America toward the end of the nineteenth century, Fort Collins enacted a city-wide prohibition of the sale or purchase of alcohol in 1896; this law persisted until 1969. Although the City of Fort Collins annexed Buckingham Place in June 1906,28 making the neighborhood subject to local laws and ordinances, subversive activities like the production of alcohol continued to occur. The residential area near the sugar factory was derisively called “The Jungles” by Fort Collins residents and was often scorned as a haven of iniquity despite the frequency of similar illegal happenings elsewhere in town, as in more well-to-do locales like the Northern Hotel.29 Because of discriminatory employment practices and deflated wages, immigrants of Russian, Hispanic, and German descent, like Robbert and Nellie Mason, sometimes turned to illicit manufacture and sale of alcohol to make money. The Masons ran a doubtlessly lucrative bootlegging operation from Buckingham Place for many years, but often paid dearly for it. In one instance, Robbert, Nellie, and Nellie’s father, Frank Kelley,30 were all imprisoned at the same time for bootlegging.31 Blackie himself was a “well 24 For more information on this judicial precedent, see In re Estate of Dodge, 685 P.2d 260 (Colo. App. 1984), https://casetext.com/case/in-re-estate-of-dodge-2. 25 Homestead Exemption, Susie Maneval, September 27, 1905, Larimer County Clerk and Recorder, Fort Collins, CO, Book 162, Page 119. 26 “Desiderata List Success!” in the Ames Historical Society Newsletter, Ames, Iowa, Fall 2008, http://www.ameshistory.org/sites/default/files/AHSNewsletter_3_08.pdf. 27 Warranty Deed, E. G. and Susie Maneval to Nellie May Mason, October 5, 1905, Larimer County Clerk and Recorder, Fort Collins, CO, Book 206, Page 528. 28 “Annexations,” Map, City of Fort Collins, Accessed May 20, 2019, https://data- fcgov.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/f6cefd3e2f524e3194372bb4ab349e7b_0?geometry=-105.104%2C40.586%2C- 105.022%2C40.597. 29 “About,” Ace Gillett’s Lounge, Accessed May 20, 2019, https://acegilletts.com/staff/ace-gillett/. 30 In one case, Nellie’s mother, Phoebe, was said to be married to James Kelly, a man “nearly 70 years of age,” (Weekly Courier, September 15, 1909) rather than Frank Kelly; this Kelly is most likely not the same James A. Kelley who moved to Buckingham Place in the 1880s given a 1900 Census placing James and Alice Kelley at Cripple Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 known Jungle character” infamous for bootlegging.32 In 1909, a jury found Mason guilty of inflicting severe bodily injury on a police officer, Beers, by throwing a rock at him. The district attorney cited eye-witness evidence of Mason leading a “mob” and throwing stones, which contradicted the accounts of the defense’s eye witnesses. The defense attorney declared that the entire prosecution of Mason was result of “fanaticism on the liquor question” and that Mason was simply trying to “protect a Mexican from Beers’ club.” Blackie faced a maximum penalty of one year in jail and a two thousand dollar fine.33 Later, in 1910, Mason served two subsequent prison sentences for bootlegging. Newspapers speculated his sentence could span anywhere from eight months to life in total because he was unable to pay the $200 fine charged against him and the county did not allow the working of prisoners to pay off fines.34 However, Judge Stover released Mason after just three and a half months served because he wanted the city to be rid of him; Stover suspected that Mason would follow his wife to Cheyenne, where she absconded to evade a court appearance also under bootlegging charges.35 Given the Mason family’s immediate absence from newspaper records following Blackie’s release, it seems that the judge assumed correctly. As part of these legal proceedings, the city threatened to seize or place a levy against any property that Blackie possessed to make up the fines he owed for bootlegging.36 Blackie transferred the property now at 100 First Street to his wife, Nellie, in 1907; Nellie then mortgaged the property in 1910 and quickly sold to Phillip Lewin. This property sale happened around the same time as the last, potentially life-long, prison sentence held against Blackie.37 The transfer of this property out of the Mason family’s hands was related to their association with bootlegging in this way. Philip Lewin himself had connections with the Masons. In the case of Mason’s alleged assault against Policeman Beers, Lewin attempted to take over the surety bond associated with the fine levied against Mason in that case; Deputy District Attorney Sarchet did not concede to this plan.38 Lewin himself was a Denver wholesale liquor dealer; it is possible that the Masons had his acquaintance through their business.39 After Nellie Mason transferred the property to Lewin, there is no evidence to suggest he lived on the property or operated a business there, according to city directory records. However, the 1910-1911 city directory has no listings at all for First Street and East Lincoln Avenue and has one overarching entry for all of Buckingham Place, noting Creek, Colorado and census records placing G. Frank Kelly and Phebe Kelly in Minnesota in 1880 with their daughter, Ida, who lived with them in Fort Collins. 31 “Whole Family Is Booked for Jail for Bootlegging,” Weekly Courier, June 30, 1910. 32 “Heavenly Peace Hovers O’er Home of Kelley Family,” Fort Collins Courier, July 31, 1907. 33 “’Blackie’ Mason Is Found Guilty on Second Count,” Weekly Courier, March 17, 1909. 34 “’Blackie Mason Trying to Figure out His Release,” Weekly Courier, September 1, 1910. 35 “’Blackie’ Mason Leaves Jail after Ninety Days,” Weekly Courier, October 6, 1910. 36 “Blackie Mason Trying to Figure out His Release.” 37 Warranty Deed, R. A. Mason to Nellie May Mason, February 5, 1907, Larimer County Clerk and Recorder, Fort Collins, CO, Book 228, Page 161; Mortgage, Nellie Mson to Phillip Lewin, July 13, 1910, Larimer County Clerk and Recorder, Fort Collins, CO, Book 242, Page 244; Warranty Deed, Nellie May Mason to Phillip Lewin, July 13, 1910, Larimer County Clerk and Recorder, Fort Collins, CO, Book 277, Page 365. 38 “Mason Attempts to Furnish New Bondsman,” Weekly Courier, December 2, 1908. 39 Ibid. Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 that it is also known as the Jungles. The only individuals listed individually as living in Buckingham Place are members of the Pino family.40 Including the Pino family, there are two possible connections to the store at 100 First Street known from documentary records. Secondary sources note that the development of a grocery or general store in this neighborhood’s early history makes sense because of the context of discrimination against German and Mexican laborers in the main part of town. Furthermore, the region in which Buckingham is situated, despite being privately owned, was designed much like a company town, but it lacked a company store; the emergence of a privately-owned store like the one at 100 First Street accords with this context.41 There are only two known “stores” that existed in Buckingham Place: the “Yellow” store and J. N. Pino & Sons Grocery. The “Yellow” store went by other names like the “Yellow House” or “Yellow Building,” but was most often referred to as a pool hall, suggesting retail may have been a secondary purpose. The Yellow store was the house of Frank and Phebe Kelly. The Kellys sold their property on lot 9, block 8 to James Morger in 1907; Morger dealt in property rentals, so it is possible that the Kellys continued to live on this property and operate the Yellow store. It is also possible that the Kellys lived in the false-front store at 100 First Street, the property of their daughter, Nellie May Nelson. Unfortunately, because of the illegal happenings at the Kelly house, newspaper articles never descriptively locate the Yellow store. However, one newspaper article refers to a house immediately west of the Yellow store,42 which aligns more with a location of lot 9, block 8 rather than at 100 First Street based on the neighborhood’s platting pattern (Map 1). The Pinos were a family from Mexico who ran a grocery store located in Buckingham Place, according to newspaper and city directory records. Juan N. Pino served the state legislature as a representative for Huerfano County, Colorado before moving to Fort Collins with his family.43 Pino may have moved to Fort Collins because of a scandal in Huerfano County. Pino was a well- respected stockman and was recognized for his political activism.44 However, the Walsenburg World reported in September 1904 that a man, Francisco Garcia, said on his deathbed that Juan Pino shot him over a work dispute.45 The trial was protracted for years, the jury conflicted; the last mention of the case in local papers was in February 1908; the verdict was not mentioned.46 However, Juan Pino appears in papers a year later amicably as a visiting businessman, indicating a positive outcome.47 1908 is also the first year Juan and his sons appear in Fort Collins directories, as does the listing for J. N. Pino & Sons, general merchandising.48 Although no indication of this 40 Fort Collins City Directory: 1910-1911 (Fort Collins, CO: Courier Printing and Publishing Company, 1908), Local History Archives at the Museum of Discovery, Fort Collins, CO. 41 Adam Thomas, “Work Renders Life Sweet: Germans from Russian in Fort Collins, 1900-2000, a Historical Context” (Westminster, CO: SWCA Environmental Consultants, 2003), 12, 14. 42 “Escaped Convicts Are Captured in ‘Jungles,’” Fort Collins Courier, August 13, 1921. 43 “The Legislature: List of Members Elected,” Fort Collins Courier, December 8, 1898. 44 “Juan N. Pino,” Walsenburg World, December 25, 1902. 45 “Pino Jury Fails to Agree and Is Discharged,” Walsenburg World, November 3, 1905. 46 “Criminal Cases,” Walsenburg World, February 13, 1908. 47 “Town and County,” Walsenburg World, June 24, 1909. 48 Fort Collins City Directory: 1908 (Fort Collins, CO: Courier Printing and Publishing Company, 1908), Local History Archives at the Museum of Discovery, Fort Collins, CO. Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 business’s location exists more specifically than “Buckingham,” its dedicated commercial purpose aligns with the physical form of a false-front building like the one at 100 First Street. Soon after acquiring the property, Philip Lewin sold lots 1-3 in block 9 to Joseph S. McMurtry in 1911. According to census records, the only Joseph S. McMurtry in the state of Colorado at the time lived in Holly, a small town in the south-eastern part of the state. By 1910, McMurtry made his living through real estate investment, so it is probable that he was an absentee landlord.49 McMurtry sold lots 1-3 to Fred Sauer, son of George and Christina Sauer. George and Christina Sauer were Germans from Russia who immigrated to the United States in 1892.50 They lived in Superior City, Nebraska, where Christina gave birth to their sons, Frederick, Carl, and Adam. The family moved to Fort Collins by 1904. The earliest record of the Sauers’ presence in Fort Collins is from January of that year; George Sauer assisted Henry Brown with a census of Buckingham Place, counting 135 residents. This census occurred in response to residents of Buckingham Place’s desire to incorporate as a separate town from Fort Collins, to be called East Collins.51 However, East Collins never incorporated successfully because of staunch opposition from Fort Collins residents and the sugar factory. The sugar factory filed a petition stating that Buckingham only wished to incorporate to “enable[e] certain evil disposed persons to sell intoxicating liquors to the employees of the petitioner.”52 Both the Mason family and the Sauer family were among Buckingham residents who avowed their support of incorporation, but they were met by further resistance from “about fifty of the leading citizens of Fort Collins, who own lots in and about the ‘jungles,’” who assumed the same reasoning for the desired incorporation and thus opposed it.53 According to the 1910 census, George Sauer worked as a horse dealer, but newspaper records indicate that by the end of that decade, he was an automotive dealer and worker.54 Sauer took out a building permit in 1918 to remodel a store into a garage, but this was not the store at 100 First Street; he indicated a location at lot 6, block 13, which aligns with the address listed in the 1919 city directory at 242 Walnut.55 It is, however, still possible that Sauer used the store at 100 First Street either for personal or business automotive projects given the physical evidence that the door opening was once much larger, like a garage door. The store has not been used as a commercial space for decades. 49 1910 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006, https://search.ancestry.com/cgi- bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=7884&h=2184086&tid=&pid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=ofc467&_phstart=successSource. 50 1910 United States Federal Census 51 “Buckingham Place Will Incorporate,” Weekly Courier, January 27, 1904. 52 “Court Knocks Out East Collins Town,” Weekly Courier, February 10, 1904. 53 “Want to Incorporate East Fort Collins,” Weekly Courier, April 25, 1906. 54 1910 United States Federal Census; No Title, Weekly Courier, March 9, 1917. 55 Building Permit, George Sauer, July 2, 1918, City of Fort Collins Historic Preservation Division, Neighborhood Services Building, Fort Collins, CO; Fort Collins, Loveland and Larimer County Directory: 1919 (Detroit: R. L. Polk Directory Co., 1919), Local History Archive at the Fort Collins Museum of Discovery, Fort Collins, CO. Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Fred, along with George and Christina’s other children, “boarded” with his parents at First and Lincoln according to city directory records. However, it is probable that the entire family lived at 100 First Street, which belonged to Fred Sauer in legal title rather than his parents. Newspaper articles from the early twentieth century reference a cellar in George Sauer’s house. A dug-out cellar was discovered beneath the house at 100 First Street in the 1960s and 1970s, which substantiates the theory that the entire Sauer family, including George and Christina, lived on Fred Sauer’s property.56 Like Blackie Mason, George Sauer engaged in a bootlegging business and often found himself on the wrong side of the law. He ran an illegal saloon out of his basement, selling beer and whiskey.57 The cellar of the Maneval/Mason/Sauer Property could have accommodated this illicit activity. George Sauer died January 11, 1922, but Christina and her children continued to live in the house at First Street near Lincoln Avenue, according to city directories, following his death.58 Subsequently after the death of his father, Fred Sauer took quiet title legal action against the First National Bank of Fort Collins for attempting to dispose of property under his ownership, presumably under the false impression that his father was the one who held ownership. This established his unquestioned title to his Fort Collins properties.59 In 1925, Fred married and soon moved to Denver with his new wife, Helen, and their daughters.60 He sold lots 1-3, block 9, Buckingham Place, to his brother, Adam.61 Adam Sauer, along with several of his brothers, worked as a laborer for several companies including the sugar factory. He sold lot 3, block 9 to Henry Pister in 1928, shortly after his marriage to Mary Oschmer.62 Around 1930, houses in Buckingham Place began to gain numbered addresses. The 1930 census has Adam Sauer’s house number as 110 E. Lincoln Ave, but the 1940 census lists the address as 100 E. Lincoln Ave.; the 1940 census had a question asking whether the occupant lived in the same house five years prior, and the answer was affirmative for the Sauer family. Adam Sauer took out one of the few building permits recorded for this property in April 1943, rebuilding the west porch, which was damaged by a windstorm, using salvaged material and enclosing it, but not altering the original size.63 56 Lori Juszak, Draft Fort Collins Landmark Nomination Form, 2019, City of Fort Collins Historic Preservation Division, Community and Neighborhood Services Building, Fort Collins, CO. 57 “Blood y Fight in Bootlegger’s Den Aired in Court,” Weekly Courier, September 30, 1908. 58 Fort Collins, Loveland, and Larimer County Directory (Detroit: R. L. Polk Directory Co., 1922), Local History Archive at the Museum of Discovery, Fort Collins, CO. 59 “Court House,” Fort Collins Courier, March 4, 1922. 60 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2002, https://search.ancestry.com/cgi- bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=6224&h=101520248&tid=&pid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=ofc495&_phstart=successSource. 61 Warranty Deed, Fred Sauer to Adam Sauer, January 22, 1925, Larimer County Clerk and Recorder, Book 501, Page 385. 62 Warranty Deed, Adam Sauer to Henry Pister, September 4, 1928, Larimer County Clerk and Recorder, Book 574, Page 311; Marriage Record, Adam Sauer and Mary Oschmer, February 1, 1928, Colorado, County Marriage Records and State Index, 1862-2006 [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2016. 63 Building Permit, 100 East Lincoln, Adam Sauer, April 13, 1943, City of Fort Collins Historic Preservation Division, Community Development and Neighborhood Services, Fort Collins, CO, Permit no. 7330. Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Despite the lack of numbered addresses in Buckingham Place prior to Adam Sauer’s later ownership of this property, it can be said with reasonable certainty that the Sauer family lived at what is now 100 First Street for multiple decades. Throughout the years, Adam Sauer worked a number of different jobs, employed by the Greeley Water Works, in the oil fields, and as a construction worker, among other occupations. His wife, Mary, worked at Ace Gillett’s Café, and his daughter, Betty, worked for the City Clerk’s Office as a stenographer.64 After forty years in the Sauer family, Adam sold his property to Charles and Elizabeth Montoya in 1954.65 Charles Montoya worked for Markley Motors in 1956, the only year he and his wife, Elizabeth, are listed in city directories at 100 E. Lincoln Ave.66 The Montoyas rented their property out from 1957 till they sold it in 1966, themselves residing in Richmond, California. Tenants included Emanuel Rodriguez, a CSU employee in 1957, Herbert Fox, an iron worker in 1960, and Gilbert Miredez, a farm employee in 1962, among others. The Montoyas sold the property to Santiago (Jim) Alarid through an agreement for sale and purchase in December 1966, the transaction fulfilled and deed transferred March 1976.67 Leopoldo Romero Serna was born in New Mexico in 1897. He and his wife, Henrietta, and their daughter, Virginia, rented from the Montoyas, then the Alarids from 1964 till Leo’s death in 1981.68 It is unknown whether Virginia or Henrietta continued living at this property following Leo’s death, given the appearance of “No Listing” or “No Phone” in city directories from 1983 to 2002.69 The Alarids claimed both they and previous tenants used the shed behind the false-front store as a smokehouse.70 Per the owner’s request, the address was changed from 100 E. Lincoln Ave. to 100 First Street September 3, 1985.71 This choice was motivated by a desire to move the location of the mailbox to a less busy street and a location less likely to be interfered with.72 The mailbox, dating from Adam Sauer’s ownership as evidenced by the faded stenciling of his name, still is used today, more than 65 years later. Jim Alarid continued to rent the property to tenant Juan Gomez until 2005. That year, he quit claimed the property to put it under both his and his wife, Clarita’s, names.73 Based on 64 Fort Collins City Directory Collection: 1927-1954, Local History Archive at the Museum of Discovery, Fort Collins, CO. 65 Warranty Deed, Adam Sauer to Charles L. Montoya, et al., May 4, 1954, Larimer County Clerk and Recorder, Book 971, Page 129. 66 Fort Collins City Directory: 1956 (Loveland, CO: Rocky Mountain Directory, Co, 1956), Local History Archive at the Museum of Discovery, Fort Collins, CO. 67 Agreement, Charles L. and Elizabeth Montoya to Santiago Alarid, December 21, 1966, Larimer County Clerk and Recorder, Fort Collins, CO, Book 1350, 368; Warranty Deed/Agreement Fulfilled, Charles L. and Elizabeth Montoya to Santiago Alarid, March 10, 1976, Larimer County Clerk and Recorder, Fort Collins, CO, Book 1689, Page 359. 68 Fort Collins City Directory Collection: 1964-1982. 69 Ibid., 1983-2002. 70 Lori Juszak, Interviewed by Reyana Jones, May 22, 2019, Historic Preservation Division, Community Planning and Neighborhood Services, Fort Collins, CO. 71 Memo, Change of Address, September 3, 1985, Patti Cappa, City of Fort Collins Engineering Services. 72 Juszak, Interviewed by Reyana Jones. 73 Quit Claim Deed, Santiago Alarid to Santiago Alarid and Clarita Alarid, July 12, 2005, Larimer County Clerk and Recorder, Fort Collins, CO. Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 photographs from 2004, 2018, and tax assessor cards, the porch on the south elevation was enclosed around 1977 then reopened in 2019, and the wooden deck added to the west elevation sometime between 1977 and 2016. The Alarids resided in their house at 100 First Street until May 2019, selling their property to Lori Juszak, the current owner. ARCHITECTURAL INFORMATION Construction Date: Late eighteenth/early nineteenth century; c. 1906 Architect/Builder: Unknown Building Materials: Frame Architectural Style: False-front Commercial; Vernacular Residential Description: Architectural description updated from Adam Thomas’s 2004 OAHP1403 Architectural Inventory Form.74 The cross-gabled vernacular dwelling at 100 First Street is situated on the northeast corner of East Lincoln Avenue and First Street (and has also used 100 Lincoln Avenue as an address). There are wooden fences on the south, west, east, and part of the north sides of the property. The wooden fence on the west side of the property is interrupted by two metal, swinging gates, one just south of the store, and one just north of the house. There is a section of wood fence between these gates; a historic metal mailbox sits on a post at the south edge of this fence. The mailbox opens toward the property and has a red-painted metal flag as well as text reading “100 First Street” in red paint and “Adam Sauer” in faded paint on its north side. There are also several outbuildings on the property including: the historic store located on the north-west edge of the property, a contributing shed located just east of the store, a contributing privy located south of that shed, and a non-contributing covered patio located southwest of the house. The residence is set back approximately ninety-five feet from Lincoln Avenue and twenty-seven feet from First Street. Originally oriented to the south, the house rests on a foundation of long, rusticated concrete blocks. There are two shed-roof sections on the north end of the home to either side of the north-facing gable, an enclosed porch to the west and an addition to the east; the foundation of the addition consists of smooth concrete blocks, suggesting a different construction date than the rest of the house. The enclosure of the porch and the east addition predate 1948, according to tax assessor sketches. Pale-yellow aluminum siding with white aluminum corner-boards clads the house’s frame construction. Green asphalt shingles cover all roof surfaces, and the shallow eaves are boxed, except for the west addition, where the rafter ends are exposed. Because this property’s address changed in 1985, there are two facades, the primary/current façade to the west, and the secondary/historic façade to the south. The west elevation consists of the shed-roofed enclosed porch with entry and the front-gabled entry with wooden deck. The enclosed porch’s north 74 Adam Thomas, “2004 Survey of Sugar Factory Neighborhoods: 100 First Street 1403 Form,” May 28, 2002, City of Fort Collins Historic Preservation Division, Community Planning and Neighborhood Services, Fort Collins, CO. Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 and south sides both have a white-painted, three-over-three, fixed wood window with a red-painted wood-framed screen. The west elevation of the enclosed porch features a non-original sliding vinyl window and a metal door with a nine-light window on the upper half. Seven concrete steps approach this door with a black-painted metal railing to the left and an unpainted, older metal railing to the right. A large, wooden deck dominates the right side of this elevation. It has a white-painted, wood lattice skirt. Six wooden steps with wooden rails on both sides lead to a wooden gate that provides access to the deck. This deck leads to a wooden door in a natural color with many small rectangular or square panels and a section of carved detail. It is set in a white-painted wooden doorframe with a triangular, wooden “keystone” decoration. These white wooden frames also surround two tall, narrow, fixed-pane vinyl windows that flank the door. There is a lantern-style light fixture between each window and the door. The siding on this section below the gabled roofline is wooden and narrower than the rest of the siding. The south elevation has a non-original, white-painted, wood-framed, sliding vinyl window on its west side and an open porch. The frame porch is about half-width and is set to the right. It has a wooden lattice skirt and is approached from the south by a red-painted stairway consisting of five wood steps and wood handrails on both sides. The porch has turned wooden posts and a shed roof. Beneath this roof, centered, is a metal door with two narrow lights in the upper half as well as a white-painted, wood, six-over-six double-hung sash window to the right of the door. On the west side of this elevation, there is a foundation block stamped “PATD [questionable] June 8, 1906.” There is another date visible, but worn, on the block to its left, which reads either 1906 or 1908. The east elevation consists of an original gabled portion to the south and the side of the shed-roofed addition to the north. There is a boarded-up gable vent in the gable end. The right side of this elevation is dominated by a large wooden ramp with small concrete anchors that approaches a door. The door is located just below where the gabled roofline meets the addition. On the addition, to the right of the door is a boarded-up window opening. The north elevation of the east addition features a white- painted, wood-framed, sliding vinyl window that touches the shed roofline. The north elevation includes the end of the cross-gable and the north sides of both the shed-roofed addition and shed-roofed enclosed porch. There is a non-original, sliding aluminum window with a white-painted wooden frame in the gabled portion. There is also a rectangular basement window in the foundation of the gabled section. The false-front store is situated on the northwest corner of the property. A contributing gable-roofed wood shed and contributing privy are located east and south of the store. The store front is set back approximately seven feet from First Street and three feet from the alley. Oriented to the west, the structure rests on a foundation of concrete and sandstone sills. Faded red-painted horizontal wooden weatherboard with one-by four-inch corner-boards clads the principal (west) elevation. The siding is broader on the high, false front, which conceals the entire front-gabled roof. Siding is narrower to the north and south of the front window openings. Unpainted, vertical board-and-batten siding covers the remainder of the structure. Many of the battens are missing and vary in width from narrow on the north elevation to wide on the west half of the south elevation. The roof has very shallow boxed eaves and the material is corrugated steel. Emerging from the roof ridge at the rear (east) of the structure is a small, Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 brick chimney plastered in concrete. Another aluminum chimney emerges near the southwest corner of the roof. The symmetrical façade (west elevation) features two window openings flanking a central door, all appearing beneath an unreadable metal sign. The windows have been boarded up, but are retained beneath the boards. The siding beneath these window openings is interrupted as if material was added to reduce the size of the door. A concrete walk and wooden step approach the door, which is an unglazed, five-panel wooden door with worn green paint. On the east side of the north elevation, there is a two-over-two, double-hung sash window with white- painted wooden frames and unpainted surrounds. In poor condition, it opens behind an aluminum- frame screen and has been boarded shut from the inside. Two one-over-one double-hung sash windows appear on the east half of the south elevation. Remnants of red and white paint appear on the wooden frames and surrounds. Both windows open behind screens nailed directly to the frame with red-painted metal strips. On the north side of the east elevation, there is a white-painted wooden door with a white-painted wooden screen door. The main door has one large light opening in its upper half, which has been boarded over from the inside. The screen door has metal panels in its lower half and a screen in the upper half. A small, square, board-and-batten hatch opening on metal-strap hinges pierces the south side of the rear (east) gable to provide attic access. The wooden shed behind (east of) the store is a rectangular structure measuring about ten feet north- south by thirty-two feet east-west. This shed rests on a concrete slab foundation and is oriented to the south. Broad, unpainted, vertical wooden planks cover the exterior walls. Light green rolled asphalt sheets cover the side-gabled roof, but in damaged places, wooden shingles are visible underneath. A shed-roofed addition to the east elevation noted in a 2004 survey has since been demolished. Large openings mark either end of the south elevation; the east opening has been boarded shut. Between them are two window openings of different sizes. The western opening is square and has been boarded shut. A small hatch on a single strap hinge opens almost imperceptibly below the west opening. The east opening did not contain a window in 2004, but currently contains a large fixed-pane window with a yellow-painted wood frame. The privy is located south of the wood shed and is front-gabled, oriented to the east. It measures four by four feet and lacks a formal foundation. Unpainted, vertical weatherboard clads the exterior walls and sheets of corrugated metal cover the gabled roof. Horizontal planks cover the gable ends. The principal (east) elevation is dominated by a wooden door made of vertical planks with worn white paint. This door opens on metal strap hinges. Toward the south-west corner of the property, there is a non-contributing detached covered patio. It is composed of a twelve by fourteen foot concrete slab. Four round metal posts support the gabled roof, which is covered in heavily damaged green rolled asphalt with shingles underneath. Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 REFERENCE LIST or SOURCES of INFORMATION Ace Gillett’s Lounge. “About.” https://acegilletts.com/staff/ace-gillett/. Ames Historical Society. “Desiderata List Success!” in the Ames Historical Society Newsletter. Ames, Iowa. Fall 2008. http://www.ameshistory.org/sites/default/files/AHSNewsletter_3_08.pdf. Building Permit Collection. City of Fort Collins Historic Preservation Division. Community Development and Neighborhood Services, Fort Collins, CO. City of Fort Collins. “Annexations.” Map. https://data- fcgov.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/f6cefd3e2f524e3194372bb4ab349e7b_0?geometry=- 105.104%2C40.586%2C-105.022%2C40.597. City of Fort Collins Engineering Services. Patti Cappa. Memo: Change of Address. September 3, 1985. Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection. Fort Collins Courier Database: 1878-1923. History Colorado. Denver, CO. https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=cl&cl=CL1&e=--- ----en-20--1--txt-txIN--------0-&sp=FCC. ———. Weekly Courier Database: 1899-1918. History Colorado. Denver, CO. https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=cl&cl=CL1&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN----- ---0-&sp=TWC. ———. Walsenburg World Database: 1889-1920. History Colorado, Denver, CO. https://acegilletts.com/staff/ace-gillett/. Courtright’s Colorado Digest: Digesting All Colorado Decisions Reported in Colorado Report, Volumes 1-57 Inclusive, and Colorado Court of Appeals Reports, Volumes 1-25 Inclusive, Volume 2. Denver: W. H. Courtright Publishing Company, 1915. Fort Collins History Connection. Photographs. Fort Collins Museum and the Poudre River Public Library District. http://database.history.fcgov.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/ph/id/14241/rec/1. Juszak, Lori. Draft Fort Collins Landmark Nomination Form, 2019. City of Fort Collins Historic Preservation Division. Community Planning and Neighborhood Services. Fort Collins, CO. ———. Discussion with Reyana Jones, May 22, 2019. Not Recorded. City of Fort Collins Historic Preservation Division, Community Planning and Neighborhood Services, Fort Collins, CO. Larimer County Official Records Search Database. Larimer County Clerk and Recorder. Fort Collins, CO. https://records.larimer.org/landmarkweb. Local History Archive at the Fort Collins Museum of Discovery. Tax Assessor Card Collection. Fort Collins, CO. ———. City Directory Collection. Fort Collins, CO. Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Thomas, Adam. “Work Renders Life Sweet: Germans from Russia in Fort Collins, 1900-2000: A Historic Context.” Westminster, CO: SWCA, 2003. ———. “2004 Survey of Sugar Factory Neighborhoods: 100 First Street 1403 Form,” May 28, 2002, City of Fort Collins Historic Preservation Division, Community Planning and Neighborhood Services, Fort Collins, CO. Title Book Collection. Larimer County Clerk and Recorder. Fort Collins, CO. US Census Database. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2010. https://www.ancestry.com/search/categories/35/. US City Directories: 1822-1995 Database. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011. Accessed May 13, 2019. https://search.ancestry.com/cgi- bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=2469&h=530590769&tid=&pid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=ofc301 &_phstart=successSource. Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 MAPS and PHOTOGRAPHS75 Map 1: Buckingham Place Plat and Property Location (1903, edited 2019 by Reyana Jones) 75 Photos Taken by Reyana Jones, City of Fort Collins Historic Preservation Division, May 2019, unless otherwise noted. Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Map 2: Location map. Blue/ indicates contributing resources; Red/ indicates non-contributing resources (Base map by Adam Thomas [2004], edited by Reyana Jones [2019]) STORE HOUSE SHED PRIVY COVERED PATIO Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Photo 1: Store standing after 1904 flood (John Coy) Photo 2: Overview of property from First Street (Juszak, June 2019) Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Photo 3: West Elevation Photo 4: West and North Elevations, Enclosed Porch (Juszak, June 2019) Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Photo 5: West Elevation, Enclosed Porch Window Photo 6: West Elevation, Enclosed Porch Entry (Juszak, June 2019) Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Photo 7: West Elevation, South Deck/Entry (Juszak, June 2019) Photo 8: West and South Elevations Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Photo 9: South Elevation (Juszak, June 2019) Photo 10: South Elevation, West Window (Juszak, June 2019) Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Photo 11: South Elevation, Porch Details (Juszak, June 2019) Photo 12: South Elevation, East Window Photo 13: South and East Elevations Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Photo 14: East Elevation (Juszak, June 2019) Photo 15: East Elevation and Deck Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Photo 16: East Elevation Boarded Gable Vent Photo 17: East Elevation Cellar Door Photo 18: North Elevation (Juszak, June 2019) Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Photo 19: North Elevation East Window Photo 20: North Elevation Center Window Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Photo 21: North Elevation West Window Photo 22: Foundation and Porch Skirt, South Elevation Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Photo 23: South Elevation Stamp on Foundation Block “PATD June 8, 1906.” Photo 24: South Elevation Obscured Stamp on Foundation Block “1906” or “1908” Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Photo 25: Store Façade/West Elevation Photo 26: Store Façade Door Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Photo 27: Store Façade Left Boarded Window Photo 28: Store Façade Right Boarded Window Photo 29: Store South and West Elevations (Juszak, June 2019) Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Photo 30: Store South Elevation Chimney Photo 31: Store South Elevation Left Window Photo 32: Store South Elevation Right Window Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Photo 33: Store East Elevation (Juszak, June 2019) Photo 34: Store East Elevation Entry Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Photo 35: Store North and West Elevations Photo 36: Store North Elevation Window Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Photo 37: Store West Elevation Foundation Photo 38: Shed South and West Elevations (Juszak, June 2019) Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Photo 39: Shed South Elevation Right Boarded Entry Photo 40: Shed South Elevation Boarded Window Photo 41: Shed South Elevation Window Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Photo 42: Shed East and South Elevations Photo 43: Shed North Elevation Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Photo 44: Privy West and South Elevations Photo 45: Privy South and East Elevations Photo 46: Non-Contributing Covered Patio (Juszak, June 2019) Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Photo 47 and 48: Historic Mailbox (Juszak, June 2019) Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Photo 49: Store (left), Shed (right back), Privy (right middle), and Ramp (center front) Relative Locations (Juszak, June 2019) Photo 50 and 51: House south elevation and store west elevation (Adam Thomas’s 2004 Survey Report) Planning, Development & Transportation Services Community Development & Neighborhood Services 281 North College Avenue P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522.0580 Item 3, Page 1 STAFF REPORT June 19, 2019 Landmark Preservation Commission PROJECT NAME MANEVAL / MASON / SAUER PROPERTY, 100 1ST STREET - APPLICATION FOR FORT COLLINS LANDMARK DESIGNATION STAFF Reyana Jones, Historic Preservation Specialist Karen McWilliams, Historic Preservation Manager PROJECT INFORMATION APPLICANT: Lori Juszak, Owner PROJECT DESCRIPTION: This item is to consider the request for a recommendation to City Council regarding landmark designation for the Maneval/Mason/Sauer Property. COMMISSION’S ROLE AND ACTION: One of the Commission’s responsibilities is to provide a recommendation to City Council on applications for the designation of a property as a Fort Collins Landmark. Chapter 14 of the Municipal Code provides the standards and process for designation. At the hearing, the Commission shall determine whether the following two (2) criteria are satisfied: (1) the proposed resource is eligible for designation; and (2) the requested designation will advance the policies and the purposes in a manner and extent sufficient to justify the requested designation. Following its review, and once the Commission feels it has the information it needs, the Commission should adopt a motion providing its recommendation on the property’s Landmark eligibility to City Council. RECOMMENDATION: Staff has determined that the Maneval/Mason/Sauer Property is eligible for Fort Collins Landmark designation, having significance under all four Standards of Significance and retaining all seven aspects of Integrity, and recommends that the landmark preservation commission approval a motion to Council recommending landmark designation. STAFF EVALUATION OF REVIEW CRITERIA STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE and EXTERIOR INTEGRITY Staff has determined that the Maneval/Mason/Sauer Property is eligible for Fort Collins Landmark designation, having significance under all four Standards of Significance and retaining all seven aspects of Integrity. Standards of Significance: Significance is the importance of a site, structure, object or district to the history, architecture, archeology, engineering or culture of our community, State or Nation. For designation as Fort Collins Landmarks or Fort Collins Landmark Districts properties must meet one (1) or more of the following standards: ATTACHMENT 3 Item 3, Page 2 Standard 1: Events The resource is associated with events that have made a recognizable contribution to the broad patterns of the history of the community, State or Nation. A resource can be associated with either or both of two (2) types of events: * A specific event marking an important moment in Fort Collins prehistory or history; and/or * A pattern of events or a historic trend that made a recognizable contribution to the development of the community, State or Nation. The Maneval/Mason/Sauer Property is special among Fort Collins’s historic resources because it is significant under all four Standards of Significance, which is a rare occurrence. Containing some of the earliest extant buildings in Buckingham Place, this property represents the development of the region surrounding the Sugar Factory and is significant under Significance Standard 1(b), for its contributions to four significant patterns of events in Fort Collins’ history and development: the development and success of the Great Western Sugar Company through the supply of permanent labor the Buckingham Place dwellings offered; the physical and social distance separating the Germans from Russia and Hispanics in Buckingham Place from central Fort Collins, which is illustrated through instances of cultural misunderstanding and outright discrimination; the efforts by Buckingham Place at one time to attempt to incorporate as a separate town; and the property’s association with Fort Collins’ lengthy period of prohibition, through its ownership by notorious bootleggers Robbert “Blackie” and Nellie May Mason. YES Standard 2: Persons/ Groups The resource is associated with the lives of persons or groups of persons recognizable in the history of the community, State or Nation whose specific contributions to that history can be identified and documented. This property is associated with the Germans from Russia (Volga Germans), who settled almost exclusively in the Buckingham Place and nearby Andersonville neighborhoods in the late 1800s and early 1900s, as demonstrated by the property’s ownership by multiple German and German from Russia families, including its first owners the Manevals, as well as the Sauer family. The store on this property is also associated with Fort Collins’s Hispanic community, who similarly settled predominantly in the Sugar Factory Neighborhoods. Both Hispanics and Germans from Russia faced forms of discrimination for many decades, even being denied service in some stores. The presence of the store on this property evokes this history of prejudice directed at these groups and the ways in which they reacted to overcome it. The contributions of Fort Collins’s Germans from Russia and Hispanics are a significant but often overlooked theme in the growth and development of the city. YES Item 3, Page 3 Standard 3: Design/ Construction The resource embodies the identifiable characteristics of a type, period or method of construction; represents the work of a craftsman or architect whose work is distinguishable from others by its characteristic style and quality; possesses high artistic values or design concepts; or is part of a recognizable and distinguishable group of resources. The resource may be significant not only for the way it was originally constructed or crafted, but also for the way it was adapted at a later period, or for the way it illustrates changing tastes, attitudes, and/or uses over time. This property includes a rare example of a late-nineteenth/early-twentieth century false-front commercial building, the only one like it in this neighborhood. The house is also a good example of vernacular architecture, Buckingham’s representative architectural form, as seen in its evolving plan, large porch, use of yard space, and collection of associated buildings, some of which, like the shed and privy, are also historic. YES Standard 4: Information potential The resource has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. This property has potential to yield archaeological information to reveal aspects of the lives of German-Russian families residing in Buckingham in the early twentieth century, and information related to its occupants. Although the privy box was moved and its pit filled in, excavation of the original site would reveal information about the property’s inhabitants and potentially about construction of the property. YES Standards of Integrity Integrity is the ability of a site, structure, object or district to be able to convey its significance. The integrity of a resource is based on the degree to which it retains all or some of seven (7) aspects or qualities established by the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service: location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and association. All seven qualities do not need to be present for a site, structure, object or district to be eligible as long as the overall sense of past time and place is evident. Standard A: Location Location is the place where the resource was constructed or the place where the historic or prehistoric event occurred. The house is most likely in its original location, built sometime after 1906, the year stamped on a foundation stone. The store is also likely in its original location, given a photo from the 1904 flood in Buckingham that shows the structure still standing. YES Item 3, Page 4 Standard B: Design Design is the combination of elements that create the form, plan space, structure and style of a resource. Vernacular buildings and structures are characterized by the fluidity of their design. The form of vernacular structures change over time to accommodate the needs and financial ability of their users. Vernacular houses often feature prominent front porches that are usable as outdoor living space. The properties in Buckingham, specifically, tend to accumulate a collection of outbuildings and make use of yard space. Based on 1948 tax assessor sketches, the house’s design has undergone little alteration. [100 East Lincoln Avenue, Tax Assessor Card, 1948, The Local History Archive at the Fort Collins Museum of Discovery, Fort Collins, CO.] Its simple design consists of an intersecting gable, a shed roofed portion, and two porches, one enclosed and one open. The enclosed porch was most likely open sometime prior to 1948 based on the visibility of exterior siding on its east-most wall. The shed-roofed portion of the east part of the house was most likely an addition built sometime prior to 1948, based on the appearance of the foundation beneath this section compared to the rest of the elevation. On the west elevation, facing First Street, a second door opening and deck were added sometime after 1977. [100 1 st Street, Tax Assessor Card, 1977, The Local History Archive at the Fort Collins Museum of Discovery, Fort Collins, CO.] On the east elevation, a ramp was added to access a door. Near this ramp is an access stair and door to the cellar, which was excavated during the 1970s. The design of the store has changed over time to accommodate changes in use, but, importantly, the store retains its character-defining false front that marks it as a commercial building. The front door was once a much larger opening, possibly a garage door. It is unknown when this door was reduced, but it may have coincided with a change in use. The rear 16X18 foot portion of the store was likely an addition that occurred sometime prior to 1948, based on its appearance in a tax assessor sketch and its apparent use as a living space. YES Standard C: Setting Setting is the physical environment of a resource. Setting refers to the character of the place; it involves how, not just where, the resource is situated and its relationship to the surrounding features and open space. Both the house and store are situated in the Buckingham neighborhood. Many of the homes in this neighborhood, including this one, are vernacular structures. Although the property’s historic mature landscaping has been removed, the development of Buckingham Park across from the house and store maintains that view as greenspace, which also harkens to the area’s original setting as separated from the town. The address of this property officially changed from Lincoln Avenue to First Street in 1985, but the house retains its entrances and porches on both the south and west elevations, and the store’s primary entrance still faces First Street as it always did. Several outbuildings, such as a metal shed and an open, wooden shed have been removed over time, and the non-historic gambrel-roofed shed and a detached concrete slab patio with covered roof, were added. YES Item 3, Page 5 Standard D: Materials Materials are the physical elements that form a resource. Although the house has lost some of its historic materials, such as windows, it retains sufficient material to demonstrate its history and its adaptation over time as a vernacular dwelling. The house is now clad in aluminum siding, but the original wooden siding remains underneath; a portion of the original siding is visible on the west elevation. Many windows have been replaced with vinyl or aluminum windows, including the larger window on the south elevation, the window on the west elevation of the enclosed porch, and the central and eastern windows on the north elevation. There is also a boarded-up window opening on the north corner of the east elevation. A 2004 survey report indicates that the windows on the north and south sides of the enclosed porch were casement windows, but they have since been replaced with three- over-three, wood fixed windows; these three-over-three windows are more consistent with those seen in the 1977 tax assessor photo, and they do appear aged, so they may have been reinstalled. The casement windows have been stored elsewhere on the property along with many other historic windows and doors. The turned wood posts on the south porch appear to be original, based on the 1948 tax assessor photo, and the wood lattice skirt, though not original, is consistent with that photo as well. The store, though not in good condition, has good integrity of materials. Although the front windows have been boarded up, the one-over-four (four narrow, vertical panes), are behind those boards; the north window is entirely intact, and the south window is partially intact, the upper glass broken. The store retains its false-front with horizontal boards and its contrasting vertical board-and-batten construction on the building’s other elevations, although many of the battens are missing. The concrete-parged brick chimney is still intact on the rear of the building, as is the rear attic-access hatch. The property retains a historic metal mailbox as well. This mailbox is visible from First Street and the name of an early resident and owner, Adam Sauer, is still painted on the side. The shed and privy to the east and south of the store are also in poor condition but retain historic material. The shed still has wooden shingles visible under its damaged rolled asphalt roofing. Both structures have what appear to be their original vertical plank walls. At one point, there was an addition on the east side of the shed, but it has been demolished. YES Item 3, Page 6 Standard E: Workmanship Workmanship is the physical evidence of the crafts of a particular culture or people during any given period in history or prehistory. It is the evidence of artisans' labor and skill in constructing or altering a building, structure or site. The store exhibits clear evidence of labor in constructing and altering the building. The false front is the most distinct example of workmanship on this structure, but evidence of labor is also visible on the façade through the easily apparent change in door opening. Similarly, the addition of the “living space” to the rear of the store indicates the labor of an inhabitant to accommodate their changing needs. The house’s vernacular nature indicates the workmanship and labor of its inhabitants. For example, a large deck and antique-looking, many- paneled wood door were added to the west elevation, most likely to accommodate an address change from Lincoln to 1ST Street that occurred in 1985. A ramp was added to the rear of the property, providing accessibility. Details like the turned wooden porch posts on the south elevation’s porch, and the rock-faced concrete blocks used on the most public elevations, south and west, indicate an awareness of style and workmanship. YES Standard F: Feeling Feeling is a resource’s expression of the aesthetic or historic sense of a particular period or time. It results from the presence of physical features that, taken together, convey the resource's historic or prehistoric character. The pairing of this store with this single-family dwelling evokes the feeling of the development of the Buckingham Place addition. The arresting false front of the store is also characteristic of late nineteenth/early twentieth century commercial buildings, giving it the presence of the time period. The physical features of the house and its collection of outbuildings (shed, privy, etc.) are indicative of a vernacular dwelling. This aligns with development patterns in this immigrant neighborhood at the turn of the twentieth century. YES Item 3, Page 7 Standard G: Association Association is the direct link between an important event or person and a historic or prehistoric resource. A resource retains association if it is the place where the event or activity occurred and is sufficiently intact to convey that relationship to an observer. Like feeling, association requires the presence of physical features that convey a property's historic character. The store retains a strong association with the development of the Buckingham neighborhood in the early twentieth century. Its false front marks it as a commercial building, as does its ghost “garage” door; the existence of this store suggests the development of economic interests in Buckingham that were more diverse and complex than those that are typically attributed to the “sugar factory neighborhood.” The house itself retains an association with its historic neighborhood and Volga Russian demography through its vernacular form. Additionally, its placement on a tall foundation brings to mind the 1904 flood and the persistence of the Buckingham neighborhood through a devastating natural event. YES Policy (a) It is hereby declared as a matter of public policy that the protection, enhancement and perpetuation of sites, structures, objects and districts of historical, architectural, archeological, or geographic significance, located within the City, are a public necessity and are required in the interest of the prosperity, civic pride and general welfare of the people. The designation of the Maneval/Mason/Sauer Property promotes the policies adopted by Council specifically by protecting, enhancing and perpetuating significant resources in the City through the protection, recognition and incentives offered landmarked resources. YES Policy (b) It is the opinion of the City Council that the economic, cultural and aesthetic standing of this City cannot be maintained or enhanced by disregarding the historical, architectural, archeological, and geographical heritage of the City and by ignoring the destruction or defacement of such cultural assets. Designation of the Maneval/Mason/Sauer Property will promote the City’s economic standing directly, through property, use and sales taxes and revenue; and indirectly through the promotion of heritage tourism. The City’s cultural standing is promoted by residents and visitors better understanding our history and the people who shaped it. The City’s aesthetics are promoted through the protection and recognition of an interesting example of vernacular architecture and a rare example of false- front architecture. YES Item 3, Page 8 Purpose (a): Survey, identify, designated, preserve, protect, enhance and perpetuate those sites, structures, objects and districts which reflect important elements of the city’s cultural, artistic, social, political, architectural, archeological, or other heritage; Designation of the Maneval/Mason/Sauer Property meets Purpose (a) by designating, preserving, protecting, enhancing and perpetuating the important historic resources on this property. YES Purpose (b): Foster civic pride in the beauty and accomplishments of the past; This request meets Purpose (b) by fostering civic pride in the beauty and accomplishments of the past. YES Purpose (c): Stabilize or improve aesthetic and economic vitality and values of such sites, structures, objects and districts; This request meets Purpose (c) by improving aesthetic and economic vitality and values through stabilizing and restoring and rehabilitating the property, which in turn stabilizes the neighborhood and promotes the neighborhood’s history and character. YES Purpose (d): Protect and enhance the City's attraction to tourists and visitors; This request meets Purpose (d) by protecting and enhancing the City's attraction to tourists and visitors by promoting the history and the character of the neighborhood. YES Purpose (e): Promote the use of important historical, archeological, or architectural sites, structures, objects and districts for the education, stimulation and welfare of the people of the City; This request meets Purpose (e) by promoting the use of important architectural resources for the education, stimulation and welfare of the people of the City. YES Purpose (f): Promote good urban design; This request meets Purpose (f) by promoting good urban design through the retention of neighborhood character and for the resources’ unusual and interesting vernacular architecture and design. The false-front commercial building is a locally rare resource type, and the property in general and the house in particular exemplify the vernacular trait of incremental change in an organic manner and as the owner was able. YES Purpose (g): Promote and encourage continued private ownership and utilization of such sites, structures, objects or districts now so owned and used, to the extent that the objectives listed above can be attained under such a policy; This meets Purpose (g) by continuing the private ownership and utilization of these resources. YES Item 3, Page 9 Purpose (h): Promote economic, social and environmental sustainability through the ongoing survey and inventory, use, maintenance, and rehabilitation of existing buildings. This meets Purpose (h) by promoting economic sustainability through the taxes and revenue generated and the use of financial incentive programs; environmental sustainability through the continued use of the resource, preserving embodied energy and existing materials; and social sustainability through peoples’ ability to tangibly experience history and architecture and through the preservation of a transitional residential neighborhood feel. YES FINDINGS OF FACT AND RECOMMENDATION FINDINGS OF FACT: In evaluating the request for a recommendation to City Council regarding landmark designation for the Maneval/Mason/Sauer Property, staff makes the following findings of fact: 1. That all owners of the Maneval/Mason/Sauer Property have consented in writing to this request for Fort Collins Landmark designation of the property; 2. That the Maneval/Mason/Sauer Property has significance to Fort Collins under Significance Standard 1. Events, 2. Persons/Groups, 3. Design/Construction, and 4. Information Potential, as supported by the analysis provided in this staff report; 3. That the Maneval/Mason/Sauer Property has integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and association to convey its significance as supported by the analysis provided in this staff report; 4. That the designation will advance the policies and purposes stated in the code in a manner and extent sufficient to justify the requested designation, as supported by the analysis provided in this staff report. RECOMMENDATION: Staff recommends that the Commission adopt a motion to Council recommending the landmark designation of the Maneval/Mason/Sauer Property. SAMPLE MOTIONS SAMPLE MOTION FOR APPROVAL: I move that the Landmark Preservation Commission recommend that City Council adopt an ordinance to designate the Maneval/Mason/Sauer Property, 100 First Street, as a Fort Collins Landmark, finding that this property is eligible for its significance to Fort Collins under Standards 1. Events; 2. Persons/Groups; 3. Design/Construction; and 4. Information Potential, as supported by the analysis provided in the staff report dated June 19, 2019; and that the property clearly conveys this significance through all seven aspects of integrity; and finding also that the designation of this property will promote the policies and purposes of the City as specified in Chapter 14 of the Municipal Code. SAMPLE MOTION FOR DENIAL: I move that the Landmark Preservation Commission recommend that City Council does not adopt an ordinance to designate the Maneval/Mason/Sauer Property, 100 First Street, as a Fort Collins Landmark, finding that XXXXX. ATTACHMENTS 1. Landmark Designation Application 2. Staff Presentation 3. Location Map ATTACHMENT 4 -1- ORDINANCE NO. 088, 2019 OF THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF FORT COLLINS DESIGNATING THE MANEVAL/MASON/SAUER PROPERTY, 100 1 ST STREET, FORT COLLINS, COLORADO, AS A FORT COLLINS LANDMARK PURSUANT TO CHAPTER 14 OF THE CODE OF THE CITY OF FORT COLLINS WHEREAS, pursuant to City Code Section 14-1, the City Council has established a public policy encouraging the protection, enhancement and perpetuation of historic landmarks within the City; and WHEREAS, by resolution adopted on June 19, 2019, the Landmark Preservation Commission (the “Commission”) determined that the Maneval/Mason/Sauer Property at 100 1 st Street in Fort Collins, as more specifically described in the legal description below (the “Property”), is eligible for landmark designation pursuant to City Code Chapter 14, Article II, for the property’s high degree of all seven standards of integrity under City Code Section 14- 22(b)(1-7), and for its outstanding significance to Fort Collins under all four standards of significance contained in City Code Section 14-22(a)(1-4) as follows: (1) Events: The Property is associated with several aspects of Fort Collins’ history including the development and success of the Great Western Sugar Company, the physical and social distance separating the Germans from Russia and Hispanics in Buckingham Place from central Fort Collins illustrated through instances of cultural misunderstanding and outright discrimination, the early efforts by Buckingham Place to incorporate as a separate town, and Fort Collins’ lengthy period of prohibition. (2) Persons/Groups: The Property is associated with the Germans from Russia (Volga Germans), who emigrated from Russia in the late 1800s and early 1900s and settled in Buckingham Place and nearby Andersonville neighborhood, and the Fort Collins’s Hispanic community, who similarly settled predominantly in the Sugar Factory Neighborhoods. (3) Design/Construction: The Property includes a rare example of a late- nineteenth/early-twentieth century false-front commercial building and the house is a good example of true vernacular architecture, Buckingham’s representative architectural form, as seen in its evolving plan, large porch, use of yard space, and collection of associated buildings, including a historic shed and privy. (4) Information Potential: The Property, by means of archeological excavation, has a high probability of yielding significant information related to the lives of German- Russian families in Colorado in the early twentieth century; and WHEREAS, the Commission further determined that designation of the Property will advance the policies and purposes set forth in City Code Sections 14-1 and 14-2 in a manner and extent sufficient to justify designation; and WHEREAS, the Commission recommends that the City Council designate the Property as a Fort Collins landmark; and -2- WHEREAS, the owner of the Property has requested such landmark designation and desires to protect the Property; and WHEREAS, such landmark designation will preserve the Property’s significance to the community; and WHEREAS, the City Council has reviewed the recommendation of the Commission and desires to follow such recommendation and designate the Property as a Fort Collins landmark; and WHEREAS, designation of the Property as a Fort Collins landmark is necessary for the prosperity, civic pride, and welfare of the public. NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF FORT COLLINS as follows: Section 1. That the City Council hereby makes and adopts the determinations and findings contained in the recitals set forth above. Section 2. That the Property located in the City of Fort Collins, Larimer County, Colorado, described as follows, to wit: LOTS 1 AND 2, BLOCK 9, BUCKINGHAM PLACE, ALSO KNOWN BY STREET AND NUMBER AS 100 1 ST STREET, CITY OF FORT COLLINS, COUNTY OF LARIMER, STATE OF COLORADO meets the requirements for landmark designation and is hereby designated as a Fort Collins Landmark in accordance with City Code Chapter 14. Section 3. That alterations, additions and other changes to the buildings and structures located upon the Property will be reviewed for compliance with City Code Chapter 14, Article IV, as currently enacted or hereafter amended. Introduced, considered favorably on first reading, and ordered published this 2nd day of July, A.D. 2019, and to be presented for final passage on the 16th day of July, A.D. 2019. __________________________________ Mayor ATTEST: _______________________________ City Clerk -3- Passed and adopted on final reading on the 16th day of July, A.D. 2019. __________________________________ Mayor ATTEST: _______________________________ City Clerk