HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOUNCIL - AGENDA ITEM - 12/15/2015 - FIRST READING OF ORDINANCE NO. 166, 2015, ADOPTINGAgenda Item 14
Item # 14 Page 1
AGENDA ITEM SUMMARY December 15, 2015
City Council
STAFF
Aaron Iverson, Senior Transportation Planner
SUBJECT
First Reading of Ordinance No. 166, 2015, Adopting Updates to the Larimer County Urban Area Street
Standards.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The purpose of this item is to bring forward a set of updates to the Larimer County Urban Area Street
Standards (LCUASS). These updates include both technical/text updates, and correction of inconsistencies
identified by staff since the last major update, as well as updates to the street cross-sections implementing
recommendations from the 2014 Bicycle Master Plan. Additionally language was added aligning the City's
policy towards "complete streets", as identified in City Plan and the Transportation Master Plan. This item
corresponds to Strategic Plan Objectives; Safe Community 5.6 and Transportation 6.1, 6.3, 6.4. Once the City
approves these updates the changes must also be approved by City of Loveland and Larimer County before
they are incorporated into LCUASS, as these are a shared set of standards between the three jurisdictions.
STAFF RECOMMENDATION
Staff recommends adoption of the Ordinance on First Reading.
BACKGROUND / DISCUSSION
Staff is recommending approval of the updates to the Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards.
- New section to Chapter 1 - Complete Streets in Fort Collins
- Updates and edits to Chapter 4 - Transportation Impact Study
- Updates and edits to Chapter 7 - Street Design and Technical Criteria
- Updates and edits to Chapter 8 - Intersections
- Updates and edits to Chapter 9 - Access Requirements and Design Criteria
- Updates and edits to Chapter 16 - Pedestrian Facilities Design and Technical Criteria
- Updated and edits to the following Figures:
7-1F 6-Lane Arterial Street
7-2F 4-Lane Arterial Street
7-3F 2-Lane Arterial Street
7-4F Major Collector Street
7-5F Minor Collector Street
7-6F Commercial Local Street
(New) 4-Lane Modified Arterial Street
7-7F Industrial Local Street
7-8F Connector Local Street
7-9F Residential Local Street
7-11 Bus Bay and Stop Standard
(New) 7-11A Bus Bay and Stop Standard
(New) 7-11B Bus Bay and Stop Standard
Agenda Item 14
Item # 14 Page 2
(New) 7-11C Bus Bay and Stop Standard
(New) 7-11D Bus Bay and Stop Standard
7-24 Widening Detail for Street Turns >600 (Local Streets Only)
(New) Appendix J, Bus Stop Design Standards and Guidelines (Fort Collins)
The 2011 Transportation Master Plan called for updates to LCUASS as an action item. Starting in 2014, City
staff from various departments came together to develop a recommended set of updates, edits and additions.
The resulting updates reflect direction the City has taken in regards to traffic, bicycling and transit over the last
few years. Staff also used this update process as an opportunity to fix errors or inconsistencies in the text that
were discovered since the last comprehensive update. The largest update was conducted to Chapter 4-
Transportation Impact Study. This chapter provides detailed guidance for the City and developers to assess
the impact of development (new construction or redevelopment of land uses) on traffic patterns and street
infrastructure. Traffic Operations Department, which oversees traffic studies, saw the need to clean up
outdated guidance while aligning the methodologies with national standards. The other significant update is to
the street cross-sections, incorporating recommendations from the 2014 Bicycle Master Plan.
The following summarizes the proposed updates to each chapter.
Chapter 1 - General Provisions
A new brief section was added describing the implementation of Complete Streets. Complete Streets are
designed and operated to enable safe access for all users, including pedestrians, bicyclists, motorists and
transit riders of all ages and abilities. The City of Fort Collins has been a leader in building streets for all modes
of travel. This section strengthens and reaffirms the need for considering Complete Streets within these
standards.
Chapter 4 - Transportation Impact Study
Chapter 4 provides guidance for the City and developers on how to assess impacts of development (new or
redevelopment) on multi-modal transportation including traffic patterns and street infrastructure. The updates
to Chapter 4 generally involve updating to current national standards, cleaning up inconsistencies, addressing
minor errors and adding missing information. The changes also include greater flexibility in identifying the
study area, and technical guidance on the analysis of intersection capacity. The Level of Service Standards
have been made easier to understand, and missing or new categories added (such as roundabouts and
unsignalized arterial/arterial intersections). The results of the changes are that applicants can better
understand how a development will be reviewed, and staff has a current and consistent document to utilize
with enough flexibility to address evaluation of our multi-modal system.
Chapter 7 - Street Design and Technical Criteria
Updates to Chapter 7 focused on fixing inconsistencies with current practices and incorporating
recommendations from the 2014 Bicycle Master Plan. The Bicycle Master Plan recommended incorporating
standards for buffered bike lanes and protected bike lanes. The street cross-sections (figures with the 7-Fx
designation) were updated to include these new bicycle facility types. This will allow implementation of the
adopted Bike Plan over time as new roads are built and existing roads are updated. Additionally Chapter 7
includes updated reference to bus stop design guidelines (a new appendix to LCUASS).
Chapter 8 - Intersections
The updates to Chapter 8 included minor text clarifications. The clarifications cleaned up confusion about lane
alignments, angle of intersections and how to apply curb return radii.
Chapter 9 - Access Requirements and Design Criteria
Updates to Chapter 9 were primarily cleanup of text that were inconsistent or had changed since the last
comprehensive update.
Agenda Item 14
Item # 14 Page 3
Chapter 16 - Pedestrian Facilities Design and Technical Criteria
The updates to Chapter 16 added a reference to bus stop design guidelines. These guidelines were adopted
by City Council in 2014, and include more robust design standards for stops.
New Appendix: Bus Stop Design Standards and Guidelines
This appendix incorporates the newly adopted Bus Stop design standards and guidelines into the LCUASS.
These guidelines provide detailed guidance for bus stop locations, bus stop types and amenities.
CITY FINANCIAL IMPACTS
These edits, updates and additions should have a minimal financial impact. The text edits will eliminate
potential confusion and ideally reduce time spent on plan development and review. The update to the cross-
sections with the new bicycle facilities were all done within the same amount of required right-of-way. There is
an increase in cost for buffered bike lanes (additional paint) and for protected bike lanes (additional vertical
feature to be built and maintained). The implementation of these features is new to the City as such costs are
still being evaluated
BOARD / COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION
The proposed updates were presented to the Bicycle Advisory Committee and the Transportation Board. The
Transportation Board recommended approval of the updates with three items to clarify in follow up. Staff
responded to these Transportation Board questions and a letter of support and the follow up letter are
attached.
PUBLIC OUTREACH
This is a collaborative document with the City of Loveland and Larimer County. As such, the edits were shared
and vetted with each of those agencies. The Bicycle Advisory Committee and the Transportation Board
provided significant public input. The proposed cross-section updates are an implementation item of the 2014
Bicycle Master Plan, which had extensive public input and support and was adopted by City Council.
ATTACHMENTS
1. LUCASS Modifications Summary Table (PDF)
2. Chapter 01 Update 2015 (PDF)
3. Chapter 04 Update 2015 (PDF)
4. Chapter 07 Update 2015 (PDF)
5. Chapter 08 Update 2015 (PDF)
6. Chapter 09 Update 2015 (PDF)
7. Chapter 16 Update 2015 (PDF)
8. Updated Figures 2015 (PDF)
9. Updated Bus Details 2015 (PDF)
10. Tramsportation Board Letter of Support (PDF)
11. Transportation Board minutes, November 18, 2015 (PDF)
1
Revisions to Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards (City of Fort Collins- 2014/2015 Update)
Standard Page Item Description/How Changed
1.9.2 B 1-18 Street Construction Policy Added language describing required minimum easement requirements (Fort Collins only).
1.14 (new) 1-29 Complete Streets in Fort
Collins
New section describing implementation of complete streets in Fort Collins
4.1.1
04-01 General Added language connecting these standards to the City Adequate Public Facilities ordinance
4.1.3
04-01 Capacity and Safety Issues Minor text update, changed “competing” to “various”. Deleted “balanced”
4.1.3 A
04-02 Vehicular Traffic
Improvements
Deleted reference to turn lanes
4.1.3 B
04-02 Pedestrian Traffic
Considerations
Minor text update, changed “walkway tunnels” to “underpasses”. Added clarification when to consider
underpasses.
4.1.4 A 3, 4
04-02 Define TIS Updated cross reference to Sections
4.1.4 C1a1,2,3
04-03 Existing Traffic Updated cross reference to Sections
4.1.4 C1b1,2
04-03 Background Traffic Updated cross reference to Sections
4.1.4 C1c1,2,3
04-03 Projected Generated Traffic Updated cross reference to Sections
4.1.4 C1c4
04-03 Projected Generated Traffic Deleted redundant language referring to trip distribution and assignment, is stated in 3)
4.1.4 D1a
04-03 Text cleanup references to
Loveland and Fort Collins
Added City of Loveland reference reworded reference to Fort Collins
4.1.4 D1b2
04-04 Text cleanup Deleted unnecessary reference to Loveland and Fort Collins
4.1.4 D1c
04-04 Text cleanup Updated cross reference to Sections
ATTACHMENT 1
2
Revisions to Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards (City of Fort Collins- 2014/2015 Update)
Standard Page Item Description/How Changed
4.1.4 G1
04-04 Present the Completed TIS Added language indicating need for copies to be “stamped and signed”
4.1.5 A, B, C, D,
E, F, G, H
04-05 Listing of Attached TIS
Worksheet
Bolded references
4.2
04-05 Heading update Changed from “Criteria” to “Study Types”
4.2.1 A
04-06 Text clarification Added text about the type and level of study determination under Purpose of the Scoping Meeting
4.2.1 B 3
04-06 Meeting Setup and Content Text clarification
4.2.1 C
04-07 Results of Meeting Added language for type of study
4.2.1 C 8
04-07 Results of Meeting Added bullet for Fort Collins only, details on information to be provided for signalized intersections for analysis.
4.2.2 A
04-07 Clarifies type of TIS Adds specific type of updates “Full, Intermediate or Memorandum”
4.2.2 B
04-07 Related to type of study Deleted section B. as the added language in section A is more specific and detailed.
4.2.3
04-07 Related to type of study Deletes section 4.2.3 which becomes subsection to 4.2.2 simplifying the language about type of study
4.2.2 B 04-07 Updated formatting and
bullets
Becomes section B under 4.2.2
4.2.2 B 1,2,3 04-07, 08 Updated formatting and
bullets, text changes
Clarifies requirements for Full TIS, drops requirements for Pedestrian Traffic and Bicycle Traffic
4.2.2 C 1,2,3,4,5 04-08 Updated formatting and
bullets, text changes
Clarifies requirements for Intermediate TIS
4.2.2 D 1,2,3,4,5 04-08, 09 Updated formatting and
bullets, text changes
Clarifies requirements for Transportation Memorandum
3
Revisions to Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards (City of Fort Collins- 2014/2015 Update)
Standard Page Item Description/How Changed
4.2.2 E
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
,10
04-09, 10 Updated formatting and
bullets, text changes
Clarifies requirements for No TIS Required.
4.2.5 04-11 Updated section number,
text edit
Changes to Section 4.2.3, clarifies when revisions and updates are required, with specific percentages and trip
requirements
4.3.2 B 04-11 Updates to Short Range
Horizon definition
Deletes specific language to City of Loveland and City of Fort Collins, deletes the analysis horizon of 5 year (for
Fort Collins) simplifies language to be one year
4.3.2 C 04-12 Long Range Horizon Changes “errors” to “discrepancies”
4.3.3. 04-12 Text update Changes requirement of establish study are to apply to all updates not just Full TIS.
4.3.3. A 1 04-12 Master TIS Added reference to include intersections
4.3.3. A 2,3 04-13 Master TIS Added new bullet for Fort Collins only referring to offsite arterial and collector roadways. Updates numbering due
to new bullet.
4.3.3. B 6,7 04-13 Full TIS Added new bullet for Fort Collins only referring to offsite arterial and collector roadways. Updates numbering due
to new bullet.
4.3.3. C 4,5 04-13 Intermediate TIS Added new bullet for Fort Collins only referring to offsite arterial and collector roadways. Updates numbering due
to new bullet.
4.3.4 A 04-14 Text updates Changes reference of “zoning” to “development” , clarified language to be consistent with type of Study
4.3.4 A
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
04-14 Formatting and bullets ….
4.3.4 B 04-15 Full TIS Changed reference from “project impact assessment” to “Full TIS” to avoid confusion
4.3.4 B 2,3 04-16 Full TIS Added bullet for Fort Collins only to require adherence to adopted planning documents, updated numbering due to
new bullet.
4.3.4 B 7 04-18 Full TIS
Added “driveway” as part of consideration for sight distance evaluations
4
Revisions to Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards (City of Fort Collins- 2014/2015 Update)
Standard Page Item Description/How Changed
4.3.4 B 13 04-18 Full TIS
Updated bullet to not just apply to Loveland and added clarifying language
4.3.4 C
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
,10,11,12,13,14,
15
04-16 Text edit, formatting and
bullets
Moved reference of no requirement for Long Range Horizon analysis from bullet 1, renumbered the rest of the
items under section C
4.3.4 C 2 04-18 Intermediate TIS Added bullet for Fort Collins only to require adherence to adopted planning documents, updated numbering due to
new bullet.
4.3.4 C 7 04-20 Intermediate TIS Added “driveway” as part of consideration for sight distance evaluations
4.3.4 C 8 04-20 Intermediate TIS Added bullet to include multi-modal and TDM opportunities, updated numbering due to new bullet.
4.3.4 C 13 04-20 Intermediate TIS Updated bullet to not just apply to Loveland and added clarifying language
4.3.4 D
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
04-16, 17 Text edit, formatting and
bullets
Moved reference of no requirement for Long Range Horizon analysis from bullet 1, renumbered the rest of the
items under section C
4.3.4 D 1 04-20 Traffic Memorandum Bolded table references
4.3.4 D 2 04-20 Traffic Memorandum Added clarification to include intersection level of service requirement
4.3.4 D 5 04-21 Traffic Memorandum Added driveway to be included for sight distance evaluations
4.3.4 D 7 04-21 Traffic Memorandum Updated text, clarified requirements
4.3.4 D 8 04-21 Traffic Memorandum Clarified items to be requested by Scoping Meeting
4.4 04-21 Heading change Changed heading from Traffic Volumes to Traffic Analysis
5
Revisions to Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards (City of Fort Collins- 2014/2015 Update)
Standard Page Item Description/How Changed
4.4.2 04-21 Updated section numbering Updated section number from 4.4.1 to 4.4.2
4.4.2 A 04-21 Roadway Traffic Volumes Added text clarifying volumes should be no more than one year old “unless otherwise approved by Local Entity”
4.4.2 B 1,2 04-19 Intersection level of service Clarified requirements for conducting intersection level of service
4.4.3 04-22 Updated section numbering Updated section number from 4.4.2 to 4.4.3
4.4.3 A 04-22 Short range volume
projections
Text update, deleted “Full” to clarify type of TIS
4.4.3 A 04-23 Short range volume
projections
Minor text edit deleting reference to 5 year horizon for short range year
4.4.4 04-21 Updated section numbering Updated section number from 4.4.3 to 4.4.4
4.4.4 A 04-21 Trip generation rate Added clarification to use data based on local data as approved by Local Entity Engineer
4.4.4 E 04-25 Adjustments to Trip
Generation
Added text for adjustments to be agreed on at Scoping Meeting
4.4.4 E 1 04-25 Adjustments to Trip
Generation
Changed “will” to “may”
4.4.4 E 3 04-26 Adjustments to Trip
Generation
Added new bullet to detail mode split requirements
4.4.5 04-23 Updated section numbering Updated section number from 4.4.4 to 4.4.5, deleted text that references traffic volume thresholds for street
classifications
4.5.2 A 1,2,3 04-25 Criteria for vehicular impacts
from proposed project
Cleaned up text for determination for signalized intersections, with reference to Table4-3
4.5.2 B 1,2,3 04-25 Criteria for vehicular impacts
from proposed project
Cleaned up text for determination for unsignalized intersections, with reference to Table4-3
6
Revisions to Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards (City of Fort Collins- 2014/2015 Update)
Standard Page Item Description/How Changed
Table 4-3 04-28 Updates to table Updates to table simplifying criteria and thresholds to be used
4.5.3 A 4 04-30 Access spacing Added text about how to handle multiple adjacent roadways, for driveway access.
4.5.3 A 4 g 04-29 Access spacing Added item referencing access spacing for Fort Collins to be found in Table 7-3
4.5.3 A 5 a 04-32 Traffic signals Minor text update “effected” to “affected”
4.6.6 04-34 Geometric Improvements Clarified design standards to be found in Chapter 8
4.6.7 04-34 Variances New section referring to variance process in Section 1.9.4
Attachment C 04-45 Under proposed use on
worksheet
Deleted reference to 2020 transportation plan, instead added reference to “current” transportation plan
7.1.1 07-01 Conforming to Standards
and Master Plan
Added clarification as to what type of plan documents must be conformed to
7.2.2 C 07-02 Master Planned Arterial and
Major Collector Streets
Fixed bullet C. New Streets, which was not properly bulleted
7.4.1 A 2 07-04 Horizontal alignment,
tangent length
Clean up references to minimum tangent length in regards to intersections.
CH 7 Table 7-1 07-06 Fort Collins Street
Standards
Remove Continuity item in table.
CH 7, Table 7-1 07-06 Fort Collins Street
Standards
Added column for “Modified 4-lane Arterial”, Updated Bike Facility parameters to included buffered and protected
bike lane, added notes for clarification of each
CH 7, Table 7-1 07-06 Fort Collins Street
Standards
Deleted “Traffic Volume Capacity” row to be consistent with updated cross-section figures
7.4.1 B 1 07-13 Vertical alignment, max and
min grades
Added sentence to refer to ADA requirements
7
Revisions to Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards (City of Fort Collins- 2014/2015 Update)
Standard Page Item Description/How Changed
7.4.1 B 3 07-13 Vertical alignment, grade
breaks
Added sentence detailing 25 foot minimum spacing requirement between breaks
7.4.1 B 4 07-13 Vertical alignment, vertical
curves
Added sentence about grade changes and beginning or end of vertical curves.
7.4.1 B 4 c 07-14 Vertical alignment, vertical
curves, sump sag curves
Added sentence detailing requirements for grade into and out of an inlet.
7.4.1 B 8 07-15 Vertical alignment, vertical
curves, off-site continuance
Added text detailing that the centerline and flowline shall continue.
7.4.1 D (new) 7-17 Interim Pavement Edge Added new subsection detailing requirements for interim pavement edge where curb and gutter are not yet
installed or where the full street widening is not being constructed.
7.9.3 07-26 Bus Stops Added reference to Bus Stop Design Guidelines (to be new Appendix)
7.9.3 A 07-26 Bus Stops Approach Leg Updated paragraph aligning criteria with new Bus Stop Design Guidelines
7.9.3 07-26 Bus Stops Departure Leg Updated paragraph aligning criteria with new Bus Stop Design Guidelines
CH 7, Fig 7-1F 07-24 6-Lane Arterial cross-section
and notes
Updated cross-section to incorporate recommendations from the 2014 Bike Plan. Overall ROW width and roadway
width remained the same, reduced lane widths and added bike lane buffer, changed notes to reflect change.
CH 7, Fig 7-2F 07-26 4-Lane Arterial cross-section
and notes
Updated cross-section to incorporate recommendations from the 2014 Bike Plan. Overall ROW width and roadway
width remained the same, reduced lane widths and added bike lane buffer, changed notes to reflect change.
CH 7, Fig 7-3F 07-28 2-Lane Artrieal cross-section
and notes
Updated cross-section to incorporate recommendations from the 2014 Bike Plan. Overall ROW width and roadway
width remained the same, reduced lane widths and added bike lane buffer, changed notes to reflect change.
CH 7, Fig 7-4F 07-30 Major Collector cross-
section and notes
Updated cross-section to incorporate recommendations from the 2014 Bike Plan. Overall ROW width and roadway
width remained the same, reduced lane widths and added bike lane buffer, changed notes to reflect change.
CH 7, Fig 7-5F 07-32 Minor Collector cross-
section and notes
Updated cross-section to incorporate recommendations from the 2014 Bike Plan. Overall ROW width and roadway
width remained the same, reduced lane widths and added bike lane buffer, changed notes to reflect change.
CH 7, Fig 7-6F 07-34 Commercial Local cross-
section and notes
Updated cross-section to incorporate recommendations from the 2014 Bike Plan. Overall ROW width and roadway
width remained the same, reduced lane widths and added bike lane buffer from on-street parking, changed notes
to reflect change.
8
Revisions to Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards (City of Fort Collins- 2014/2015 Update)
Standard Page Item Description/How Changed
CH 7, Fig 7-7F 07-36 Industrial Local notes Updated text in “Where used” note
CH 7, Fig 7-8F 07-38 Connector Local notes Updated text in “Where used” note
CH 7, Fig 7-9F 07-40 Residential Local notes Updated text in “Where used” note
CH 7, Fig 7-24 07-62 Widening detail Change W = 24’ to 34” to W= 30’ to 36”
CH 7, NEW Fig
(Fort Collins
only)
07-XX 4-Lane Modified Arterial New figure representing a 4-lane modified arterial cross-section utilized in areas with constrained right-of-way
situations and after review and approval of the City Engineer.
8.2.2 08-01 Lane alignment Clarified language about general alignment and when a 2-foot shift is allowed.
8.2.3 08-01 Angle of intersection Added “New” to the start of the first sentence
Table 8-2 08-05 Curb return radii Added “Minimum” to “Curb Return Radii”
9.1.1 A 09-01 Placement of Accesses,
direct access restricted
Removed reference to Collectors.
9.1.2 B 09-01 Review and approval, new
developments
Heading change from “Approval for New Developments” to “Approval”
9.1.2 C 09-02 Review and approval,
existing developments
Delete section
9.2.3 C 09-03 Arterials, public direct
access requirements
Change minimum spacing from 660 to 460
9.3.2 A 1 09-06 Layout criteria, high volume
access
Updated section to clarify requirements
9.3.2 B 09-06 Layout criteria, low volume
access
Updated section to clarify requirements
9
Revisions to Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards (City of Fort Collins- 2014/2015 Update)
Standard Page Item Description/How Changed
9.3.7 09-08 Residential approaches Changed references to construction drawings
9.3.7 H 09-09 Residential approaches,
garage door locations
Added reference about public streets and alleys.
9.4.11 B 09-11 Drainage, sheet flow Added reference to the maximum area allowed to flow over sidewalk.
16.11.4 B 16-06 Pad Requirements (bus) Added reference for pad sizes in Bus Stop Design Guidelines (to be new Appendix J)
Appx A,
Drawing 705
Standard for raised median Update to reflect new streetscape standards.
Appx A,
Drawing 705 A
Landscape and drain details
for raised median
Update to reflect new streetscape standards.
Appx J, Drawing
711
Bus Bay and Stop Standard
General
Appx J, Drawing
711A
New Bus Bay and Stop Standard
Type I Standard
Appx J, Drawing
711B
New Bus Bay and Stop Standard
Type II Standard
Appx J, Drawing
711C
New Bus Bay and Stop Standard
Type III Standard
Appx J, Drawing
711D
New Bus Bay and Stop Standard
Type III Constrained
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 1-i
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Title Page
1.1 Authority of This Document ...................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Intent and Provisions ................................................................................................. 1-1
1.2.1 Local Entities Included Under the Urban Street Standards .................................................... 1-1
A. The City of Loveland, Colorado ............................................................................................. 1-1
B. The City of Fort Collins, Colorado ......................................................................................... 1-1
C. Larimer County, Colorado (unincorporated GMAs only) ...................................................... 1-1
D. When Standards Differ Among Local Entities ....................................................................... 1-1
1.2.2 Objectives of Street Standards ................................................................................................... 1-2
A. Minimum Standards ............................................................................................................... 1-2
B. Objectives ............................................................................................................................... 1-2
1.3 Resource Standards .................................................................................................. 1-3
A. List of Resource Standards for Reference .............................................................................. 1-3
1.4 Authority of the Local Entity Engineer ..................................................................... 1-3
1.5 Enforcement Responsibility ...................................................................................... 1-3
1.6 Amendments and Revisions to Standards ............................................................... 1-4
1.6.1 Updated Standards ...................................................................................................................... 1-4
1.6.2 Revisions ....................................................................................................................................... 1-4
A. Policy Revisions ..................................................................................................................... 1-4
B. Technical Revisions ................................................................................................................ 1-4
1.7 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations ................................................................... 1-5
1.8 Interpretation of Standards ..................................................................................... 1-16
1.8.1 Governing Standards ................................................................................................................. 1-16
1.8.2 Prior Acceptance of Construction Plans .................................................................................. 1-16
1.9 Development Procedures and Policies .................................................................. 1-16
1.9.1 General ....................................................................................................................................... 1-16
1.9.2 Street Construction Policy – On-Site and Off-Site Requirements ......................................... 1-17
A. Street Construction Responsibility ....................................................................................... 1-17
B. Required Street Improvements ............................................................................................. 1-17
C. Waiver from Off-Site Construction Responsibility. A Developer may not be responsible for
constructing the off-site street improvements needed to serve that development if
circumstances meet any of the following conditions: ........................................................... 1-20
D. Waiver from All Street Construction Responsibility. In Loveland (GMA only) and Fort
Collins (GMA only) the obligation to design and construct any street improvements may be
waived for an Insignificant Traffic Impact Development. .................................................... 1-20
1.9.3 Reimbursement Policy ............................................................................................................... 1-20
A. Larimer County Reimbursement Policy ............................................................................... 1-20
B. Additional Policies in Loveland (City Limits Only) ..................................................... 1-211-20
1.9.4 Variances and Appeals Processes ............................................................................................. 1-25
A. Variances .............................................................................................................................. 1-25
B. Appeals ................................................................................................................................. 1-26
1.9.5 Maintenance of Private Improvements .................................................................................... 1-27
ATTACHMENT 2
Page 1-ii Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
A. Compliance .......................................................................................................................... 1-27
B. Review ................................................................................................................................. 1-27
C. Refusal of Responsibility ..................................................................................................... 1-27
1.10 Cost Estimate and Development Agreement ......................................................... 1-27
1.11 Work Schedule .................................................................................................. 1-281-27
1.12 Utility Coordination .................................................................................................. 1-28
1.13 Urban Infill and Redevelopment Areas in Loveland (City Limits Only) ................ 1-28
1.13.1 Design and Access Flexibility for Core of City ....................................................................... 1-28
A. Smaller Turning Radii .......................................................................................................... 1-28
B. Alternate Driveway Spacing ......................................................................................... 1-291-28
C. Alternate Trip Generation Rates........................................................................................... 1-29
D. Alternate Speed Limits ......................................................................................................... 1-29
E. Other Trip Generation Factors ............................................................................................. 1-29
F. Alternate Street Widths ........................................................................................................ 1-29
G. On-Street Parking ................................................................................................................. 1-29
H. Maintain Connectivity .......................................................................................................... 1-29
1.13.2 Preserve Public Health, Safety and Welfare .................................................................... 1-301-29
LIST OF TABLES
This Chapter Does Not Contain Tables
LIST OF FIGURES
This Chapter Does Not Contain Figures
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.1 Authority of This Document
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 1-1
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
1.1 AUTHORITY OF THIS DOCUMENT
These regulations, along with all future amendments, shall be known as the Larimer County
Urban Area Street Standards (hereinafter called "these Standards" or “Urban Street Standards”).
These Urban Street Standards have been adopted by each of the Local Entity Governing Bodies.
1.2 INTENT AND PROVISIONS
These Standards shall be required for all development projects within the jurisdiction of Local
Entities, which are listed in Section 1.2.1, and their Growth Management Areas (GMA). These
Standards shall also apply to any public and private transportation improvements that may be
outside of the GMA’s limits, but are integral to the planned infrastructure systems of the GMA.
These standards do not apply to other unincorporated areas of Larimer County.
The Local Entity’s review and approval of any plans, reports, or drawings or the Local Entity’s
inspection and approval of any improvements constructed by the Developer in accordance with
these Standards, does not constitute a representation, warranty, or guarantee by the Local Entity
that such improvements are free from defects or will operate adequately for the purpose
intended.
The chapters and appendices that make up these standards pertain to planning, design, approval,
construction, inspection, testing, and documentation of street improvements. The intent of this
manual is to establish the minimum acceptable standards.
1.2.1 Local Entities Included Under the Urban Street Standards
The following Local Entities are covered by these Standards:
A. The City of Loveland, Colorado
B. The City of Fort Collins, Colorado
C. Larimer County, Colorado (unincorporated GMAs only)
Larimer County, Colorado jurisdictions covered by these Standards include the GMA
boundaries around the City of Loveland and the GMA boundaries around the City of
Fort Collins.
D. When Standards Differ Among Local Entities
A majority of the requirements in these Standards apply uniformly among all of the
above entities. Where requirements differ among entities they will be distinguished
with one or more of the following descriptions:
1. Loveland (GMA and city limits)
2. Fort Collins (GMA and city limits)
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.2 Intent and Provisions
Page 1-2 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
3. Loveland (city limits only)
4. Fort Collins (city limits only)
5. Loveland (GMA only)
6. Fort Collins (GMA only)
1.2.2 Objectives of Street Standards
A. Minimum Standards
These Standards shall be the minimum standards necessary for design and
construction of all transportation public improvements in the Local Entities. Special
situations as determined by the Local Entity may require different facilities and/or
standards. For items not covered by these Standards, the Local Entities may require
the use of resource standards in Section 1.3 below.
B. Objectives
It is the objective of these Urban Street Standards to address the following:
1. Public Safety and Convenience. To protect the public health, safety, and welfare
to the greatest extent possible and minimize public inconvenience resulting from
construction and maintenance activities within the public rights-of-way.
2. Maintaining Public Use. To assure that bicycle, pedestrian and vehicular uses of
rights-of-way are the primary uses thereof and that the rights-of-way are properly
maintained during construction and repair work in these areas.
3. Standardizing Criteria. To protect the Local Entity’s infrastructure investment by
establishing standardized design, materials, construction, and repair criteria for all
public improvements.
4. Optimizing Use. To optimize the use of the limited physical capacity of public
rights-of-way held by the Local Entity.
5. Permit System. To provide an efficient permit system which regulates and
coordinates activities in an effective and safe manner.
6. Fees. To adopt fees that provide fair compensation to the Local Entity for related
services and activities provided by such Local Entity.
7. Protecting Private Property. To protect private property from damages that could
occur because of faulty design and construction of public improvements upon
public rights-of-way.
8. Inspection. To provide criteria for inspection of public and private improvements,
by the Local Entity or Local Entity designated inspector, in order to assure
conformance with approved plan’s uniformity, proper construction techniques,
and to ensure that acceptable materials are used for the construction process of
such public and/or private improvements.
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.3 Resource Standards
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 1-3
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
1.3 RESOURCE STANDARDS
The following Resource Standards (the latest editions unless otherwise stated) may be used as
reference material when certain design or construction methods and materials are not specifically
addressed in these Standards and require approval of the Local Entity Engineer.
A. List of Resource Standards for Reference
1. Colorado Department of Transportation, Standard Specifications for Road and
Bridge Construction.
2. Colorado Department of Transportation, Standard Plans (M&S Standards).
3. Colorado Department of Transportation, Roadway Design Manual.
4. American Public Works Association, Standard Plans.
5. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, A Policy
on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets.
6. Institute of Traffic Engineers (ITE), Trip Generation Volumes 1 through 3.
7. Institute of Traffic Engineers (ITE), appropriate design publications.
8. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 279,
Intersection Channelization Design Guide, 1985.
9. Institute of Traffic Engineers, Highway Capacity Manual.
10. ASTM, American Society for Testing and Materials.
11. Federal Americans with Disabilities Act, (A.D.A.) Regulations.
12. U.S. Department of Transportation, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control
Devices (M.U.T.C.D.)
13. Federal Highway Administration, Roundabouts: An Informational Guide.
14. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Guide for
the Development of Bicycle Facilities.
1.4 AUTHORITY OF THE LOCAL ENTITY ENGINEER
The Local Entity Engineer shall have the authority on behalf of the Local Entity to determine
that all design and construction is completed to a level that is equal to or exceeds the
requirements set forth in these Urban Street Standards.
1.5 ENFORCEMENT RESPONSIBILITY
It shall be the duty of the Local Entity Engineer acting on behalf of the Local Entity to enforce
the provisions of these Urban Street Standards.
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.6 Amendments and Revisions to Standards
Page 1-4 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
1.6 AMENDMENTS AND REVISIONS TO STANDARDS
These Standards may be periodically amended as necessary to provide additional clarity or to
reflect changes in policy or in construction or engineering practice. Such revisions to these
Standards may consist of either “policy” revisions or “technical” revisions. For unincorporated
Larimer County, any revision, whether “policy” or “technical” shall become effective only after
approval by the Larimer County Board of Commissioners, following receipt of recommendation
from the Larimer County staff. For all other Local Entities, the revision procedures set forth in
Section 1.6.2 (Revisions) shall apply.
1.6.1 Updated Standards
Each Local Entity will maintain an electronic file of their Standards. All updates and
revisions will be available on the Larimer County web page.
1.6.2 Revisions
From time to time, this document will require revisions. Revisions shall be grouped as
either policy revisions or technical revisions.
A. Policy Revisions
Policy revisions shall be considered major changes, changes in law and changes that
will cause significant increased cost or controversy. Policy revisions also include
those changes that relate to the public use and convenience, such as changes in
standard street width. Policy revisions require a public hearing process for their
adoption. Each Local Entity staff shall make recommendations to the Local Entity
Governing Body concerning the proposed policy revision prior to the adoption by the
Local Entity Governing Body by an ordinance or resolution (as applicable) making
such revision. No policy revision shall become effective until it has been properly
adopted by the Local Entity Governing Body.
B. Technical Revisions
Technical revisions shall consist solely of such minor additions, revisions, and
corrections to these Standards as may, in the judgment of the Local Entity Engineer,
be necessary to better conform to good engineering and/or construction standards and
practice. The Local Entity Engineer shall approve only those proposed technical
revisions that: (1) are consistent with all existing policies relevant to the revision, (2)
do not result in any significant additional cost to persons affected by the revision, and
(3) are consistent with existing law. Technical revisions shall become effective when
approved, in writing, by each Local Entity Engineer. If technical revisions are
deemed necessary, the revisions may occur through one of two processes.
1. Normal Technical Revision Process. The normal technical revision process will
occur during planned periodic revisions. Technical revisions determined
necessary by each Local Entity Engineer shall be accomplished (without a public
hearing process) through discussion and agreement among all Local Entities.
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.7 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 1-5
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
2. Accelerated Process. The accelerated process may occur outside of the planned
periodic revision schedule. If a technical revision is determined to be immediately
necessary, the Local Entities may discuss and agree upon the revision. If all Local
Entities have agreed upon such revision, then the change shall be made and
notification given on the web page. The Local Entities will notify all document
holders of the change.
3. Each Local Entity staff shall report such technical revisions to its Local Entity
Governing Body as a part of a periodic review and update process.
1.7 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
When the following words, phrases, or abbreviations appear in these Standards, they shall have
the following definition and meaning:
AASHTO – American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
ABC – Aggregate Base Course.
Access for Land Uses – The physical location where a legal traversable path may be constructed
for vehicular movement between a parcel of land and the public right-of-way.
Access Management – The concept of a public agency controlling the location of access points
in order to achieve the dual purposes of providing access to individual land uses and limiting
access on higher order streets in order to facilitate the smooth flow of traffic with a limited
amount of impedance.
Access Management Plan – A plan adopted by the Local Entity Governing Body defining
access locations and requirements based on the traffic impact study evaluation of existing and
proposed traffic, access points, and intersections. An access management plan supplements the
Local Entity’s Transportation Master Plan, specifically adopted to regulate access on specific
streets.
ACF – Adequate Community Facilities – also known as Adequate Public Facilities (APF). See
County Land Use Code definitions.
ACI – American Concrete Institute.
AISC – American Institute of Steel Construction.
Alley – Minor public throughways that abut the side or rear of residential, industrial or
commercial property and are used for vehicular access.
ANSI – American National Standards Institute.
Applicant – The person or designated agent providing pertinent information for preparation of
permit, TIS, etc. This is often the Developer.
Approach Taper – A taper from the point where all approaching traffic must shift laterally, to the
point of the beginning bay taper.
APWA – American Public Works Association.
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.7 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations
Page 1-6 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Arterials – That part of the roadway system serving as the principal network for through traffic
flow. Arterials connect areas of principal traffic generation and important rural highways
entering the urban areas. Arterials may contain 2, 4, or 6 through lanes, as designated on the
Local Entity Master Street Plan.
ASA – American Standards Association.
ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials.
ATSSA – American Traffic Safety Services Association.
Attached Sidewalk – Sidewalk that is adjoining the curb.
Bay Taper – A taper from the edge of the adjacent through traffic lane to the beginning of the
full width of the turn lane storage.
Bicycle Facilities – A general term denoting improvements and provisions made by public
agencies to accommodate or encourage bicycling, including parking facilities, mapping of all
bikeways, and shared roadways not specifically designated for bicycle use.
Bicycle Lane (Bike Lane) – The portion of the shoulder or roadway that has been designated by
striping, signing, and pavement markings for the preferential or exclusive use of bicyclists.
Bicycle Path (Bike Path) – A bikeway physically separated from motorized vehicular traffic by
open space or barriers and either within the City right-of-way or within an easement.
Bicycle Route (Bike Route) – A segment of a bicycle system, designated by the Local Entity.
Bicycle routes have appropriate directional or informational markers, with or without specific
bicycle route number.
Bikeway – Any road or path that is designed for bicycle or pedestrian traffic, but not necessarily
for their exclusive use.
Bridge – Any structure conveying a roadway or path over a body of water or other feature.
Bridges shall be designed to carry a varying combination of loading, including vehicular,
bicycle, and/or pedestrian traffic.
BP – Building Permit.
Calendar Day – Each and every day shown on the calendar, beginning and ending at midnight.
Capital Expansion Fee (CEF) Program – A program that has been established by the Local
Entity for the purpose of funding certain transportation improvements. The streets funded by a
CEF Program primarily serve the overall transportation system, not just a single development.
CDOT – Colorado Department of Transportation.
Chicanes – Offset curb extensions which change the path of vehicular travel from straight to
curvilinear.
City – City of Loveland or City of Fort Collins, Colorado.
CMP – Corrugated Metal Pipe.
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.7 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 1-7
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Code – The latest official adopted ordinances, policies, codes, and/or regulations of Larimer
County and the Cities of Fort Collins and Loveland, Colorado.
Collector – A street that provides both land access service and traffic circulation within
residential neighborhoods and commercial and industrial areas. The primary purpose is to collect
traffic from local streets and properties and channel it into the arterial system.
Commercial – A business area of a municipality where ordinarily there are many pedestrians
during day or night hours. This definition applies to densely developed business areas outside, as
well as within, the central section of a municipality.
Committed (Roadway) Improvements – Improvements identified in the Local Entity’s Capital
Improvement Program or CEF Program or identified as a financial obligation of a Developer.
Connective Access Between Public Streets – The physical location where one public street in
one development connects to a public street in another development.
Construction Coordination Meeting – A meeting between the Local Entity, utility companies,
the Developer, and other required attendees prior to the commencement of construction of the
public improvements.
Construction Costs – Generally, the cost of all right-of-way, earthwork, paving, drainage,
structures, signing and striping, traffic control, lighting, landscaping, curb and gutter, sidewalk,
and utility relocation work necessary to complete the required improvements.
Consultant Engineer – A Colorado licensed professional engineer working on behalf of the
Developer.
Continuity – The continuous length of a roadway segment that is uninterrupted by 90 degree
turns or controlled intersections.
Contract Documents – The executed contract agreement, approved plans, and technical
specifications, prepared by a Colorado licensed professional engineer, for constructing a facility.
Contractor – The person, firm, or organization to whom a construction contract is awarded by
the Developer, or who has been issued a right-of-way work permit by the Local Entity. Agents,
employees, workers, or designers employed by the Contractor are also bound by the terms of the
contract or permit.
Corner Clearance – At an intersecting street, the distance measured along the curb line from the
projection of the intersecting street flowline to the nearest edge of the curb opening.
Corner Sight Distance – The distance necessary for the driver of a motor vehicle stopped at a
stop sign on a Minor Street or driveway to see approaching vehicles, pedestrians, and bicyclists
along the intersecting major street and have sufficient space to make any allowed move to cross
the Major Street or merge with traffic on the Major Street without causing vehicles, pedestrians,
or bicyclists traveling at or near the design speed on the major street to slow down. The
controlling distance for design is the longest distance, generally the distance necessary to merge
with traffic.
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.7 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations
Page 1-8 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Cross Slope – Slope of the pavement surface, excluding gutter, measured perpendicular to the
street centerline.
Days – Intended as calendar days and not working days unless stipulated as working days.
DCP – Development Construction Permit.
Deceleration Lane – A right-turn lane or left turn lane lengthened to provide for safe reduction
of travel speed.
Departure Taper – A left-turn bay from the point where through traffic beyond the intersection
begins a lateral shift to the left to the point where the through lane is adjacent and parallel to the
centerline.
Design Speed – The speed determined for design which takes into account the physical features
of a street influencing vehicle operation; the maximum safe speed maintainable on a specified
section of street when conditions permit design features to govern. Design speed is 5 to 10 mph
higher than the posted speed limit to provide a factor of safety and allow for other conditions or
uses of the street that may affect vehicle operation.
Designer – The person or persons responsible for the creation and submission of contract
documents or construction plans for the purpose of one-time construction of a facility. This
person shall be a Colorado licensed professional engineer.
Detached Sidewalk – Sidewalk that is offset from the curb.
Developer – The private party or parties desiring to construct a public or private improvement
within Local Entity rights-of-way or easements, securing all required approvals and permits from
the Local Entity, and assuming full and complete responsibility for the project.
Development – Construction of improvements on land that is essentially vacant.
Development Agreement – The contract between the Local Entity and the Developer that
defines public improvement requirements, costs, and other related public improvement issues.
Development Construction Permit – Permit to construct public or private improvements for a
project or within an unimproved right-of-way, obtained by application to the Local Entity.
Director – The Local Entity Service Director who oversees the Engineering Division (Fort
Collins, Director of Planning, Development, and Transportation) (Loveland, Director of Public
Works) (Larimer County, Director of Public Works).
Distance Between Double Driveways – The distance measured along the curb line between the
inside edges of two adjacent curb openings.
Document Holder – All parties who have acquired these Standards by official registration with
any Local Entity.
Driveway – A private access from a public or private roadway.
Driveway Approach – The portion of the driveway lying in the public right-of-way or public
access easement between the street gutter lip or roadway of a public street and the right-of-way
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.7 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 1-9
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
or public access easement line, for the full width of the access, including both apron and side
slopes.
Easement – The property right of the Local Entity to use lands owned in fee by a private party
for the purposes of maintenance, access, drainage, or other use, as specified on a plat or deed of
dedication.
Edge Clearance – The distance measured along the curb line from the nearest edge of the curb
opening to a point where the property line extended intersects the curb line.
Expressway – A divided major roadway for through traffic with partial control of access and
usually with interchanges at major crossroads.
Eyebrow – A bulb or semi-circular extension of a curb on the outside edge of a street or at an
“L” turn to provide more street frontage for adjacent lots.
Fees – Monetary charges which compensate the Local Entity for services rendered or
infrastructure constructed.
FEMA – Federal Emergency Management Agency.
Fence – An artificially constructed barrier of wood, masonry, stone, wire, metal, or other
manufactured material, or combination of materials, erected to enclose, partition, beautify, mark,
or screen areas of real property.
FHWA – Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation.
Field Order – A written notice given by the Local Entity Inspector to the Designer, Contractor
or Developer detailing a change, request, mandate, or corrective action necessary to conform to
these Standards, approved plans, or other applicable Local Entity Codes.
Final Acceptance – The written notification from the Local Entity, after the Local Entity
Engineer finds the Warranty Period to be satisfactorily completed, that all public improvements
are free of defects and the Local Entity releases the Developer from future maintenance
obligations.
FIRM – Flood Insurance Rate Map.
Franchise Agreement – An agreement between the Local Entity and certain private utility
companies, specifying terms and conditions for use of the Local Entity’s public rights-of-way or
other public lands.
Freeway – A divided major roadway with full control of access and with no crossings at grade.
Frontage – The distance along the street right-of-way line of a single property or development
within the property lines. Corner property at an intersection would have a separate frontage along
each street.
General Development Plan The initial plan used by the City of Loveland to show preliminary
development concepts.
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.7 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations
Page 1-10 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
GMA - Growth Management Area Overlay Zone District – The areas defined in the Larimer
County Master Plan as existing or future potential annexation areas. Wherever these standards
associate “GMA” with a particular city, “GMA” refers to that city’s annexation areas. Examples
are Loveland (GMA only) or Loveland (GMA and city limits).
HBP – Hot Bituminous Pavement. Pavements constructed with a mix of aggregate and
asphaltic/bituminous cement. (Similar acronyms used by other references may include: ACP –
Asphalt Concrete Pavement, HAC – Hot Asphalt Concrete, HMA – Hot Mixed Asphalt, and
similar variations.)
High Volume Access – Access from a public roadway designed to service 350 or more vehicle
trip ends per day or 35 or more vehicle trip ends per hour.
HMA – Hot Mix Asphalt
Improved Arterial Street – That portion of an arterial street that has been totally or partially
constructed to arterial street standards and accepted by the Local Entity.
Improved Arterial Street Network – The system of improved arterial streets which are
interconnected and which are defined on the Local Entity map titled “Improved Arterial Streets
Network” maintained by the Local Entity Engineer.
Improvement Agreement – The Subdivision Improvements Agreement, Public Improvements
Agreement or Development Agreement, which are written documents of terms and conditions
related to a one-time development of a specific project within the Local Entity’s jurisdiction.
Such agreements are made between the Local Entity and Developer to outline responsibilities
and duties of each party. (Refer to Appendix B-2 for Public Improvements Agreement.)
Improvements – All public or private improvements within Local Entity rights-of-way or
easements.
Industrial or Warehouse – Any establishment that manufactures or stores an article or product.
Initial Acceptance – This is the Local Entity’s document and process, by which the Local Entity
initially accepts for ownership, maintenance, and warranty the public improvements identified in
the approved plans and Improvement Agreement for a specific project.
Insignificant Traffic Impact Development – A development project of less than 3 dwelling
units or a development generating fewer than 20 trips per day.
Inspector – An authorized representative of the Local Entity Engineer, assigned to make
inspections to assure work is completed in compliance with plans, standards and specifications.
Intersection Nose – The radius or distance from the end of the storage bay to the near edge of
the cross-route exit lane for the left-turning vehicle. For left-turn bays the cross-route exit
reference is normally the centerline of an unchannelized 2-way street or the far edge of the
median in a channelized street.
Intersection Sight Distance – Refer to Corner Sight Distance.
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.7 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 1-11
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
“Issued for Construction” Plans – Design plans that conform to these Standards and are signed
and stamped by the Designer and signed by the Local Entity Engineer, ready for distribution to
the Contractor for construction.
ITE – Institute of Transportation Engineers.
Landscaping – Materials including, without limitation, grass, ground cover, shrubs, vines, trees,
and non-living materials, commonly used in landscape development, as well as attendant
irrigation systems.
Lane Width – The width of a travel lane measured from the centerline of the lane striping to the
centerline of the parallel lane stripe, or to the face of the curb in Fort Collins (city limits only),
or lip of gutter in Loveland (city limits only), whichever is applicable.
Lift – The maximum specified thickness of material that may be placed at one time.
Lip – Defines the outermost edge of the gutter pan.
LMC – Loveland Municipal Code.
Local Entity - The Local Entity that possesses legal authority to establish laws and regulations
pertaining to the health, safety and welfare of the residents living within its jurisdictional
boundaries. For the purposes of this document the Local Entities are Larimer County, the City of
Fort Collins, the City of Loveland and other municipalities that adopt these Standards.
Local Entity Engineer – The Engineering Division Manager, City Engineer, or County
Engineer, or another Local Entity representative authorized to act on behalf of the Local Entity.
In Fort Collins (city limits only), reference to the Local Entity Engineer for traffic-related items
shall mean the City Traffic Engineer.
Local Entity Governing Body – The Larimer County Commissioners and the City Councils of
Fort Collins and Loveland.
Local Streets – All street facilities that are not in one of the higher systems. Their primary
purpose is to provide direct access to abutting lands and connections to the higher classification
streets.
Main Member – Any member designed to carry the loads applied to the structure. The trusses.
Major Street – A Major Collector or Arterial street. Major Streets are typically designated on
the Master Street Plan or Transportation Master Plan.
Manager/Administrator. – The highest level of staff authority within the Local Entity.
May – A permissive condition.
Mini-Roundabout – Elevated circular islands placed in the center of a street intersection to
reduce vehicular travel speeds by requiring the motorist to travel in a counter clockwise direction
around the circular island.
Minor Development Project – Projects limited to one parcel which do not generate more than
five peak hour vehicular trips per day.
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.7 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations
Page 1-12 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Minor Street – A Local or Minor Collector Street.
MSP - Master Street Plan – Fort Collins, see TMP.
MUTCD – Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices.
Neckdowns – A narrowing of the roadway for traffic calming at intersections or mid-block.
Neighborhood – A residential or commercial area defined by ordinance, resolution or common
understanding.
Official – A person appointed by the Local Entity to administer these Standards.
Opinion of Cost (Cost Estimate) – Unit costs, based on those approved by the Local Entity and
assigned to materials and related quantities. The Opinion of Cost shall be broken down by Phase,
when applicable, for each project and shall be submitted by the Designer at the time of first plan
review by the Local Entity.
Ordinance – A law established by the Local Entity Governing Body.
Original Cost of Design and Construction – The cost of financing, engineering, construction,
and any other costs actually and reasonably incurred that are directly attributable to the
improvements.
OSHA – Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
Overall Development Plan – A plan used by the City of Fort Collins for phased development
projects to generally describe preliminary improvements.
Parkway – Refer to Tree Lawn.
P.C. – Point of curvature.
P.C.R. – Point of curb return.
Pedestrian Walkway – A public facility for pedestrian traffic either within the right-of-way of
the vehicular traffic roadway or within a public easement (e.g., public tunnels).
Permittee – The holder of a valid permit issued in accordance with these Standards or other
Local Entity related process.
Phasing Plan – A plan that defines improvements to be completed in specified parts over a
defined sequence.
P.I. – Point of intersection.
Plans – Construction plans (mylar only) signed by the Local Entity depicting public
improvements to be constructed for the project.
Pre-Construction Meeting – A meeting between the Designer and assigned agents and the
Inspector to review proposed work necessary to construct the project, prior to proceeding with
the work. A meeting may be required for each project, at the Inspector's discretion.
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.7 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 1-13
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Private Improvements – Improvements similar to Public Improvements, but which are installed
within private easements and requiring a Development Construction Permit.
Professional Engineer (P.E.) – A Colorado licensed professional engineer.
Professional Land Surveyor (P.L.S.) – A Colorado licensed land surveyor.
Project – The public or private improvement(s) designated in the approved plans, which are to
be constructed in conformance with these Standards. The term “Project” includes any and all
public or private improvement projects for or within the Local Entity, whether development
projects, private utility projects, or capital improvement projects.
Project Supervisor – The person appointed by the Developer or Contractor for management and
control of the work on the project as performed by the Contractor and Subcontractors.
Proposed Roadway Improvements – Those roadway improvements deemed necessary due to
the impact of the project development.
P.T. – Point of tangency.
Public Improvement Construction Plans – Detailed and working plans including plan and
profile, details, notes and any other information necessary for complete construction of the
required improvements. Also refer to Utility Plans.
Public Improvements – Those public-type facilities to include: pavement, curb and gutter,
sidewalk, pedestrian/bike/equestrian paths, storm drain facilities with related appurtenances,
culverts, channels, bridges, water distribution or transmission facilities with related
appurtenances, sanitary sewer collection facilities with related appurtenances, water and waste
water treatment facilities, pavement markings, signage and striping, traffic signals and related
appurtenances, erosion control and right-of-way grading, or earth excavation processes integral
to construction of other public improvements listed herein.
Punch list, Initial or Final – A written list of work items, compiled by the Inspector, which do
not conform to these Standards, the plans or other associated Local Entity Codes that govern the
project.
Raised Crosswalk – A roadway crossing that slightly elevates the pedestrian crossing surface
above the general roadway surface. A raised crosswalk is a traffic calming device.
Record Drawings – Original design drawings updated by a Professional Engineer depicting all
modifications from the design that occurred during construction.
Redevelopment – Removal or modification of existing improvements and construction of new
improvements or substantial remodeling.
Reimbursement Agreement – An agreement between the installing Developer and the Local
Entity for the purpose of reimbursing the installing Developer for the front footage charge, when
collected from the Developer of an adjacent property.
Report – A bound document, the contents of which may contain certain necessary analyses,
surveys, tests, exhibits, and other pertinent data supporting the subject matter.
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.7 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations
Page 1-14 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Right-of-way – (Also “public right-of-way.”) A public street, way, alley, sidewalk, or easement.
Right-of-way Permit – A document, with or without conditions specified by the Local Entity,
which allows a Developer to construct any public or private improvements within an improved
right-of-way or easement.
Roadway – The portion of the highway, arterial, collector, or local street, including shoulders,
intended for vehicle and/or bicycle use.
Roundabout – A circular street intersection used as a traffic control device in lieu of a multi-
way stop or a traffic signal. (Refer to Standard Drawing 8-10)
Scoping Meeting – A required meeting for the Applicant and Applicant’s traffic engineer to
review all the requirements for a Transportation Impact Study.
Secondary Member – Member not designed to carry primary loads. The deck, stringer and floor
beams.
Setback – The lateral distance measured perpendicular to the street and extending from the right-
of-way line, or other specific feature, to the closest point of a structure.
Shall – A mandatory condition.
Shared Roadway – Any roadway upon which a bicycle lane is not designated and which may be
legally used by bicyclists regardless of whether such facility is specifically designated as a
bikeway.
Should – An advisory condition, recommended, but not required.
Sidewalks – Paved or otherwise improved area for pedestrian use, located within the public
street rights-of-way that also contain roadway for vehicular traffic.
Specifications – Construction specifications and standards adopted by the Local Entity.
Speed Humps - Paved humps placed in the street roadway with the intent to slow vehicular
traffic. The geometrics of the speed hump determine how fast it can be navigated.
Standards – Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards, inclusive of all
secondary/supplemental codes and any subsequent amendments.
Stop Work Order (S.W.O.) – A written instruction/notice from the Local Entity, revoking the
Developer’s and/or Contractor’s rights to continue work on the project due to nonconformance
with these Standards.
Stopping Sight Distance – The distance required by the driver of a vehicle traveling at the
design speed to bring the vehicle to a stop after an object on the road becomes visible. This
distance is measured from the driver’s eye, 3.5 feet above the pavement to the top of an object 6
inches high on the pavement anywhere on the roadway.
Storage Length – The distance from the end of the bay taper to the nearest flow line extension
of the intersecting street.
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.7 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 1-15
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Street – A public way for vehicular, pedestrian, and bicycle travel, including the entire area
within the right-of-way. This includes alleyways.
Streetscape – Pedestrian and landscape improvements in the right-of-way, generally occurring
between the curb and the right-of-way line. Streetscape generally includes sidewalks, street trees,
pedestrian lighting, fencing, furnishings, and landscaped areas, including medians and irrigation.
Structure – Anything constructed or erected with a fixed location below, upon, or above grade,
including without limitation foundations, traffic signals, fences, retaining walls, buildings, inlets,
vaults, poles, bridges, and major drainage facilities.
Subcontractor – A person, other than the Contractor, supplying labor and materials, or labor
only, for the Project, and working for the Contractor or the Local Entity.
Substantial Completion – Major completion of all Work for the Project, prior to certain
inspection(s) or the creation of Punch lists.
Surety – A financial instrument— such as cash, letter of credit, bond or escrow agreement as
approved by the Local Entity—securing the Developer's responsibility to complete construction
of Public or Private Improvements within an approved Project. Surety shall also mean a financial
instrument securing the Developer’s obligations throughout the Warranty Period.
TIS - Transportation Impact Study, as described in Chapter 4.
TMP – Transportation Master Plan or element thereof, including the Master Street Plan.
Trail – Any path used by pedestrians or bicyclists within a public right-of-way or easement. This
would include concrete, gravel, or natural surfaces.
Transportation Master Plan (TMP) – Includes the Master Street Plan.
Traversable Barriers – A barrier placed across any portion of a street that is traversable by
bicyclists, pedestrians, inline skaters, and emergency vehicles only.
Traversable Path – Consists of a curved curb transition, a curb cut, or a drive-over curb, along
with a paved driveway width.
Tree Lawn – Area of right-of-way between the face of the curb and the sidewalk.
Turn – A roadway curve with a design speed of 30 mph or less.
USGS – United States Geological Survey.
Utility Plans – Public Improvements Construction Plans. The term “Utility Plans” is used only
in Fort Collins (city limits only).
Variance – A deviation from these Standards that has been duly and properly approved by the
applicable Local Entity.
Vesting approval (Loveland city limits only) – vesting approval is generally granted by the City
Council for most development application types. Exceptions include phased PDP developments
that are part of an approved GDP, and preliminary plats with a standard zoning designation
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.8 Interpretation of Standards
Page 1-16 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
which are granted vesting approval by the Planning Commission. Minor subdivisions are
approved through an administrative action by City staff.
Warranty Period – The period of time that the Developer or Contractor is responsible for
material and workmanship defects in the public improvements, until written notification by the
Local Entity of final acceptance of the public improvements.
Wheel Path – The 3-foot wide wheel traveled portion located on both sides of the travel lane
and starting 2 feet from the center of the travel lane.
Width of Curb Opening (W) – The width of curb opening measured at the curb line, excluding
the curb transitions or curb returns.
Work – All construction activity, including materials, labor, supervision, and use of tools and
equipment necessary to complete the Project in full compliance with these Standards, approved
Plans, or Improvement Agreements.
Working Day – 7 a.m. to 6 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding any holidays observed by
the Local Entity.
1.8 INTERPRETATION OF STANDARDS
In the interpretation and application of the provisions of these Urban Street Standards, the
following principles apply:
1.8.1 Governing Standards
Whenever a provision of these Standards or any provision in any law, ordinance,
resolution, rule, or regulation of any kind contains any restrictions covering any of the
same subject matter, the standards that are more restrictive or impose higher standards or
requirements shall govern.
1.8.2 Prior Acceptance of Construction Plans
These Urban Street Standards shall not modify or alter any street construction plans that
have been filed with and accepted by the Local Entity prior to the effective date of the
ordinance or resolution adopting these Standards. This exception shall be subject to the
conditions and limitations under which said plans were accepted by the Local Entity
Engineer.
1.9 DEVELOPMENT PROCEDURES AND POLICIES
1.9.1 General
The purpose of this section is to describe the development procedures and policies of the
Local Entities as they pertain to planning, design, approval, and construction of streets for
which approval by the Local Entity is required.
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.9 Development Procedures and Policies
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 1-17
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
1.9.2 Street Construction Policy – On-Site and Off-Site Requirements
A. Street Construction Responsibility
The responsibility for the design and construction of all new streets and the widening
of existing streets necessary to provide adequate transportation service to, or within, a
development rests exclusively with the Developer, except as outlined in Section 1.9.2
C (“Adequate Transportation Service” is described in Chapter 4). This responsibility
includes the acquisition and/or dedication of all necessary rights-of-way and
easements. This responsibility applies to on-site streets, adjacent streets, transition
sections, and connections to the arterial street system. Certain portions of these
improvements may be eligible for reimbursement. Reimbursement for off-site
improvements may be sought from the local entity and/or property owners adjacent to
the improvements. Reimbursement policies are presented in Section 1.9.3 .The
following list outlines the improvements that are considered to be an integral part of
the street construction.
1. Street grading and subgrade preparation or stabilization.
2. Concrete curb and gutter.
3. Concrete sidewalk.
4. Pavement section including aggregate base courses and asphaltic or Portland
cement concrete pavement.
5. Traffic signals.
6. Traffic signing and pavement markings.
7. Railroad crossings.
8. Ditch and drainage crossings.
9. Street lighting.
10. Water distribution system.
11. Sanitary sewer system.
12. Storm drain system.
B. Required Street Improvements
1. General. The Developer is responsible for all improvements required of their
development. In some cases, a financial security in a form acceptable to the Local
Entity may be allowed in lieu of construction of all or part of an improvement.
Such allowances must be authorized in writing by the Local Entity Engineer.
Variances allowing less than minimum improvements may be allowed as
provided in Section 1.9.4. Conversely, in discretionary actions such as
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.9 Development Procedures and Policies
Page 1-18 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
annexations and certain rezoning actions, the Local Entity may require more than
the minimum improvements provided for in these standards.
2. On-Site Criteria. The Developer is responsible for all improvements internal to
the site. Necessary right-of-way and easements must be dedicated to the Local
Entity prior to or concurrent with approval of the development.
2. Minimum easement requirements for City of Fort Collins (city limits and
GMA). A minimum 15 foot wide utility easement shall be provided behind
the righ-of-way adjacent to all arterial roadways. A minimum 8 foot wide
utility easement shall be provided adjacent to all public alleys, and a minimum
9 foot wide utility easement shall be provided behind the right-of-way for all
other street classifications.
3. Off-Site Criteria. The Developer is responsible for the following improvements
external to the site boundaries.
a. Streets Adjacent to the Development Boundaries. Where street upgrades are
needed to comply with these Standards and/or Local Entity’s Transportation
Master Plan, the Developer shall be responsible for the design and
construction of street improvements adjacent to the exterior boundary of the
subject Property. When such improvements are designed and constructed,
they shall be extended along the entire boundary(s) of the Property at the
horizontal and vertical location that establishes the approved alignment for the
long-range transportation facility as defined in these Standards.
1) Minimum Requirements for Loveland (city limits and GMA). At a
minimum, the Developer shall always be responsible for the equivalent of
half the collector street adjacent to the development (vertical curb, gutter,
a 5-foot sidewalk, and 17 feet of pavement). The Developer may also be
responsible for curb, gutter, and sidewalk, as well as all or part of the
remaining pavement on the opposite half of the adjacent street.
b. Transitions. Where an improved street must be tied into an existing street,
transition areas must be provided to safely shift traffic back onto the existing
street. Transition plans must meet the length and design requirements
provided in these standards. Transitions shall typically be designed and
constructed off-site from the Project. The off-site transition(s) may be
installed as a permanent street improvement (i.e., long-range pavement
thickness and location) or as a temporary improvement (i.e., interim thickness
and location as approved by the Local Entity Engineer). Permanent off-site
transitions may be eligible for future reimbursement by the Local Entity or a
future Developer, while temporary off-site transitions will not be eligible for
reimbursement. Transitions adjacent to the Development may be approved by
the Local Entity in situations where the long-range improvements are
constructed adjacent to the Property and traffic safety or operational concerns
warrant a waiver of the off-site transition requirement.
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.9 Development Procedures and Policies
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 1-19
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
c. Connection to the Arterial Street Network. Any Development which does not
have direct access to an improved arterial street within the Improved Arterial
Street Network will be required to improve certain off-site streets to provide
adequate access to the nearest Improved Arterial Street.
Improved access must be provided in the most reasonable and/or most heavily
traveled route, as determined by the Local Entity Engineer. In some cases,
more than one off-site street may need to be improved. Pavement thickness
shall be based on a 20-year design life including both projected site generated
and background traffic growth. To facilitate construction of off-site street
improvements, routing traffic through nearby residential areas will not be
allowed unless the required traffic volume level of service for the respective
street classification is maintained.
1) Minimum Requirements for Loveland (city limits). Where required, street
improvements must include, at a minimum, a 34-foot wide paved street,
edge of pavement to edge of pavement, and 4-foot gravel shoulders along
the edge of pavement.
2) Minimum Requirements for Fort Collins (city limits). Where required,
street improvements must include the following:
a) For arterial and collector streets such improvements shall consist, at a
minimum, of constructing a thirty-six foot wide paved street cross
section on a base that is adequate to accommodate the ultimate design
of the street either (1) as designated on the Master Street Plan, or (2) in
accordance with the Standards, whichever is applicable
b) For all other street classifications, the off-site street improvements
shall be designed and constructed to City standards including, without
limitation, curb, gutter, sidewalk, and pavement.
c) All intervening streets that connect to the Improved Arterial Street
Network shall include the width and improvements necessary to
maintain a level of service as defined by Part II of the City of Fort
Collins Multi-modal Transportation Level of Service for the length
required to connect to the Improved Arterial Street Network.
3) Minimum requirements for Loveland (GMA) and Fort Collins (GMA).
The need for off-site improvements within the Fort Collins and Loveland
GMA’s shall be determined by the Local Entity Engineer and shall meet
the requirements of numbers 1) and 2) above.
d. Off-Site Right-of-Way and Easements. Prior to approval of any development
which requires acquisition and dedication of off-site right-of-way or
easements, the Developer shall provide legal documentation demonstrating
their ability to obtain such right-of-way or easements without any restrictions
and at no cost to the Local Entity.
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.9 Development Procedures and Policies
Page 1-20 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Prior to final approval of plat and construction plan documents, all off-site
rights-of-way and easements must be dedicated and recorded with the County
Clerk.
In some circumstances where off-site right-of-way is necessary but acquisition
of such right-of-way or easements can not be obtained from the property
owner, the Local Entity may consider a condemnation action. In such cases
the developer must demonstrate that a number of criteria have been met.
C. Waiver from Off-Site Construction Responsibility. A Developer may not be
responsible for constructing the off-site street improvements needed to serve that
development if circumstances meet any of the following conditions:
1. Improvements are included in the most recent Local Entity street capital
improvement plan, the funds necessary for construction of the improvements have
been appropriated, and the improvements are scheduled for construction by the
Local Entity within three years from the time of Local Entity Governing Body
approval of the final plat for the development; or
2. Improvements are included in a fully funded plan by another public agency, such
as the Colorado Department of Transportation, and are schedule for construction
within three years from final plat approval; or
3. Improvements are included in a binding agreement with another developer or
private party, for which financial security acceptable to the Local Entity that fully
covers the costs of the improvements is held by the Local Entity; or
4. The proposed development is a Minor Development Project within Loveland (city
limits or GMA) or within Fort Collins (GMA only).
D. Waiver from All Street Construction Responsibility. In Loveland (GMA only) and
Fort Collins (GMA only) the obligation to design and construct any street
improvements may be waived for an Insignificant Traffic Impact Development.
1.9.3 Reimbursement Policy
Developments may be eligible for reimbursement of street and trail improvements made
off-site and/or adjacent to the development if the requirements of the reimbursement
policy for new street construction are followed (see next subsection). In addition, in
Loveland (city limits only) those improvements for which street capital expansion fees
are collected are also eligible for credit or reimbursement under the provisions of this
section. In Fort Collins (city limits only), reimbursement may be received as long as the
applicant follows all of the requirements provided in the City Code.
A. Larimer County Reimbursement Policy
The above policy does not apply to applications submitted to Larimer County.
Reimbursement for Larimer County shall be in accordance with Larimer County Land
Use Code, Section 9.5, and will be considered on a case by case basis.
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.9 Development Procedures and Policies
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 1-21
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
B. Additional Policies in Loveland (City Limits Only)
1. Non-Capital Expansion Fee Streets Loveland (city limits only)
a. General. When any Developer, as a Local Entity–required condition of
development, constructs a public street, alley, or pedestrian-bike way to serve
property through undeveloped areas or areas that may be redeveloped, or
constructs a public street, alley, or pedestrian-bike way along the perimeter of
the property, the entire cost of such engineering and construction, including
acquisition of all necessary rights-of-way, shall be the responsibility of such
person or Developer.
b. Front Footage Charge. If the following conditions are satisfied, the installing
Developer may enter into a reimbursement agreement with the Local Entity
such that, as a condition of approval of subsequent development or re-
development of property adjacent to the newly constructed public street, alley,
or pedestrian-bike way, the Local Entity may collect a front footage charge
from the abutting Developer prior to the issuance of any building permits for
the abutting property. The front footage charge shall be established by
prorating the total amount of original certified costs to the lineal frontage of
all properties abutting the constructed improvement.
c. Notice of Agreement. The Local Entity shall not attempt to make such
collection until the reimbursement agreement is properly prepared and
executed and the owners of abutting property have received or reasonably
should have received notice of the reimbursement agreement.
d. Letter of Intent. Within 30 days of the completion and acceptance by the
Local Entity of such improvements, the Developer shall notify the Local
Entity in writing of its intent to enter into a proper reimbursement agreement
with the Local Entity.
e. Full Payment. All costs for the construction of improvements must be fully
paid by the Developer before such person shall be entitled to reimbursement
under any agreement established hereunder.
f. Documentation of Costs and Obligated Properties. After written
acknowledgment by the Local Entity of receipt of said written intent to enter
into a reimbursement agreement, the Developer shall have 60 days to provide
the Local Entity Engineer with copies of the following:
1) A letter from the Designer with detailed breakdown of all fees that are
directly attributable to the street, alley, or pedestrian-bike way
improvements eligible for reimbursement and a statement certifying that
all such fees have been paid in full.
2) A letter from the Developer’s Contractor with a detailed breakdown of
costs for all improvements eligible for reimbursement and a statement
certifying that all such costs have been paid in full.
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.9 Development Procedures and Policies
Page 1-22 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
3) A letter from the Developer’s financing office certifying any financial
charges assessed that are eligible for reimbursement.
4) An accurate map prepared by a licensed Engineer or Surveyor which
shows:
a) the location and limits of the eligible street, alley, or pedestrian-bike
way improvements;
b) the name, address, and telephone number of the owner of each
property abutting the eligible improvements;
c) the frontage of each property (with lineal footage shown);
d) the reimbursement amount due from each property based on the
original certified costs, divided by the frontage of all abutting
properties, multiplied by the frontage of the individual property;
e) the book, page, and reception number from the records of the County
Clerk and Recorder or the name of the recorded plat from which the
information for each property was obtained; and
f) any other information deemed necessary by the Local Entity Engineer
to properly prepare a reimbursement agreement.
g. Reimbursement Agreement Forms. After receipt of written notice from the
Local Entity Engineer documenting Certified Costs, the Developer shall
provide three signed original Reimbursement Agreement forms to the Local
Entity. (Refer to Appendix B-1 for Reimbursement Agreement.) Following
execution of the agreement by the Local Entity, two signed originals shall be
returned to the Developer, who shall record the agreement with the Larimer
County Clerk and Recorder.
h. Notification of Agreement. After execution and recording of the
reimbursement agreement, the installing Developer shall certify, by affidavit,
that all owners of properties obligated to provide reimbursement have been
notified in writing through certified mail with return receipt requested. The
Local Entity shall then cause to be published a public notice listing the
properties and reimbursement amounts. The Local Entity shall endeavor to
provide notice on future plats of property obligated to provide reimbursement
of the recorded agreement, but the failure to provide notice shall not relieve
the owner of the platted property of any reimbursement obligation.
i. Inflation Adjustment. The amount of the reimbursement assessed by the Local
Entity for each adjacent property as it develops shall be based on the certified
costs of the improvements plus an adjustment for inflation based on the
construction cost index for Denver, Colorado, as published monthly by
“Engineering News Record.” The Local Entity Engineer’s determination
concerning total eligible costs shall be final.
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.9 Development Procedures and Policies
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 1-23
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
j. Collection. The Local Entity’s obligation to reimburse the Developer shall be
contingent upon the Local Entity’s actual collection of the front footage
charge from the abutting developer. The Local Entity shall have no obligation
to reimburse any funds that it fails to collect, for whatever reason, provided
that the Local Entity made a good faith attempt to collect such funds.
k. Payment. When the front footage charge is collected, the Local Entity shall
reimburse the installing Developer to the extent of such collection after
deducting a service charge of $500 or 3 percent of the amount collected,
whichever is greater, to cover the Local Entity’s legal, engineering, and
administrative costs.
l. Funds collected pursuant to a reimbursement agreement shall be paid to such
person as identified in the agreement, and if such person cannot be found, to
an alternate if designated in the agreement.
m. Limitations. Any right to reimbursement pursuant to this provision shall not
exceed a period of 10 years from the acceptance by the Local Entity of the
street, alley, or pedestrian-bike improvements. The Local Entity Governing
Body may approve extensions of the reimbursement agreement for additional
10-year periods. No such reimbursement shall be made unless the person
entitled to reimbursement has fully satisfied their obligations under any other
agreements with the Local Entity.
2. Capital Expansion Fee Streets Loveland (city limits only). Upon prior budget
appropriation by the city council and approval by the director, any person
obligated to pay any of the street capital expansion fees set forth in Section
16.38.020 of the Loveland Municipal Code may receive a reimbursement against
a portion of the amounts paid for public improvements installed and paid for by
such Developer on specified arterial streets designated in the adopted street
capital improvement plan. Payment of such reimbursement shall be subject to the
following:
a. Required but Unnecessary Street Over-Sizing Improvements Policy. If the
Local Entity requires a Developer to construct street over-sizing
improvements that are not necessary to safely serve the development and
these improvements are identified as part of the street capital improvement
plan, then the Local Entity will reimburse the Developer for approved
construction costs as soon as funds are available after completion and final
acceptance of the street improvements by the Local Entity. If the Local Entity
is unable to reimburse the Developer because of insufficient funds in the street
capital improvement plan budget, the Developer will be paid interest at the
same rate the Local Entity is earning on its pooled investments during the
reimbursement period beginning three months after acceptance of the
approved over-sizing improvements until reimbursement is completed.
b. Required and Necessary Street Over-Sizing Improvements Policy. If the over-
sizing improvements are necessary to safely serve the development, as
determined by the Local Entity, and the improvements are part of the street
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.9 Development Procedures and Policies
Page 1-24 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
capital improvement plan, the Local Entity shall reimburse the Developer for
approved construction costs or as predefined in a development agreement.
Interest will not be paid on the reimbursement because the need for the
improvements was dictated by the development; however, construction costs
will be adjusted from the date of acceptance to the date of reimbursement
based on the annual street CEF adjustment factors.
c. Timing of Reimbursement. In the previous two situations, reimbursement will
be made at such time that the improvements are scheduled for construction
based on the most recently adopted street capital improvement plan, if Local
Entity funds are available for such reimbursement. If funds are not available,
the Developer will be reimbursed as soon as street capital improvement plan
funds are sufficient, provided, however, that the reimbursements will be made
on a “first completed, first reimbursed” basis. At the option of the Local
Entity, the Developer may be entitled to all or a portion of the street capital
expansion fee revenue paid by the development to the Local Entity. The Local
Entity shall reimburse the Developer over time as the Local Entity receives
the street CEF revenue from the project. The reimbursement shall be made
once a year, unless otherwise determined by the director, until the
development is completed or until the full reimbursement is made.
d. Development Obligation. On capital improvement plan streets, each
development is obligated for providing the financial equivalent of a Collector
street adjacent to their property meeting all current standards. This includes
34 feet of pavement at the thickness appropriate for a Collector street, vertical
curb and gutter, and a 5-foot wide sidewalk. The limits of this obligation may
extend off site, as determined by the Local Entity when required to connect
street improvements adjacent to the property with the portion of the existing
arterial street that meets the current standards.
If a development is approved in an area that is far removed from any other
existing curb, gutter, sidewalk, or bike lane, the Local Entity has the option of
requiring the Developer to put the money necessary to construct the required
curb, gutter, sidewalk, or bike lane into the street capital improvement plan
account to be used by the Local Entity to build the curb, gutter, sidewalk, or
bike lane when it is needed in the future.
e. Development Reimbursement. The development may be eligible for
reimbursement for one-half of the Collector street equivalent improvements
from future developers of any vacant property on the other side of the
improved street as outlined in the preceding Section1.9.3 A. The CEF
reimbursement policy for over-sizing (described in Sections 1.9.3 B.1
and1.9.3 B.2) would also apply.
If a Developer can show that the land on which the development is located has
already fulfilled its financial obligation for the equivalent of a Collector street
on a partially improved capital improvement plan arterial adjacent to the
development, all additional street improvements required by the Local Entity
would be reimbursed from the street capital improvement plan fund.
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.9 Development Procedures and Policies
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 1-25
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
The amount of reimbursement shall be based on the following:
1) An amount predetermined in an approved development agreement; or
2) The quantities from the approved construction plans as determined by the
Developer and approved by the Local Entity; and
3) The unit costs shall be the average cost paid by the Local Entity on the
most recent competitively bid Local Entity contracts, adjusted for inflation
by the appropriate Engineering News Record construction cost index, if
necessary; or
4) The unit costs will be actual unit costs paid by the Developer if those costs
are the lowest bid prices established through a competitive bidding process
conducted by the Developer in accordance with Local Entity policies and
state statutes.
The Developer shall provide a detailed quantity breakdown of the capital
improvement plan eligible street improvements.
1.9.4 Variances and Appeals Processes
A. Variances
Any design that does not conform to these Standards must be approved by the Local
Entity Engineer. Variances from these Standards will be considered administratively
on a case-by-case basis following a written request for a variance prepared by a
Professional Engineer and submitted to the Local Entity Engineer. If the special
district, developer, contractor, or utility responsible to the Local Entity for public
improvements desires to design and construct such improvements in variance to
criteria in these standards, such variance(s) shall be identified in a written attachment
to the initial submittal of construction plans to the Local Entity Engineer. The design
submitted for review shall show the variance. To assist with their plan preparation,
designers may submit variance requests, along with sufficient documentation to
support the variance, prior to formal submittal of construction plans for informal
advisory consideration. Such advisory consideration shall not be binding on the Local
Entity Engineer, but may help to guide the requestor in the preparation of plans.
Variances may be considered by either of the following two administrative processes:
a. Variances requested as part of an application for approval of a preliminary
plat only shall be shown on the preliminary plat (or on the preliminary
construction plans) and shall also be specifically substantiated and justified in
a letter addressed to the Local Entity Engineer. In Loveland (city limits only),
variances requested as part of a combined application for approval of a
preliminary plat and preliminary development plan shall be described
(complete with technical justification) in the regulatory procedures section on
the preliminary development plan.
b. Variances requested as part of the submittal for approval of final public
improvements construction plans shall be shown in the plans and shall also be
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.9 Development Procedures and Policies
Page 1-26 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
specifically substantiated and justified in a letter addressed to the Local Entity
Engineer. A summary of all approved variances shall be listed in the general
notes on the approved plans.
2. The variance request(s) shall include the following:
a. Identifying Issue. Identification of the standard to be waived or varied and
why the standard is unfeasible or is not in the public interest.
b. Proposing Alternate Design. Identification of the proposed alternative design
or construction criteria.
c. Comparing to Standards. A thorough description of the variance request
including impact on capital and maintenance requirements, costs, and how the
new design compares to the standard.
d. Justification. The Professional Engineer must determine and state that the
variance will not be detrimental to the public health, safety and welfare, will
not reduce design life of the improvement nor cause the Local Entity
additional maintenance costs. The proposed plan (as varied) must advance the
public purpose of the standard sought to be varied equally well or better than
would compliance with such standard.
e. Approval or Denial of Variance. Based upon review of the plans and
additional information submitted, and an analysis of the criteria set forth in
this subsection (2), the Local Entity Engineer may approve or deny the
variance request. If the Local Entity Engineer approves the variance request,
the plans will continue to be reviewed and approved within the typical review
process. If the Local Entity Engineer denies the variance request, the
developer shall subsequently submit revised plans in compliance with these
Standards. The Local Entity Engineer shall provide a written response
outlining the basis for all approvals or denials of variance requests.
B. Appeals
1. Appeal to the Director. If a variance request is denied by the Local Entity
Engineer, the Developer may appeal the decision to the Director. All appeals shall
be processed through the Local Entity Engineer. The Developer shall give written
notice of appeal to the Director within 10 days after denial by the Local Entity
Engineer. The Director shall respond within 15 working days after receipt of the
Developer's notice to appeal. If the Director overturns the Local Entity Engineer's
decision, the developer may then proceed with the requested variance(s) in the
plans.
If the Director concurs with the Local Entity Engineer's decision, the Developer
shall bring the Plans into compliance with these Standards, or appeal the
Director’s decision to the Local Entity Governing Body. In Fort Collins (city
limits only) and Loveland (city limits only), the Director’s decision shall be final.
2. Appeal to Governing Body. In Fort Collins (GMA only) and Loveland (GMA
only), the Developer may appeal to the Local Entity Governing Body within 10
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.10 Cost Estimate and Development Agreement
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 1-27
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
days from receipt of denial from the Director. The appeal shall be placed on the
agenda for consideration by the Local Entity Governing Body in accordance with
Local Entity procedure, but no later than 60 days following receipt of the written
notice of appeal. The Local Entity Governing Body shall hold a public hearing on
the appeal in accordance with Local Entity procedure. All notices and appeals
shall be in writing. Any such appeal shall constitute a “new hearing” on the
variance request before the Local Entity Governing Body.
1.9.5 Maintenance of Private Improvements
A. Compliance
When a request is made for the Local Entity to assume maintenance of any private
improvement, it shall be the responsibility of the person(s) making the request to
satisfactorily demonstrate that the private improvement is constructed in accordance
with these Urban Street Standards.
B. Review
The Local Entity will review these requests under normal review procedures.
C. Refusal of Responsibility
The Local Entity will not accept maintenance responsibilities for private street
improvements (and public street improvements in the unincorporated GMA unless
otherwise agreed to by formal agreement or supplemental regulations) associated with
land development activities. Private improvements that were not constructed in
accordance with the applicable design and construction standards and specifications
shall not be accepted for maintenance by the Local Entity.
1.10 COST ESTIMATE AND DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT
Any Applicant for final plat approval must provide the Local Entity with an itemized
estimate of all Public Improvements (as defined by Colorado law) associated with the
development. Cost estimates are used to establish the amount of collateral to be provided
by the Applicant to secure the requirements of the Development Agreement. An amount
equal to 15 percent of the total cost estimate shall be added to the total cost to cover
construction contingencies.
After review and acceptance of the cost estimate by the Local Entity Engineer, it shall be
incorporated into a Development Agreement of a format suitable to the Local Entity
Attorney. The Development Agreement should be executed by the Developer prior to the
Local Entity approval of the final plat. Collateral must be provided by the applicant in the
form and amount as defined in Chapter 24, Acceptance Procedures and Record
Drawings/Warranty.
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.11 Work Schedule
Page 1-28 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
1.11 WORK SCHEDULE
Normal working day hours are 7 a.m. to 6 p.m., Monday through Friday. No work shall be
permitted on weekends or holidays without written approval from the Local Entity Engineer.
Work activity done at times other than during normal working hours may require reimbursement
to the Local Entity for the overtime cost to the Local Entity. Work requests beyond normal
working hours must be submitted to the Local Entity Engineer a minimum of 5 working days
prior to the requested date.
1.12 UTILITY COORDINATION
The Developer shall coordinate construction with affected private utility companies and notify
said utilities in accordance with their notification requirements at least 5 Working Days prior to
interruption of service or operation. Prior to construction, the Developer shall be responsible to
make special arrangements with private utilities for any relocation necessary within the approved
project and to coordinate such relocation activities with adjacent affected property owners. The
Developer shall be responsible to notify said utilities of any damage to utility systems caused
during construction.
1.13 URBAN INFILL AND REDEVELOPMENT AREAS IN LOVELAND (CITY LIMITS ONLY)
For infill and redevelopment projects located in downtown Loveland and surrounding
neighborhoods, flexibility shall be considered in the establishment of the requirements for road
improvements, driveway placement, access management and other Larimer County Urban Area
Street Standards (LCUASS) requirements (as deemed appropriate by the Local Entity Engineer).
These downtown areas have an established traditional grid network of streets and existing road
and access conditions. These conditions are unique and distinctive when compared to
undeveloped and developing “greenfield” areas around the periphery of the City where there are
fewer barriers to the application of standard LCUASS requirements.
1.13.1 Design and Access Flexibility for Core of City
In core areas of the City, the imposition of roadway design and access criteria that are
more suitable for greenfield locations is often contrary to their existing and intended
urban character. In these areas, pedestrian access and circulation require greater priority
relative to vehicular transportation, and design flexibility is needed to accommodate such
considerations. For example, such design consideration may include, but may not be
limited to the following:
A. Smaller Turning Radii
Smaller turning radii for roads and driveways to facilitate pedestrian activity by
slowing vehicular turning movements and reducing walking distances for pedestrians.
For local streets, where appropriate, templates for larger vehicular turning movements
may factor broader lane usage to allow for smaller corner radii. Also, allowance
should be made for bulb-outs at corner locations, and other traffic calming measures
to slow vehicular traffic, and reduce pedestrian crossing distances and the exposure of
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.13 Urban Infill and Redevelopment Areas in Loveland (City Limits Only)
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 1-29
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
pedestrians to high speed traffic. Mid-block pedestrian crossings may also be
appropriate in some cases where deemed appropriate by the Local Entity Engineer.
B. Alternate Driveway Spacing
Standard driveway spacing requirements may be modified to factor existing driveway
locations and the individual access needs of smaller redevelopment and infill
development sites within smaller development blocks created by the existing grid
network of streets.
C. Alternate Trip Generation Rates
Trip generation rates for mixed-use projects and projects located with good access to
transit may be modified to reflect internal trip capture and the availability of alternate
transit modes and pedestrian trips if verified by the applicant’s traffic engineer in a
scoping meeting with the Local Entity Engineer.
D. Alternate Speed Limits
Overall, slower design speeds may be desirable in traditional neighborhoods as they
greatly increase the safety and comfort of pedestrians.
E. Other Trip Generation Factors
The grid network of streets located in the core areas provides a greater number of trip
alternatives for motorists. These alternative routes may be factored into trip
generation and distribution analysis so that traffic is distributed more evenly
throughout the grid with less burden or demand placed on individual intersections and
turning movements. Alleyways can also provide some circulation as long as the
traffic volumes or delay do not exceed ACF thresholds.
F. Alternate Street Widths
Some LCUASS street standard suggested widths may be more suited to greenfield
developments than to redevelopments where land is limited and where the
surrounding street network functions well with narrower streets than those
recommended in the LCUASS guidelines.
G. On-Street Parking
On-street parking may be encouraged because it reduces the need for off-street
parking; serves as a buffer between pedestrians and motorists; and slows passing
vehicular traffic. Diagonal parking may be appropriate for some streets on a case-by-
case basis.
H. Maintain Connectivity
Development and redevelopment in the core areas should maintain and enhance
connectivity for pedestrians, cyclists and motorists as appropriate.
Chapter 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1.14 Complete Streets in Fort Collins
Page 1-30 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
1.13.2 Preserve Public Health, Safety and Welfare
Any of the above flexibility in applying the LCUASS standards in these areas shall not be
detrimental to the public health, safety and welfare nor will it reduce the design life of the
improvement or cause the city of Loveland additional maintenance costs.
1.14 COMPLETE STREETS IN FORT COLLINS
In accordance with the Vision of the Transportation Master Plan new or redeveloped streets shall
be developed as Complete Streets. Complete Streets include accommodations for each mode of
travel recognizing that all streets are different and that the needs of various users will need to be
balanced in a flexible manner. The standards as adopted within Larimer County Urban Area
Street Standards (LCUASS), for areas within Fort Collins, shall support the accommodation of
all travel modes. Implementation may be flexible to respond to the context and character of
corridors, with the ultimate intent of safely accommodating all modes.
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 4-i
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
CHAPTER 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Title Page
4.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.1 General ......................................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.2 Applicant Responsibility ............................................................................................................. 4-1
4.1.3 Capacity and Safety Issues .......................................................................................................... 4-1
A. Vehicular Traffic Improvements. ........................................................................................... 4-2
B. Pedestrian Traffic Considerations and Improvements. ........................................................... 4-2
C. Bicycle Traffic Improvements. ............................................................................................... 4-2
D. Transit Traffic Improvements. ................................................................................................ 4-2
4.1.4 TIS Process Overview .................................................................................................................. 4-2
A. Define TIS .............................................................................................................................. 4-2
B. Define Study Parameters ........................................................................................................ 4-2
C. Evaluate Traffic Volume ............................................................................................. 4-34-34-2
D. Conduct Project Impact Analysis ........................................................................................... 4-3
E. Determine Mitigation Measures ............................................................................................. 4-4
F. Determine Study Recommendations. ..................................................................................... 4-4
G. Present the Completed TIS ..................................................................................................... 4-4
H. TIS Certification and Intersection Capacity Reservation (Fort Collins city limits only) ........ 4-4
4.1.5 Listing of Attached TIS Worksheets ............................................................................... 4-54-54-4
A. Base Assumptions........................................................................................ 4-54-54-44-44-44-5
B. Pedestrian Analysis Worksheet ........................................................................ 4-54-54-44-44-5
C. Transportation Worksheet ...................................................................................................... 4-5
D. Recommended Improvements Summary - ............................................................................. 4-5
E. Peak Hour Traffic Volume Worksheet for Arterial Links - Loveland (city limits and GMA)
and Fort Collins (GMA) ......................................................................................................... 4-5
F. Peak Hour Traffic Volume Worksheet for Non-Arterial Streets - Loveland (city limits and
GMA) and Fort Collins (GMA) .............................................................................................. 4-5
G. Street Traffic Volume Summary Table - Loveland (city limits and GMA) and Fort Collins
(GMA) .................................................................................................................................... 4-5
H. Peak Hour Intersection Level of Service Summary - Loveland (city limits and GMA) and Fort
Collins (GMA) ............................................................................................................. 4-64-64-5
4.2 Requirements and Criteria ................................................................................. 4-64-64-5
4.2.1 Scoping Meeting ................................................................................................................ 4-64-64-5
A. Purpose. ....................................................................................................................... 4-64-64-5
B. Meeting Setup and Content. ............................................................................. 4-64-64-54-54-6
C. Results of Meeting ....................................................................................................... 4-74-74-6
D. Documentation after Meeting ................................................................................................. 4-7
E. Time Between Scoping Meeting and Project Submittal ......................................................... 4-7
4.2.2 Types of Study ........................................................................................................................ 4-84-7
A. Master TIS. ....................................................................................................................... 4-84-7
B. Individual Site Transportation Impact Study. .............................................................. 4-84-84-7
4.2.3 Levels of Analysis. ............................................................................................................. 4-84-84-7
A. Full TIS. ....................................................................................................................... 4-84-84-7
B. Intermediate TIS. ......................................................................................... 4-94-84-74-74-74-8
C. Transportation Memorandum. ..................................................................... 4-94-94-74-74-74-8
D. No TIS Required. ..................................................................................... 4-104-104-84-84-84-9
4.2.4 Revisions and Updates ....................................................................................... 4-114-114-84-84-9
4.3 Study Parameters .......................................................................... 4-114-114-94-94-94-10
4.3.1 Project Description ..................................................................................... 4-114-114-94-94-94-10
ATTACHMENT 3
Page 4-ii Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
4.3.2 Analysis Horizons. ....................................................................................... 4-114-114-94-94-94-10
A. Existing Horizon. ................................................................................... 4-124-114-94-94-94-10
B. Short Range Horizon. ............................................................................. 4-124-114-94-94-94-10
C. Long Range Horizon. .................................................................................. 4-124-124-94-94-10
4.3.3 Study Area ............................................................................................. 4-124-124-104-104-104-11
A. Master TIS ........................................................................................ 4-134-124-104-104-104-11
B. Full TIS ................................................................................................... 4-134-134-104-104-11
C. Intermediate TIS............................................................................... 4-144-144-114-114-114-12
D. Traffic Memorandum ....................................................................... 4-144-144-124-124-124-13
4.3.4 Evaluation Elements ............................................................................. 4-154-154-124-124-124-13
A. Master TIS. ....................................................................................... 4-154-154-124-124-124-13
B. Full TIS. ........................................................................................... 4-164-164-134-144-134-14
C. Intermediate TIS............................................................................... 4-204-184-154-164-144-15
D. Traffic Memorandum. ............................................................................. 4-234-204-164-174-15
4.4 Traffic Volumes ........................................................................ 4-254-214-174-184-154-16
4.4.1 Existing Traffic ...................................................................................... 4-254-214-174-184-154-16
A. Roadway Traffic Volumes/Traffic Counts. ............................................. 4-254-214-174-184-16
B. Intersection Level of Service. ........................................................... 4-264-224-184-194-174-16
C. Roadway Links In Loveland (GMA and City Limits) ............................ 4-264-224-184-194-17
4.4.2 Background Traffic ...................................................................................... 4-264-224-184-194-17
A. Short Range Volume Projections. ........................................................... 4-264-224-184-194-17
B. Long Range Volume Projections in Loveland (GMA and City Limits).. 4-274-234-194-204-18
C. Long Range Volume Projection in Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits)4-274-234-194-204-18
4.4.3 Project Traffic ....................................................................................... 4-284-244-204-214-194-18
A. Trip Generation Rate. ....................................................................... 4-284-244-204-214-194-18
B. Preliminary Land Use Assumptions. ....................................................... 4-284-244-204-214-19
C. Trip Generation Table. ............................................................................ 4-284-244-204-214-19
D. Committed Trips/Capacity in Loveland (GMA and City Limits) .......... 4-294-254-204-214-19
E. Adjustments to Trip Generation. ...................................................... 4-294-254-214-224-204-19
F. Trip Distribution............................................................................... 4-304-264-224-234-214-20
G. Trip Assignment. .............................................................................. 4-304-264-224-234-214-20
4.4.4 Total Traffic ........................................................................................... 4-304-264-224-234-214-20
4.5 Project Impacts ........................................................................ 4-304-264-224-234-224-21
4.5.1 Significant Negative Impacts In Loveland (GMA and City Limits) . 4-304-264-224-234-224-21
A. Exceeding Maximum Traffic Volume. ............................................ 4-314-274-224-234-224-21
B. Exceeding the LOS standard. ........................................................... 4-314-274-224-234-224-21
C. Exceeding Design Total for Any Roadway Link ............................. 4-314-274-224-234-224-21
D. Failing the ACF delay standard ........................................................ 4-314-274-234-244-224-21
E. Calculation Basis .............................................................................. 4-314-274-234-244-224-21
4.5.2 Significant Negative Impacts in Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits) . 4-314-274-234-244-224-
21
A. For Signalized Intersections. ................................................................... 4-314-274-234-244-22
B. For Unsignalized Intersections. ........................................................ 4-324-284-234-244-234-22
4.5.3 Project Impact Assessment. .................................................................. 4-324-284-234-244-234-22
A. Motor Vehicle Impact Evaluations................................................... 4-324-284-244-254-234-22
B. Pedestrian and Bicycle Impact Evaluations. .................................... 4-384-334-294-304-274-26
C. Special Studies. ................................................................................ 4-404-354-314-324-294-28
4.6 Mitigation Measures ................................................................ 4-424-374-334-344-314-29
4.6.1 Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Measures in Fort Collins (GMA and City
Limits) .................................................................................................... 4-424-374-334-344-314-29
A. Examples of TDM measures ............................................................ 4-424-374-334-344-314-29
4.6.2 Transit Capacity and Access Improvements. ...................................... 4-434-384-344-354-324-30
A. Suggested elements of a transit program .......................................... 4-434-384-344-354-324-30
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 4-iii
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
4.6.3 Traffic Signal Operations Improvements. .......................................... 4-434-384-344-354-324-30
4.6.4 Street Widening and Other Physical Improvements ......................... 4-434-384-344-354-324-30
4.6.5 Street Restriping and Parking Regulations ........................................ 4-434-384-344-354-324-30
4.6.6 Geometric Improvements ..................................................................... 4-434-384-344-354-324-30
4.7 Report Conclusions ................................................................ 4-444-394-354-364-334-31
4.7.1 Recommended Improvements ............................................................. 4-444-394-354-364-334-31
A. Geometric Improvements. ............................................................... 4-444-394-354-364-334-31
B. Responsibility. ................................................................................. 4-444-394-354-364-334-31
C. Proposed Transportation Demand Management. ............................. 4-444-394-354-364-334-31
D. Summary Presentation. .................................................................... 4-454-404-364-374-344-32
4.7.2 Adequacy Statement in Loveland (GMA and City Limits) ............... 4-454-404-364-374-344-32
A. Alternative Solutions. ...................................................................... 4-454-404-364-374-344-32
B. Cost Considerations. ........................................................................ 4-454-404-364-374-344-32
4.8 TIS Certification and Intersection’s Capacity Reservations in Fort Collins City
Limits Only ............................................................................... 4-454-404-364-374-344-32
4.8.1 TIS Certification ................................................................................... 4-454-404-364-374-344-32
4.8.2 Effect of TIS Certification .................................................................... 4-464-414-374-384-354-33
4.8.3 Pre-Submittal TIS Certification .......................................................... 4-464-414-374-384-354-33
4.8.4 Intersection Capacity Reservation ...................................................... 4-464-414-374-384-354-33
A. Intersection Capacity Reservation Lapse: ........................................ 4-464-414-374-384-354-33
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4-1 Loveland (GMA and City Limits) Motor Vehicle LOS Standards (Roadway Links)...4-334-294-254-264-
244-23
Table 4-2 Loveland (GMA and City Limits) Motor Vehicle LOS Standards (Intersections) 4-364-314-274-284-254-
24
Table 4-3 Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits) Motor Vehicle LOS Standards (Intersections) ....4-364-314-274-284-
254-24
Table 4-4 Loveland (GMA and City Limits) Pedestrian Levels of Service ...................... 4-404-354-314-324-294-27
LIST OF FIGURES
This chapter does not contain figures.
LIST OF ATTACHMENTS
Attachment A Transportation Impact Study Base Assumptions ......................................... 4-474-424-384-394-364-34
Attachment B Transportation Impact Study Pedestrian Analysis Worksheet ..................... 4-484-434-394-404-374-35
Attachment C Transportation Worksheet ............................................................................ 4-494-444-404-414-384-36
Attachment D Recommended Improvements Summary .................................................... 4-544-494-454-464-434-41
Attachment E (Loveland city limits and GMA, and Fort Collins GMA) Peak Hour Traffic Volume Worksheet for
Arterial Links ............................................................................................................. 4-554-504-464-474-444-42
Attachment F (Loveland city limits and GMA, and Fort Collins GMA) Peak Hour Traffic Volume Worksheet for
Non-Arterial Streets ................................................................................................... 4-564-514-474-484-454-43
Attachment G (Loveland city limits and GMA, and Fort Collins GMA) Street Traffic Volume Summary Table ...... 4-
574-524-484-494-464-44
Attachment H (Loveland city limits and GMA, and Fort Collins GMA) Peak Hour Intersection Level of Service
Summary .................................................................................................................... 4-584-534-494-504-474-45
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.1 Introduction
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 4-1
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
CHAPTER 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.1.1 General
This chapter contains the policies and guidelines necessary for the preparation of
Transportation Impact Studies (TIS) for development proposals for the Local Entity. The
policies exist to ensure consistent and proper traffic planning and engineering practices
when land use actions are being considered within the Local Entity. The guidelines
provide for a standard process, set of assumptions, set of analytic techniques, and
presentation format to be used in the preparation of the TIS. For projects within
Loveland (city limits only) it also provides the technical requirements that must be
satisfied in order for a land use application to comply with the Adequate Community
Facilities ordinance found in Title 16.41 of the Loveland Municipal Code. For projects
within Fort Collins (city limits only) it also provides the process, requirements, and terms
that apply to TIS certification by the Local Entity Engineer and reservation of
intersection capacity for the project.. Additionally for projects within Fort Collins (city
limits only) it also provides the technical requirements that must be satisfied in order for
a land use application to comply with the Adequate Public Facilities ordinance found in
Title 3.7.3 of the Fort Collins Municipal Code.
4.1.2 Applicant Responsibility
The responsibility for assessing the traffic impacts associated with an application for
development approval rests with the Applicant. The Local Entity serves in a review
capacity. The assessment of these impacts shall be contained within a TIS report as
specified herein. It shall be prepared under the supervision of, and sealed by, a Licensed
Professional Engineer in the State of Colorado with experience in traffic engineering and
transportation planning/engineering.
For all State Highways within the study area, the Applicant is required to meet the
requirements of the Colorado Department of Transportation.
4.1.3 Capacity and Safety Issues
Development of property has a direct impact on transportation, including vehicular,
transit, bicycle, and pedestrian traffic. In order to meet capacity and safety needs as they
relate to the traffic generated from a particular land use, specific improvements can be
made. The goal of the TIS is to address the traffic related issues that result from the new
development and to determine the improvements required such that appropriate levels of
service are safely maintained. The competing various objectives of vehicular movement,
pedestrians, bicyclists, and others must be balanced in the development review process.
A balanced combination of elements is needed to provide streets that serve all
transportation modes. The TIS will provide information and guidance as plans are
developed and decisions made for the approved plan.
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.1 Introduction
Page 4-2 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
A. Vehicular Traffic Improvements.
Examples of capacity and safety improvements for vehicular traffic include: road
widening, turn lanes, acceleration and deceleration lanes, intersection through lanes,
traffic signals, stop signs, design speed adjustments, and modifications to access
points.
B. Pedestrian Traffic Considerations and Improvements.
Examples of safe, comfortable, and convenient pedestrian services are narrower
roadways with fewer lanes, short blocks, low traffic speeds, tree-lined sidewalks,
smaller corner radii, well-defined crosswalks, median refuges and channelized islands
in large street crossings, on-street parking, and bicycle lanes. UnderpassesWalkway
tunnels or overhead structures are examples of safety improvements if where
vehicular traffic causes unsafe conditions for pedestrians, and where space is
available, and construction is feasible. for the needed ramps or steps.
C. Bicycle Traffic Improvements.
The addition of on-street bicycle lanes or off-street bicycle paths may be needed to
achieve connectivity between the proposed project and the existing bikeway system.
D. Transit Traffic Improvements.
Examples of Transit Traffic Improvements include accommodation of public transit
facilities such as buses, bus stops, bus bays, stations, and transit stop facilities.
4.1.4 TIS Process Overview
A. Define TIS
1. Attend Scoping Meeting: Section 4.2.1 .
2. Confirm the type of study, Master or Individual TIS: Section 4.2.2 .
3. Identify Level of Analysis: Section 4.1.1 4.1.1 4.1.1 A4.1.1 A4.1.1 A4.2.3 .
4. Write an amendment letter if required: Section 4.2.3 4.2.3 4.2.3 4.2.3 4.2.3 4.2.4 .
B. Define Study Parameters
1. Develop the project description: Section 4.3.1 .
2. Determine which Analysis Horizons to use: Section 4.3.2 .
3. Determine the limits of the study area: Section 4.3.3 .
4. Determine the evaluation components for the applicable type of TIS: Section
4.3.4 .
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.1 Introduction
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 4-3
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
C. Evaluate Traffic Volume
1. Vehicular Traffic
a. Existing Traffic
1) Perform roadway traffic turning movement counts: Section 4.4.2 A4.4.2
A4.4.2 A4.4.2 A4.4.2 A4.4.1 A.
2) Determine intersection level of service: Section 4.4.2 B4.4.2 B4.4.2
B4.4.2 B4.4.2 B4.4.1 B.
3) Analyze roadway link volumes: Section 4.4.2 C4.4.2 C4.4.2 C4.4.2
C4.4.2 C4.4.1 C.
b. Background Traffic
1) Determine short-range turning movement projections: Section 4.4.3
A4.4.3 A4.4.3 A4.4.3 A4.4.3 A4.4.2 A.
2) Determine long-range volume projection: Section 4.4.3 B4.4.3 B4.4.3
B4.4.3 B4.4.3 B4.4.2 B or Section 4.4.3 C4.4.3 C4.4.3 C4.4.3 C4.4.3
C4.4.2 C.
c. Project Generated Traffic
1) Determine trip generation rate: Section 4.4.4 A4.4.4 A4.4.4 A4.4.4 A4.4.4
A4.4.3 A.
2) Determine project generated traffic volume; i.e. the committed capacity in
Loveland (city limits and GMA) and Fort Collins (GMA) : Section 4.4.4
D4.4.4 D4.4.4 D4.4.4 D4.4.4 D4.4.3 D.
3) Determine the trip distribution and assignment: Section 4.4.4 F4.4.4
F4.4.4 F4.4.4 F4.4.4 F4.4.3 F and Section 4.4.4 G4.4.4 G4.4.4 G4.4.4
G4.4.4 G4.4.3 G.
4)Determine the trip distribution and assignment: Section 4.4.3 .
2. Pedestrian and Bicycle Traffic and Facilities
a. Existing Traffic.
b. Background Traffic.
c. Project Traffic.
d. Total Traffic.
e. Existing and Planned Facilities
D. Conduct Project Impact Analysis
1. Vehicular Traffic
Formatted: Bullets and Numbering
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.1 Introduction
Page 4-4 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
a. Identify the project impact using on the evaluation elements for the selected
type of TIS: Section 4.5.1 in Loveland (city limits and GMA) and Section
4.5.2 in Fort Collins (city limits and GMA) and Section 4.5.2 in Fort Collins
(city limits only).
b. Evaluate each element under the following traffic conditions:
1) Existing traffic conditions.
2) In Loveland (city limits and GMA) and Fort Collins (GMA), Ffuture
traffic conditions without the proposed development.
3) Future traffic conditions with proposed development.
c. Identify all significant negative impacts: Section 4.5.1 4.5.1 4.5.1 4.5.1 4.5.1
4.5.1
2. Pedestrian Traffic
Conduct the same procedure as for vehicular traffic in above Section 4.5.3 B
3. Bicycle Traffic
Conduct the same procedure as for vehicular traffic in above Section 4.5.3 B
E. Determine Mitigation Measures
1. Vehicular Traffic
Refer to Section 4.6. Also refer to Section 4.6.1 if transportation demand
management is used for mitigation.
2. Pedestrian Traffic
3. Bicycle Traffic
F. Determine Study Recommendations.
Identify the improvements that are needed to achieve the required LOS for the
proposed land use action and background traffic in each design year.
1. Vehicular Traffic
2. Pedestrian Traffic
3. Bicycle Traffic
G. Present the Completed TIS
1. Submit the specified number of copies of the stamped and signed completed study
to the Local Entity as an attachment to the land use application.
2. Revise and resubmit the TIS as necessary to address review comments provided
to the applicant by the Local Entity Engineer.
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.1 Introduction
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H. TIS Certification and Intersection Capacity Reservation (Fort Collins city limits
only)
1. Approved studies are certified by the Local Entity Engineer. See Section 4.7.3.
2. Certified Full TIS’s reserve intersection capacity for the life of the project
development application. See Section 4.7.3.
4.1.5 Listing of Attached TIS Worksheets
The worksheets listed below are included at the end of this chapter, as Attachments A
through I. Note that Attachments E through I apply only to projects in Loveland (city
limits and GMA) and Fort Collins (GMA).
A. Base Assumptions
Refer to Section 4.2.1 B, Meeting Setup and Content.Meeting Setup and
Content.Meeting Setup and Content.Meeting Setup and Content.Meeting Setup
and Content.Meeting Setup and Content.
B. Pedestrian Analysis Worksheet
Refer to Section 4.2.1 B, Meeting Setup and Content.Meeting Setup and
Content.Meeting Setup and Content.Meeting Setup and Content.Meeting Setup
and Content.Meeting Setup and Content.
C. Transportation Worksheet
Refer to Section4.2.2 B4.2.2 B4.2.2 B4.2.2 B4.2.2 B4.2.3 A,
D. Recommended Improvements Summary -
Refer to Section 4.7.1 D, Summary Presentation.Summary
Presentation.Summary Presentation.Summary Presentation.Summary
Presentation.Summary Presentation. This sheet is an example of what a Developer
must submit.
E. Peak Hour Traffic Volume Worksheet for Arterial Links - Loveland (city limits
and GMA) and Fort Collins (GMA)
Refer to Section 4.5.3 A, Motor Vehicle Impact EvaluationsMotor Vehicle
Impact EvaluationsMotor Vehicle Impact EvaluationsMotor Vehicle Impact
EvaluationsMotor Vehicle Impact EvaluationsMotor Vehicle Impact
Evaluations. This sheet is an example of what a Developer must submit.
F. Peak Hour Traffic Volume Worksheet for Non-Arterial Streets - Loveland (city
limits and GMA) and Fort Collins (GMA)
Refer to the discussion of Link Congestion in Section 4.5.3 A, Motor Vehicle
Impact EvaluationsMotor Vehicle Impact EvaluationsMotor Vehicle Impact
EvaluationsMotor Vehicle Impact EvaluationsMotor Vehicle Impact
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Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.2 Requirements and Study TypesCriteria
Page 4-6 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
EvaluationsMotor Vehicle Impact Evaluations. This sheet is an example of what a
Developer must submit.
G. Street Traffic Volume Summary Table - Loveland (city limits and GMA) and
Fort Collins (GMA)
Refer to the discussion of Link Congestion in Section 4.5.3 A, Motor Vehicle
Impact EvaluationsMotor Vehicle Impact EvaluationsMotor Vehicle Impact
EvaluationsMotor Vehicle Impact EvaluationsMotor Vehicle Impact
EvaluationsMotor Vehicle Impact Evaluations. This sheet is an example of what a
Developer must submit.
H. Peak Hour Intersection Level of Service Summary - Loveland (city limits and
GMA) and Fort Collins (GMA)
Refer to the discussion of Intersection Delay in Section 4.5.3 A, Motor Vehicle
Impact EvaluationsMotor Vehicle Impact EvaluationsMotor Vehicle Impact
EvaluationsMotor Vehicle Impact EvaluationsMotor Vehicle Impact
EvaluationsMotor Vehicle Impact Evaluations. This sheet is an example of what a
Developer must submit.
Peak Hour Signalized Intersection Analysis Details – Fort Collins (city limits
only)
Refer to sections Refe
4.2 REQUIREMENTS AND STUDY TYPESCRITERIA
4.2.1 Scoping Meeting
A. Purpose.
The purpose of the scoping meeting is to determine the type of study to be completed
and the parameters for the study of traffic impacts for a specific development project,
and to document those parameters. The parameters determined in the scoping meeting
represent general agreement between the Local Entity and the consulting engineer,
but they may not be all-inclusive. The Local Entity retains the right to determine the
level of study and to require any additional information and / or analysis to complete
an evaluation of the proposed development project.
B. Meeting Setup and Content.
The Applicant is required to contact the Local Entity to arrange for a Scoping
Meeting to discuss the TIS requirements and determine the base assumptions. It is
incumbent upon the Applicant to bring a completed Transportation Impact Study
Base Assumptions Form and a complete Pedestrian Analysis Worksheet (included at
the end of this chapter as Attachments “A” and “B”) to the meeting and be prepared
to discuss the following:
1. Previous TIS prepared for the site, if any;
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2. Location of the site;
3. Proposed access(es) and its relationship to adjacent properties and their
existing/proposed access;
4. Preliminary estimates of the site's trip generation and trip distribution at build-out;
5. Identification of proposed year of build-out;
6. Trip adjustment factors proposed, if any;
7. Approved and proposed developments in the study area, and the associated
committed roadway improvements;
8. Anticipated roadway improvements to be provided by the Applicant;
9. Phasing plan proposed;
10. Potential bicycle and pedestrian connections to the nearest attraction (existing or
imminent) within 1320’ of the site. This distance may be increased up to 1.5 miles
for residential projects near existing or proposed school sites.
11. Special analysis needs.
C. Results of Meeting
The Scoping Meeting shall conclude with the Local Entity and Applicant in mutual
agreement with regard to determining the type of study and level of detail and extent
to which the TIS will need to address each of the following:
1. Study area for the impact analysis;
2. Other developments within the study area;
3. Existing intersection counts;
4. Intersections to be studied in detail;
5. Background traffic volume forecasts;
6. Location of the nearest bicycle and pedestrian facilities and
7. Special analysis needs. (Non- traditional peak hour volumes for some uses,
neighborhood impacts, access management plans, etc.)
7.8. Fort Collins city limits only: For studies involving signalized intersection
analysis the local entity will provide detailed assumptions for evaluation
methodology and/or software files to be utilized.
D. Documentation after Meeting
The approved scoping meeting form and attachments shall be inserted into the TIS.
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
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E. Time Between Scoping Meeting and Project Submittal
4.2.2 If a scoping meeting was conducted more than six months prior to
submittal, the Local Entity Engineer may require another scoping
meeting.
4.2.3 4.2.2 Types of Study
A. Master TIS.
Where large complex projects are planned or a project is phased over a multi-year
build-out, it may be appropriate to prepare a Master TIS for the initial overall land use
action followed by periodic updates for specific phases. The Master TIS must include
overall phasing of improvements to coincide with project phasing. Updates to the
Master TIS shall be submitted with the land use applications for the specific phases.
The updates shall be either Full, Intermediate or Memorandum level studies as
determined by the local entity engineer., and shall meet the requirements for the
Individual Site Transportation Impact Study.
B.Individual Site Transportation Impact Study.
An individual site TIS is prepared for a project that stands alone or is a phase of a
master development. It can be for a new use in an existing or remodeled building, the
construction of a new building (either single occupant or multi-user), construction of
multiple buildings, or the construction of new residential development.
4.2.3 Levels of Analysis.
For an Individual Site Transportation Impact Study , the following levels of analysis
apply: (These categories are intended as guidelines and may be revised, when warranted,
by the Local Entity Engineer.)
A.B. Full TIS.
A Full TIS shall be required if one or more of the following conditions occur:
1. Vehicular Traffic
2.1. The site generated traffic is expected to exceeds 1,000 trips/day and/or 100
peak hour trips by any travel mode, or
2. New high volume access is requested for an arterial street or State Highway.
3. There is significant citizen concern due to expected traffic impacts.
3.4.
4. Pedestrian Traffic
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Paved pedestrian facilities exist or will be constructed on, or adjacent to, the site;
or, the proposed use will generate any new pedestrian traffic.
5. Bicycle Traffic
Paved bike lanes or paths exist or will be constructed on, or adjacent to, the site;
or, the proposed use will generate any new bicycle traffic.
B.C. Intermediate TIS.
An Intermediate TIS may be considered required if all any of the following
requirements are met:
1. Vehicular Traffic
2.1. The site generated traffic via any travel mode Daily vehicle trip-end
generation is expected to be between 501 and 1,000 inclusive, or the peak hour
trip generation is between 51 and 100, and
3. New access is requested to an arterial street or State Highway.
4.2. Site traffic will impact adjacent, existing residential areas.
5.3. There is significant citizen concern due to expected traffic impacts.
a. Site traffic will impact adjacent bicycle or pedestrian facilities.
b.
c.
d. No high volume access onto Arterials or State Highways are being requested,
and
e. The Level of Service (LOS) of the adjacent facility when the development is
completed equals or exceeds the minimum allowable LOS standard
established for that facility.
6. Pedestrian Traffic
Paved pedestrian facilities exist or will be constructed on, or adjacent to, the site;
or, the proposed use will not generate any new pedestrian traffic.
7. Bicycle Traffic
Paved bike lanes or paths exist or will be constructed on, or adjacent to, the site;
or, the proposed use will not generate any new bicycle traffic.
C.D. Transportation Memorandum.
A Traffic Memorandum, in lieu of a more detailed study, may be considered if all the
following requirements are met:
1. Vehicular Traffic
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2.1. The site generated traffic via any travel mode is expected to be Daily
vehicle trip-end generation is less than or equal to 500, and/or the peak hour trip
generation is less than or equal to between 21 and 50. and
3.2. Any new access requests are for local streets or minor collector streets
only.
Site traffic will impact adjacent, existing residential areas.
There is significant citizen concern due to expected traffic impacts.
Site traffic will impact adjacent bicycle or pedestrian facilities.
4. Pedestrian Traffic
Paved pedestrian facilities exist or will be constructed on, or adjacent to, the site;
or, the proposed use will not generate any new pedestrian traffic.
5. Bicycle Traffic
Paved bike lanes or paths exist or will be constructed on, or adjacent to, the site;
or, the proposed use will not generate any new bicycle traffic.
D.E. No TIS Required.
Upon submittal of a Transportation Worksheet (Attachment “C”) by the Applicant
and/or written acceptance by the Local Entity Engineer, the TIS requirement may be
waived if allnyll of the criteria below are satisfied:
Note that in Loveland (GMA and city limits), the proposed land use will be exempt
from demonstrating compliance with the transportation Adequate Community
Facilities requirements, if the TIS requirement is waived.
1. Vehicular Traffic
2.1. In Loveland (GMA and city limits), Ddaily vehicle trip-end generation is
less than 200 and/or the peak hour trip generation is less than 20. In Fort Collins
(GMA and city limits), the peak hour trip generation must be less than 50 vph;
3.2. There are no additional proposed minor or major street intersections on
major collectors, arterials, or State Highways;
4.3. If the property is being redeveloped, the increase in the number of
vehicular trips for the proposed use does not exceed the trip generation from the
existing use by more than 20 peak hour trips or 200 daily trip ends;
5.4. Any new or change in the type of traffic to be generated (i.e. the addition
of new truck traffic) is not expected to does not adversely affect the traffic
currently planned for and accommodated within, and adjacent to, the property;
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6.5. The scale or use of the proposed development or redevelopment is not
likely to cause less than acceptable levels of service on the adjacent public streets,
accesses, and intersections; and
7.6. The proposed development or redevelopment is not in the vicinity of a
street or intersection with a history of safety and/or accident problems.
8.7. There is no change of land use with access on to a State Highway.
8. Site traffic will not impact adjacent, existing residential areas.
9. There is no significant citizen concern due to expected traffic impacts.
10. Site traffic will not negatively impact adjacent bicycle or pedestrian facilities.
9. Pedestrian Traffic
Paved pedestrian facilities exist or will be constructed on, or adjacent to, the site;
or, the proposed use will not generate any new pedestrian traffic.
10. Bicycle Traffic
Paved bike lanes or paths exist or will be constructed on, or adjacent to, the site;
or, the proposed use will not generate any new bicycle traffic.
4.2.5 4.2.3 Revisions and Updates
A revision or update to an approved TIS may be required when a previously approved
land use action proposes an expansion, a change to access, or a change in use where new
trip generation estimates exceed the original trip-end generation estimates (or actual trips
in the case of existing land uses), by 20 percent and by more than 20 peak hour trips or
200 daily trips . If the currently approved study was prepared within the last three years,
an amendment letter addressing the changes may be accepted and satisfy the
requirements of this guideline. The letter must address: a) an estimate of site trip
generation, b) existing site trip generation, c) the differences between anticipated
estimates and existing trip generation and d) changes to the bicycle or pedestrian
facilities. If the original study is older than three years, an entirely new study maywill be
required by the Local Entity Engineer.
4.3 STUDY PARAMETERS
4.3.1 Project Description
A description of the proposed project will be prepared and include the type of land use
and size of the proposed project (number of dwelling units or building square footage).
Any proposed phasing will be discussed and the anticipated completion date established.
A figure depicting the proposed site plan will also be included and the proposed vehicular
access locations will be described. This section will also include a description of how
pedestrian and bicycle travel will be accommodated within the proposed site plan. This
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will include a discussion of types of sidewalks (attached/detached), pathways, and
connections to local and perimeter destinations.
4.3.2 Analysis Horizons.
Three study horizons are required for a Master or Full TIS analysis: the existing (current),
the short range (short range build-out) and the long range (20 year). It may be acceptable
for the short range and long range horizons to be identical for some large projects.
A. Existing Horizon.
The intent of completing an analysis of the existing (current) study horizon is to
establish a baseline of traffic conditions.
B. Short Range Horizon.
The intent of the short range planning horizon is to investigate the immediate impacts
of the completed, proposed project on the existing and cCommitted roadway network.
In Loveland (GMA and city limits), Tthe short range planning horizon year is defined
as one year after the full occupancy of the project. In Fort Collins (GMA and city
limits), the short range analysis horizon is 5 years from the date of preparation of the
TIS. If the project is proposed to occur over multiple phases, each phase shall be
evaluated for impacts one year after the occupancy of that phase for the short range
analysis.
C. Long Range Horizon.
The third planning horizon is the long range planning horizon. It shall be based on the
current Regional Transportation Plan 20-year planning horizon and related modeling,
except where the existing counts identify errors discrepencies in the regional model.
In such situations, the current counts shall be increased by application of a growth
rate established by the Local Entity or as approved by the Local Entity Engineer. The
intent of the long range planning horizon is to evaluate the implications of the fully
developed proposed project on the long-range traffic condition. Data from the current
official North Front Range Transportation & Air Quality Planning Council (MPO)
regional computer model is available by contacting the Local Entity. This study
horizon is for the Local Entity’s use as an indicator of traffic for planning purposes
and the determination of the necessary Right-of-Way. The Local Entity Engineer may
elect to disallow use of the regional model when the data is deemed unreliable.
4.3.3 Study Area
The limits of the transportation network study area shall be defined for all levels of TIS
analysis. The limits of the transportation network to be studied shall be defined for all
levels of TIS analysis and arebe based on the size and extent of the application for
development approval, the existing and future land uses, and traffic conditions on and
near the site.
In Fort Collins (GMA and city limits), the study area determination begins with generally
contains the major streets and intersections within one mile of the project. This may be
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increased or decreased, at the discretion of the Local Entity Engineer. The exact limits of
the study area are to be based on good engineering judgment, and an understanding of
existing and future land use and traffic conditions at and around the site. The limits of the
study area shall be agreed upon at the Scoping Meeting. In the case of a The Master TIS,
its identified study shallarea shall generally be used establish the study area for all
subsequent updatesFull TIS’s.
The concerns related to specific land use actions on specific studies vary greatly, at a
minimum, the factors to be considered for the establishment of the limits of the study area
should include:
A. Master TIS
1. All adjacent and internal collector and arterial streets and intersections.
2. Loveland (GMA and city limits). Offsite collector and arterial links within the
study area that are impacted by 10% or more by the project, or provide the
primary connections between the project and the urban services, unless otherwise
approved by the Local Entity Engineer.
2.3. Fort Collins (GMA and city limits). Offsite arterial and collector
roadways and intersections expected to be impacted and as identified by local
entity engineer during scoping.
3.4. Continuity and adequacy of pedestrian and bike facilities to the nearest
attraction (existing or imminent) within 1320 feet of the site.
4.5. Access to the most direct transit facility or transit route within 1,320 feet
of the site.
5.6. Any pedestrian routes within 1-1/2 miles of a school.
B. Full TIS
1. All adjacent streets, intersections, and High-Volume Driveways.
2. Nearest offsite major intersection(s).
3. Loveland (GMA and city limits). Offsite collector and arterial links within the
study area that have impacted intersections as defined in items 5 and 6 below or
provide the primary connections between the project and the urban services in
Loveland (GMA and city limits).
4. Internal public roads, including establishing the road classification.
5. Loveland (GMA and city limits). Additional offsite major intersections where:
a. The project contributes a 10 percent impact (during either the A.M. or P.M.
peak hour) to any approach leg of the intersection where the intersection is
operating at a level of service of C or better in the Short Range Horizon,
unless otherwise approved by the Local Entity Engineer, or
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b. The project contributes a 5 percent impact (during either the A.M. or P.M.
peak hour) to any approach leg of the intersection where the intersection is
operating at a level of service of D or worse in the Short Range Horizon,
unless otherwise approved by the Local Entity Engineer.
6. Loveland (GMA and city limits). Additional offsite minor intersections where the
project contributes a 30 percent increase in volume (during either the A.M. or
P.M. peak hour) to any approach leg of the intersection where any existing leg of
the intersection is currently operating at a level of service of E or worse.
6.7. Fort Collins (GMA and city limits). Offsite arterial and collector
roadways and intersections expected to be impacted and as identified by local
entity engineer during scoping.
7.8. Pedestrian and bicyclist destinations (existing or imminent) within 1320
feet of the site.
8.9. Access to the most direct transit facility or transit route (existing or
imminent) within 1,320 feet of the site.
9.10. Any pedestrian routes within 1-1/2 miles of a school (residential land uses
only).
C. Intermediate TIS
1. All adjacent streets, intersections, and High-Volume Driveways;
2. Loveland (GMA and city limits). The nearest offsite major intersection(s) only if:
a. The project contributes a 10 percent impact (during either the A.M. or P.M.
peak hour) to any approach leg of the intersection where the intersection is
operating at a level of service of C or better in the Short Range Horizon,
unless otherwise approved by the Local Entity Engineer, or
b. The project contributes a 5 percent impact (during either the A.M. or P.M.
peak hour) to any approach leg of the intersection where the intersection is
operating at a level of service of D or worse in the Short Range Horizon,
unless otherwise approved by the Local Entity Engineer.
3. Loveland (GMA and city limits). Offsite collector and arterial links within the
study area that have impacted intersections as defined in item 2 above.
3.4. Fort Collins (GMA and city limits). Offsite arterial and collector
roadways and intersections expected to be impacted and as identified by local
entity engineer during scoping
4.5. Internal public roads, including establishing the road classification;
5.6. Pedestrian and bicyclist destinations (existing or imminent) within 1320
feet of the site.
6.7. Access to the most direct transit facility or transit route (existing or
imminent) within 1,320 feet of the site.
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7.8. Any pedestrian routes within 1-1/2 miles of a school (residential land uses
only).
D. Traffic Memorandum
1. All adjacent streets, intersections, and High-Volume Driveways;
2. Internal public roads, including establishing the road classification;
3. Continuity and adequacy of pedestrian and bike facilities adjacent to the site.
4. Access to the most direct transit facility or transit route adjacent to the site.
4.3.4 Evaluation Elements
A. Master TIS.
The purpose of the Master Transportation Impact Study is to provide a general sense
of the overall impacts to the transportation system and to identify the larger scale
improvement needs necessitated by the proposed developmentzoning (i.e. roadway
widening of arterials, connecting key gaps in the street system, etc.).
While tThe Master Transportation Impact Study does not need to include intersection
analyses, they may be required by the local entity engineer, or included although it
may, at the Applicant’s option especially, if the Applicant intends to proceed with a
specific phase of the project immediately following approval of the General
Development Plan in Loveland (GMA and city limits) or Overall Development Plan
in Fort Collins (GMA and city limits).
Also, Iin cases where a developer seeks vesting with a General Development Plan or
Overall Development Plan, the Master Transportation Impact Study is required to
present all the detailed information required in a Full or Intermediate n Individual Site
Transportation Impact Study as determined by the Local Entity.
For example, for a large General Development Plan or Overall Development Plan
with a multi-phase build-out, the Master TIS would not only address the overall
project, but also identify key measurable criteria that would trigger the construction
of some incremental portion of the overall infrastructure improvement plan. Typically
at the Preliminary Development Plan (PDP) or Preliminary Plat stage, with each
phase of the project a new individual site TIS specific to that phase would be
prepared. This new study would verify the accuracy of the original traffic projections,
both on-site and background, and check the criteria identified for infrastructure
improvements, and other pertinent information.
The key elements of the project impact assessment for a Master TIS shall include the
following minimum evaluations:
1. Conformity with the adopted Transportation Master Plan including any adopted
access control plans.
2. In Loveland (GMA and city limits), peak hour link volume and level of service
(see Table 4-1 and Table 4-2);
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3. In Fort Collins (GMA and city limits), intersection analysis as identified during
scoping (see peak hour level of service requirements in Table 4-3);
4. In Fort Collins (GMA and city limits), adherence to relevant any other adopted
planning documents (such as corridor plans);
5. Functional cClassifications and anticipated typical sections for any new roadways.
5.6. Appropriateness of access locations;
6.
7. Multi-modal and TDM opportunities;
8. Pedestrian/bike requirements and/or improvements;
9. Safety and accident analysis.
9.10. Other items as requested by the Local Entity Engineer and agreed to in the
Scoping Meeting.
10.11. Neighborhood and public input issues.
B. Full TIS.
The key elements of the Full TIS project impact assessment shall be specified by the
Local Entity Engineer from the following list:
1. Conformity with the adopted Transportation Master Plan, including any adopted
access plans.
2. In Loveland (GMA and city limits), peak hour link volume and level of service
(see Table 4-1 and
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Table 4-2
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Table 4-2
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Table 4-2Table 4-2Table 4-2);
3. In Fort Collins (GMA and city limits), adherence to relevant adopted planning
documents (such as corridor plans);
2.
3.4. Peak hour intersection and driveway level of service (see
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.3 Study Parameters
Page 4-20 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Table 4-2
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.3 Study Parameters
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 4-21
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Table 4-2
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.3 Study Parameters
Page 4-22 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Table 4-2Table 4-2 and Table 4-3Table 4-3Table 4-3Table 4-3);
4.5. Appropriateness of access locations;
5.6. Location and requirements for turn lanes or acceleration/deceleration lanes
at accesses or intersections, including recommendations for taper lengths, storage
length, acceleration/deceleration lengths, and other geometric design requirements
per Local Entity or CDOT requirements;
6.7. Sight distance evaluations and recommendations (intersection, driveway,
stopping, passing, etc.);
7.8. Multi-modal and TDM opportunities;
8.9. Continuity and adequacy of pedestrian and bike facilities to the nearest
attraction (existing or imminent) within the study area;
9.10. Recommended traffic control devices for intersections which may include
two way stop control, four way stop control or yield signs, school flashers, school
crossing guards, crosswalks, traffic signals or roundabouts.
10.11. Traffic signal and stop sign warrants.
11.12. Progression analysis for signalized intersections.
12.13. In Loveland (GMA and city limits), Aappropriateness and/or any needed
changes to of the existing roadway signing, and striping, and other traffic control
devices.
13.14. Safety and accident analysis.
14.15. Other items as requested by the Local Entity Engineer and/or agreed to in
the Scoping Meeting.
15.16. Neighborhood and public input issues.
C. Intermediate TIS.
No Long Range Horizon analysis is required as part of an Intermediate TIS. The key
elements of the TIS shall be specified by the Local Entity Engineer from the
following list:
At a minimum, the following issues should be considered for submittal of an
Intermediate TIS:
1. No Long Range Horizon is required as part of this study.
2.1. Conformity with the adopted Transportation Master Plan, including any
adopted access plans.
2. In Fort Collins (GMA and city limits), adherence to relevant adopted planning
documents (such as corridor plans);
3.
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Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 4-23
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4.3. Peak hour link volume and level of service, in Loveland (GMA and city
limits) (see Table 4-1Table 4-1Table 4-1Table 4-1Table 4-1Table 4-1);
5.4. Peak hour intersection and driveway level of service (see
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Table 4-2
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.3 Study Parameters
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 4-25
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Table 4-2
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.3 Study Parameters
Page 4-26 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Table 4-2Table 4-2Table 4-2 and Table 4-3Table 4-3Table 4-3Table 4-3);
6.5. Appropriateness of access locations;
7.6. Location and requirements for turn lanes or acceleration/deceleration lanes
at accesses or intersections, including recommendations for taper lengths, storage
length, acceleration/deceleration lengths, and other geometric design requirements
per Local Entity or CDOT requirements;
8.7. Sight distance evaluations and recommendations (intersection, driveway,
stopping, passing etc.);
8. Multi-modal and TDM opportunities;
7.
10.9. Continuity and adequacy of pedestrian and bike facilities to the nearest
attraction (existing or imminent) within the study area;
11.10. Recommended traffic control devices for intersections which may include
two way stop control, four way stop control or yield signs, school flashers, school
crossing guards, crosswalks, traffic signals, or roundabouts.
12.11. Traffic signal and stop sign warrants.
13.12. Progression analysis for signalized intersections.
14.13. In Loveland (GMA and city limits), Aappropriateness and/or any needed
changes to of the existing roadway signing, and striping, and other traffic control
devices.
15.14. Safety and accident analysis.
16.15. Other items as requested by the Local Entity Engineer and/or agreed to in
the Scoping Meeting.
17.16. Neighborhood and public input issues.
D. Traffic Memorandum.
No Long Range Horizon is required as part of a Traffic Memorandum. The key
elements of the Memorandum shall be specified by the Local Entity Engineer from
the following list:
At a minimum, the following issues should be considered for submittal in a Traffic
Memorandum:
1. No Long Range Horizon is required as part of this study.
2.1. Peak hour link volume and level of service, in Loveland (GMA and city
limits) (see Table 4-1Table 4-1Table 4-1Table 4-1Table 4-1Table 4-1);
3.2. Peak hour driveway and/or intersection level of service (see
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Table 4-2
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.3 Study Parameters
Page 4-28 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Table 4-2
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.4 Traffic AnalysisVolumes
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 4-29
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Table 4-2Table 4-2 and Table 4-3Table 4-3Table 4-3Table 4-3Table 4-3);
4.3. Appropriateness of access locations;
5.4. Location and requirements for turn lanes or acceleration/deceleration lanes
at the access, including recommendations for taper lengths, storage length,
acceleration/deceleration lengths, and other geometric design requirements per
Local Entity or CDOT requirements;
6.5. Sight distance evaluations and recommendations (intersection, driveway,
stopping, passing etc.);
7.6. Continuity and adequacy of pedestrian and bike facilities within the study
area;
8.7. Appropriateness and/or any needed changes to of the existing roadway
signing signing, and striping and other traffic control devices. .
9.8. Other items as requested by the Local Entity Engineer and/orand agreed to
in consultation with the Applicant’s Traffic EngineerScoping Meeting.
10.9. Neighborhood and public input issues.
4.4 TRAFFIC ANALYSISVOLUMES
4.4.1 Analysis Methodolgys
A. Signalized Intersection Analysis
Assessment techniques for existing conditions, short term background and short term
with the development shall include a capacity and level of service (LOS) analysis for the
key intersections identified in the study area during the identified analysis time periods.
The analyses shall be completed using the operational analysis methodology shown in the
latest edition of the Highway Capacity Manual published by the Transportation Research
Board. Base assumptions and signal timing parameters for the analysis shall be approved
by the Local Entity, and any changes from existing noted in the TIS.
Roundabout analysis shall be completed as detailed in Appendix I of these standards
(Roundabout Design Manual) or as otherwise specified by the Local Entity Engineer.
4.4.2 Existing Traffic
A. Roadway Traffic Volumes/Traffic Counts.
Current A.M. and P.M. peak hour traffic counts as specified by the Local Entity
Engineer shall be obtained for the roadways within the study area for one, non-
holiday Tuesday, Wednesday, or Thursday. Each peak hour count shall be conducted
over a two hour period (or as specified by the Local Entity Engineer) and shall
include fifteen (15) minute count data to clearly identify the peak hours.
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Weekend counts and/or average daily counts on local streets may also be required
where appropriate when requested by the Local Entity Engineer. Local Entity or
CDOT average weekday traffic (AWT) counts may be used when available.
Pedestrian counts and bike usage should be obtained. Vehicle classification counts
may be required.
In any case, these volumes shall be no more than one year old (from the date of
application submittal), unless otherwise approved by the Local Entity Engineer. The
source(s) of each of the existing traffic volumes shall be explicitly stated (CDOT
counts, new counts by Applicant, Local Entity counts, etc.) Summaries of current
traffic counts shall be provided. The Local Entity may require the use of seasonal
adjustment factors depending on when data was collected and if the project is
considered to be in an affected area. (i.e. tTourism).
B. Intersection Level of Service.
A.M. and P.M. peak hour intersection levels of service shall be determined for the
existing signalized and unsignalized intersections with collectors and arterials within
the transportation network to be studied. Locations to be analyzed will normally be
set in the “Scoping Meeting.” The analysis shall use procedures described in the latest
edition of the Highway Capacity Manual. Factors for intersections will be by
approach and those used for roadways will be by facility unless otherwise directed by
the Local Entity.
1. Existing and Short Range Horizon. In Loveland (GMA and city limits) Uuse
calculated peak hour factors or 0.85, whichever is higher. Traffic signal timing
parameters for the existing conditions will be the actual signal timing in effect
unless determined otherwise by the Local Entity.
2. Long Range Horizon. A peak hour factor of 0.95 may be used for the Long Range
Horizon. Greater values may be used if approved by the Local Entity Engineer.
Traffic signal timing parameters for the existing conditions will be the actual
signal timing in effect unless determined otherwise by the Local Entity.
C. Roadway Links In Loveland (GMA and City Limits)
Roadway links shall be analyzed. Acceptable maximum traffic volumes allowed for
the specific class of roadway are shown in Table 4-1Table 4-1Table 4-1Table 4-1.
4.4.3 Background Traffic
A. Short Range Volume Projections.
The traffic forecast for the short range planning horizon shall be the sum of existing
traffic volumes plus cumulative development traffic from approved land use actions
(or, in Fort Collins [city limits only], projects with reserved intersection capacity
established through a certified Full TIS), plus background growth (as adjusted to
avoid duplicative consideration of the identified development traffic from the
approved land uses already considered). The cumulative development traffic shall be
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Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 4-31
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
based, in part, on the A.M. and P.M. peak hour and ADT data established and
accepted from planned and approved land use actions within and near the study area.
In Loveland (GMA and city limits), 100% of the committed trips from the build out
of the planned (i.e. documented in a complete land use application accepted by the
City) and approved projects in the study area must be included in the short range
volume projection. The assumed baseline surface transportation network should
reflect existing facilities (without the proposed project improvements) plus any
committed improvements by the Local Entity, other public agencies, and/or other
approved land uses within the study area as described in Title 16.41.080.C of the
Loveland Municipal Code.
In Fort Collins (GMA and city limits), only the percentage of trips from the approved
projects that are expected to be generated in the short range year (5 years into the
future) must be included.
In both communities, the short range planning horizon background traffic growth rate
shall be based on a growth rate from the Scoping Meeting based on one of the
following methodologies:
1. Straight line projection for the build out year between the existing traffic volumes
and the twenty year North Front Range Transportation and Air Quality Planning
Council's (MPO) regional model forecast, CDOT rates or
2. Historical traffic counts projected to the build-out year (at least three years of
traffic data should be used for this), or
3. Area-wide traffic count analysis which considers traffic volume trends in the
study area's circulation system and uses proportion/extrapolation methods.
B. Long Range Volume Projections in Loveland (GMA and City Limits)
Long range A.M. and P.M. peak hour planning horizon traffic volume projections
shall be based on the traffic modeling volumes contained in the most recent update to
the Transportation Master Plan. Special requests for projections not contained in the
accepted and published model results will require special approval by the Local
Entity Engineer. Note that the modeled projections are based on future year
population and employment projections that reflect a regional perspective on growth
and development. The Applicant will need to investigate the land use assumptions as
they apply to the transportation network to be studied to document in the TIS any
projection adjustments if necessary. For the long range planning horizon network
analysis, all planned and funded surface transportation facilities as per the Local
Entity's Transportation Master Plan within the study area may be included for the
baseline assumptions. In addition, use the growth rate agreed upon with the Local
Entity Engineer.
C. Long Range Volume Projections in Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits)
Long range peak hour planning horizon traffic volume projections shall be based on
one or more of the following as determined in the scoping meeting:
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Page 4-32 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
1. Straight line projection for the build out year between the existing traffic volumes
and the twenty year North Front Range Transportation and Air Quality Planning
Council's (MPO) regional model forecast, CDOT rates or
2. Historical traffic counts projected to the build-out year (at least three years of
traffic data should be used for this), or
3. Area-wide traffic count analysis which considers traffic volume trends in the
study area's circulation system and uses proportion/extrapolation methods, or
4. Growth rate agreed upon with the Local Entity Engineer.
4.4.4 Project Traffic
A. Trip Generation Rate.
Trip generation should be calculated from the latest data contained within the Institute
of Transportation Engineers’ Trip Generation Manual or be based on local data
approved by the Local Entity Engineer. Other industry publications (such as the ITE
Journal or other sources) may be approved by the Local Entity. Data limitations, data
age, choice of peak hours (for the land use or adjacent street traffic), choice of
independent variables, and choice of average rate versus statistically significant
modification should be discussed in the study when appropriate. When data is not
available for a proposed land use or a modification is proposed, the Applicant must
conduct a local trip generation study following procedures prescribed in the ITE Trip
Generation Manual and provide sufficient justification for the proposed generation
rate. This rate must be approved by the Local Entity prior to its use in the written
study.
B. Preliminary Land Use Assumptions.
The trip generation values contained in studies submitted prior to the establishment of
a site-specific development plan shall be based on the maximum number of dwelling
units permitted for the approved land uses, and/or the maximum trip generation rates
for the non-residential development proposed land use action. When a TIS is being
developed for a project with an established site-specific development plan, trip
generation shall be based on actual dwelling unit counts and square footage(s)
proposed on the final plan.
C. Trip Generation Table.
The Applicant shall prepare a Trip Generation Table, listing each type of land use
within the site at build-out, the size and unit of measure for each land use, trip
generation rates (total daily traffic, A.M. and P.M. peaks), directional splits for each
in/out driveway, the resultant total trips generated. The data source shall be stated
(state ITE land use code, if used). Build-out land uses and trip generation shall be
used for both the short range and long range planning horizons. Land use action
proposed that is of a type that build-out in the short-range is not feasible due to the
size of development (as agreed upon by the Local Entity at the Scoping Meeting),
may propose phases (such as 2-year increments) for the development.
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.4 Traffic AnalysisVolumes
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 4-33
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
D. Committed Trips/Capacity in Loveland (GMA and City Limits)
To assure the public and the Local Entity that the traffic impact analysis adequately
addresses the full impact of the development, the trip generation stated in the TIS will
establish the maximum number of trips permitted entering and exiting the
development. If the amount of committed trips is reached prior to full occupancy, the
Local Entity reserves the right to request from the owner, at the owner’s expense,
supplemental traffic analyses prior to the issuance of additional building permits. This
information shall demonstrate that uncommitted capacity is available on the
transportation network to serve the excessive trips, or that additional transportation
mitigation improvements can be reasonably installed to maintain compliant operation
with the excessive trips. If no additional capacity is available, or no reasonable
mitigation conforming to the requirements of these street standards can be
implemented, the Applicant shall obtain a exception from the City Council for the
non-conformity with the ACF requirements or scale back the intensity of the
proposed land uses as needed to achieve compliance. If the project is fully occupied
and it is determined that the approved land use action's traffic exceeds that which was
included in the approved TIS, the Local Entity Engineer is authorized to require the
property to conduct additional traffic analysis and provide additional mitigation
measures.
E. Adjustments to Trip Generation.
Trip-making reduction factors may be used after first generating trips at full ITE rates
or pre-approved rates from other professional sources. These factors fall into two
categories: those that reassign some portion of generated trips to the background
stream of traffic, and those that remove or move generated trips. In all cases, the
underlying assumptions of the ITE trip generation rates must be recognized and
considered before any reductions are used in the TIS.
Several Two specific situations will be closely reviewed. One The first is when the
traffic study assumes rates where the collection of mixed uses, such as at a shopping
center, result in lower peak hour trips than when applying individual rates to each
land use. Another The second is when reductions in the trip generation rates are
assumed based on reductions due to travel demand management. Finally, adjustments
may be considered for higher than typical mode split. Adjustments to t Trip
generation must be adjustments should be agreed to by the Local Entity Engineer
during TIS scoping. upon at the Scoping Meeting.
1. Pass-by Trips. This first category may be considered when trips to the proposed
development currently exist as part of the background traffic stream, referred to as
a pass-by trip. Pass-by percentages identified in the ITE Trip Generation report or
other industry publications will may be considered with appropriate explanation
and documentation. Pass-by traffic must remain assigned to driveways and access
points. They are not additive to the background traffic stream. A technical
appendix, table or map that illustrates the re-diversion of pass-by trips is required
which may be submitted as a legible, hand-written work sheet(s).
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.5 Project Impacts
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2. Internal Site Trips/TDM. Analytic support documentation of internal site trips,
transit use, and TDM (Transportation Demand Management) actions shall be
provided to show how trip adjustments are derived. Optimistic assumptions
regarding transit use and TDM actions will not be accepted unless accompanied
by specific implementation proposals that will become a condition of approval.
Such implementation proposals must have a high expectation of realization within
a 5-year period after project initiation.
3. Mode Split. Mode split assumptions and subsequent reduction in vehicular trips
may be considered with appropriate explanation and documentation.
F. Trip Distribution.
Trip distribution must be documented in the TIS. It may be based on the professional
engineer’s judgment applied to one or more of the following: regional MPO traffic
volume projections, gravity model, market analysis, existing traffic flows, or applied
census data. Regardless of the basis of the estimates, the procedures and rationale
used in determining the trip distributions must be fully explained and documented.
G. Trip Assignment.
The project traffic will be assigned to the roadway system according to the trip
distribution established above. The resulting project site generated traffic and total
site traffic will be depicted on figures for each analysis horizon. These figures will
include peak hour traffic volume information, plus daily traffic volume information
for Fort Collins (GMA and city limits). Separate maps or values are required when
the trip distribution differs by more than 10% between the short and long range
analysis horizons.
4.4.5 Total Traffic
The total traffic projections will be determined for each of the analysis horizons
identified earlier in the base assumptions. The total traffic projections will include the
existing traffic, plus the future background traffic, plus the project generated traffic.
The future total traffic projections will be depicted on figures for each study year.
Based upon the total traffic projections and the Local Entity's street standards and
Transportation Master Plan, the Applicant shall provide roadway functional
classification recommendations. For example, in Fort Collins (GMA and city limits),
a roadway projected to carry between 3,500 and 5,000 vehicles per day would be
recommended as a Major Collector Street, where as if the projected traffic was
between 1,000 and 2,500 vehicles per day, it would be recommended as a Connector
Local Street.
4.5 PROJECT IMPACTS
4.5.1 Significant Negative Impacts In Loveland (GMA and City Limits)
Significant Negative Impacts are defined as:
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
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Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 4-35
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
A. Exceeding Maximum Traffic Volume.
When the project’s (land use action) traffic causes the estimated traffic to exceed the
established maximum traffic volumes allowed for the specific classes of roadways; or
B. Exceeding the LOS standard.
When the added project traffic causes any portion of an intersection to exceed the
LOS standard; or
C. Exceeding Design Total for Any Roadway Link
When the project traffic, when added to all other traffic in the design year, will cause
the total estimated traffic on any roadway link for the design year to exceed the ACF
maximum traffic volume allowed for that roadway link; unless the project traffic is
less than or equal to two percent of the ACF maximum traffic volume on each non-
compliant link; or
D. Failing the ACF delay standard
When the project traffic when added to all other traffic in the design year, will cause
any movement or leg of an intersection to fail the ACF delay standard; unless the
increased delay caused by the project is less than or equal to two percent of the ACF
delay standard for that movement or leg of the intersection.
E. Calculation Basis
The project traffic analysis shall be calculated based upon the cumulative increase in
traffic and/or the cumulative increase in intersection delay of all phases, lots, tracts or
other subsections of a GDP or any subsection not contained within a GDP.
4.5.2 Significant Negative Impacts in Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits)
This section applies primarily to vehicular related impacts associated with the proposed
project. A project is defined as significantly impacting a study intersection when one of
the following criteria are satisfied:
A. For Signalized Intersections.
1. When the added project traffic causes movements, approaches or at an
intersection or the overall intersection to fail the minimum acceptable level of
service standards in Table 4-3; or
2. When the background traffic conditions (without project traffic) causes an
intersection to fail the minimum acceptable level of service standards; and when
the project traffic causes more than a two (2) percent increase in the overall
intersection delay; or
2.3. When added project traffic is determined to create potential safety
problems.
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
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Page 4-36 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
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B. For Unsignalized Intersections.
1. When the added project traffic causes movements at an intersection or the overall
intersection to fail the minimum acceptable level of service standards in Table 4-
3; or
1.2. When backstacking (queuing) to adjacent intersections would create
impeded traffic flows and/or excessive congestion; or
2.3. When added project traffic is determined to create potential safety
problems.
3. For Local Residential Streets:
Projected Avg. Daily Traffic
With Project (Total ADT) Project Related Increase In ADT
Up to and equal to 2,000 12 percent or more of Total ADT
Greater than 2,000 10 percent or more of Total ADT
4.5.3 Project Impact Assessment.
The key elements of the project impact assessment include evaluations of issues outlined
for a specific Analysis Level. Refer to Section 4.3.4 4.3.4 4.3.4 4.3.4 4.3.4 4.3.4 for a
listing of the Evaluation Elements.
A. Motor Vehicle Impact Evaluations
1. Existing Condition Diagrams in Loveland (GMA and city limits). Drawings shall
be prepared and included in the report to document traffic counts, lane geometrics
(including striping, signing and other pavement markings), traffic control, existing
access locations, lane lengths, widths, tapers, and any other notable features.
When arterial roadways are impacted by the proposed project, the report shall
include a tabulation or diagram which identifies the number of existing and
proposed accesses contained within, and up to one-quarter mile of, the evaluated
arterial link and/or intersection
2. Link Congestion in Loveland (GMA and city limits). Using the peak hour traffic
volumes forecast and the maximum traffic volumes allowed for the specific
classes of roadways, a general evaluation should be made of the street system for
the specified analysis horizons. The base peak hour volumes to be used for
determination of the acceptable maximum traffic volumes allowed for the specific
class of roadway are shown in Table 4-1Table 4-1Table 4-1Table 4-1Table
4-1Table 4-1. Arterial and Non-arterial worksheet examples are provided in
Attachments “E” and “F” for the applicant’s use in establishing the acceptable
threshold value for each roadway within the study area. These worksheets must be
included in the TIS for review and approval by the Local Entity Engineer. A
summary report of the level of service evaluations for roadway links shall be
presented in the TIS. See Attachment “G” for a format example.
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Within one block (approximately 500 to 1000 feet) of an intersection with a street
of higher functional classification, additional through and turning lanes may be
required on a street to meet the level of service requirements in Table 4-1Table
4-1Table 4-1Table 4-1Table 4-1Table 4-1 and/or for the intersection. The
additional lanes shall not be considered a reclassification of the street.
Table 4-1
Loveland (GMA and City Limits)
Motor Vehicle LOS Standards (Roadway Links)
Facility Classification
Unadjusted Base
Peak Hour Volume
(per lane)
Level of
Service
Alley 20 vph (2-way) A
Lane 20 vphpl A
Local Residential 60 vphpl A
Local Commercial/Industrial 160 vphpl A
Minor Collector 300 vphpl B
Major Collector 550 vphpl B
2 Lane Arterial 800 vphpl C
4 Lane Arterial 800 vphpl C
6 Lane Arterial 800 vphpl C
State Highways, except US-34
between Madison & Wilson, US-
287 between 50th & 8th SE, and
Interstate 25.
800 vphpl
C
3. Intersection Delay
a. An A.M. and P.M. peak hour intersection level of service analysis shall be
conducted for each intersection analyzed in the TIS, based on procedures
specified in the most recent release of the Highway Capacity Manual. In
Loveland (GMA and city limits), specific level of service summary work
sheets shall be included in the TIS. See Attachments “H” and “I” for sample
forms for reporting the results of the intersection level of service evaluations.
b. The principal objective of the intersection level of service traffic impact
analysis is to identify whether the traffic from the proposed project when
added to the short range planning horizon traffic will result in a significant
impact and an unacceptable level of service. For definition purposes, the
thresholds for acceptable level of service are as shown in
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Table 4-2
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Section 4.5 Project Impacts
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 4-39
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Table 4-2
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.5 Project Impacts
Page 4-40 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Table 4-2Table 4-2 and Table 4-3Table 4-3Table 4-3Table 4-3 . All
intersection components shall meet the following requirements:
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Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.5 Project Impacts
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 4-41
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Table 4-2
Loveland (GMA and City Limits)
Motor Vehicle LOS Standards (Intersections)
Intersection
Component
Major
Intersection1
Minor
Intersection2
Driveway
Overall (City
Limits)
LOS C LOS C No Limit
Overall (GMAs) LOS D LOS D No Limit
Any Leg LOS D LOS E No Limit
Any Movement LOS E LOS F No Limit
1 Includes all signalized and unsignalized arterial/arterial and arterial/ major
collector intersections.
2 Includes all unsignalized intersections (except major intersections) and high
volume driveways
3 There are no LOS standards for I-25 Interchanges.
Table 4-33333
Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits)
Motor Vehicle LOS Standards (Intersections)
Overall Any
Approach leg
Any
Movement
Signalized
D1 E E2
Unsignalized
Arterial / Arterial
Collector / Collector
E3 F4E E
Unsignalized
Arterial / Collector
Arterial / Local
Collector / Local
Local / Local
DF3 F4 F
Unsignalized
Collector / Local
Local / Local
C3 C C
Roundabout E 3,54 E5445 E54
1 In mixed use district including downtown and campus area as defined by structure
plan, overall LOS E is acceptable
2 Applicable with at least 5% of total entering volume
3 Use weighted average to identify overall delay
4 Mitigation may be required
54 Apply unsignalized delay value thresholds to determine LOS
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Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.5 Project Impacts
Page 4-42 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
4. Driveway Access. The design, number, and location of access points to collector
and arterial roadways must be submitted for approval by the Local Entity
Engineer. State Highway accesses require the issuance of an Access Permit from
CDOT. The number of access points must be kept to a minimum and be designed
to be consistent with the type of roadway facility. If multiple adjacent roadways
are available for access, access should be taken from the lowest classified
roadway available. Access points will be reviewed and approved by the Local
Entity based on the following information:
a. Access location(s) as shown on the site plan.
b. Proposed traffic turning movements.
c. Analysis of on- site (driveway) stacking/queuing and impacts to adjacent
streets.
d. Signalization requirements and design in accordance with these guidelines.
e. Geometric design of the access and proposed improvements to the Local
Entity facilities in accordance with these standards.
f. Compliance with the CDOT State Highway Access Code and any adopted
access management plans if access is requested to a State Highway.
f.g. In Fort Collins, access spacing standards shown in Table 7-3.
5. Traffic Signals.
a. Proposed and existing access points, proposed intersections, and existing
intersections aeffected by the land use actions being analyzed in the report that
have any potential for signalization will be reviewed and discussed during the
scoping meeting. Discussion will include review of existing signals/potential
modifications, proposed signals, school signals for school crossings, school
flashers, pedestrian signals/crossings, and any other potential for signal
devices and signal interconnect issues.
b. During the Scoping Meeting an outline of locations for signal warrant analysis
will be agreed upon. Generally, most traffic signal locations have been
predetermined by each Local Entity Engineer and policies have been set in the
comprehensive Transportation Plan of the Local Entity for its planning area
including the Growth Management Area.
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.5 Project Impacts
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 4-43
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
c. Signal Warrant Analysis for potential signal locations shall consist of a review
of the applicable signal warrants contained in the Manual on Uniform Traffic
Control Devices.
d. If any location proposed for signalization is not spaced according to the
appropriate Comprehensive Transportation Plan or Local Entity’s signal
spacing policy, then a traffic signal progression analysis shall be required. The
analysis limits, parameters (including allowable phasing, split times, walk
timing, clearances and methods) to be used for the study will be discussed at
the Scoping Meeting.
e. Alternatives to signalization at potential signal locations will be discussed in
the scoping meeting and the report. The alternatives to adding new
intersections to be discussed should include no new intersection, limited
movements, and roundabouts.
f. If any signal timing and/or phasing changes are proposed, an appropriate
signal progression analysis may be required.
B. Pedestrian and Bicycle Impact Evaluations.
All projects are expected to achieve the minimum acceptable LOS standard for on-
site and off-site bicycle and pedestrian facilities. Refer to the City of Fort Collins
Multimodal Level of Service Criteria Manual located in Appendix H and Loveland
(GMA and city limits), Table 4-4Table 4-4Table 4-4Table 4-4 for detailed
descriptions of the LOS standards. Pedestrian and bike facility demand shall be
identified and related items for discussion should include:
1. School routing plans per the MUTCD between the project and all schools within
1-1/2 miles of the project boundary;
2. The demand for pedestrian and bike facilities to serve high pedestrian activity
areas within the land use;
3. The need for links of bicycle or pedestrian facilities to neighboring land uses or
attractions (trails, etc.) within 1320’ (or greater if applicable to unique pedestrian
oriented destinations) of the project site;
4. Existing and proposed sidewalk width, separation from traffic, and space
available for trees, transit stops (if any), or other related elements (if any).
5. Geometric improvements and recommended traffic control devices to
accommodate pedestrians and bicyclists;
6. Existing and proposed pedestrian and bike facilities shall be evaluated for
compliance with the following elements:
a. Directness. Walking distance to destinations like transit stops, schools, parks,
and commercial or activity areas should be direct. Measurement of directness
is the ratio of the Actual distance to a destination via a sidewalk or pathway
divided by the Minimum distance characterized by a grid street system.
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Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.5 Project Impacts
Page 4-44 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
b. Continuity. The sidewalk/ walkway system should be complete, without gaps.
The pedestrian corridor should be integrated with the activities along the
corridor and should provide continuous access to destinations.
c. Street Crossings. Safety and comfort is essential while crossing streets,
intersections and mid-block crossings. Factors that affect the LOS include:
number of lanes to cross, crossing delay for pedestrians, signal indication,
cross-walks, lighting, raised medians, visibility, curb ramps, pedestrian
buttons, convenience, comfort, and security.
d. Visual Interest and Amenity. Pedestrians enjoy visually appealing
environments that are compatible with local architecture and include street
lighting, fountains, and benches.
e. Security. Pedestrians should be visible to motorists, separated from motor
vehicles and bicycles, and under adequate street lighting.
f. Surface Condition. Pedestrian facilities should be free from obstructions,
cracks, and interruptions.
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.5 Project Impacts
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 4-45
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Table 4-4
Loveland (GMA and City Limits)
Pedestrian Levels of Service
QUALITY
INDICATORS
A
B
C
F
SECURITY
Well used, good lighting
levels and unobstructed
lines of sight
Unobstructed lines
of sight, good
lighting levels
Sidewalk
configuration and
parked cars present
sight problems,
moderate lighting
Major pedestrian
visibility
problems,
streetscape is
pedestrian
intolerant
DIRECTNESS < 1.4 1.4-1.8 1.8-2.2 > 2.2
CONTINUITY
Quality, continuous
pedestrian networks that
are physically separated
from street and built to
current standards
Continuous sidewalk
network on both
sides of the street.
May not be built to
current standards
Sidewalk network
where there may not
be sidewalks on both
side of the street or
there are minor
interruptions in
connectivity
Breakdown in
pedestrian
network to where
each pedestrian
chooses a
different route
STREET
CROSSINGS
Signalized
Intersection
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.5 Project Impacts
Page 4-46 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
and the Local Entity will determine if special studies are required in the Scoping
Meeting. These may include, but are not limited to the following:
1. Access Management Plan Analysis in Loveland (GMA and city limits). If a
development is proposing a new access location on an arterial and an Access
Management Plan does not exist, the Local Entity may require the Applicant to
provide an Access Management Plan
2. Access spacing,
3. Accident/safety concerns (accident statistics),
4. Truck routing,
5. Emergency and snow routes,
6. Hazardous material routes.
7. Neighborhood Transportation Impact Evaluation. The TIS may be required to
include a focused analysis of the potential project related impacts on adjacent
residential neighborhood quality of life issues such as potential cut-through traffic
and speeding/volume concerns. If it is determined that a neighborhood
transportation impact evaluation is required the following procedure should be
followed:
a. Examine existing transportation conditions within the neighborhood. This
should follow the same procedure as set forth earlier for the transportation
impact analysis. Daily and peak hour traffic volumes should be collected for
the local streets to be included in the analysis.
b. Determine project generated traffic for all modes within the neighborhood and
show on a figure.
c. Determine total traffic projections for the local streets. This should follow the
same procedures as described earlier, including other projects and area wide
growth if applicable.
d. Determine if the proposed project would create significant impacts to the
residential streets using the criteria stated earlier.
e. If necessary, develop measures, including but not limited to traffic calming
techniques, to mitigate any significant impacts.
f. The neighborhood TIS should also discuss how pedestrians and bicyclists
would access the proposed project to/from the adjacent neighborhood(s), and
the need for special facilities to enhance direct pedestrian and bicycle
connectivity.
8. Sight Distance. Sight distance concerns that are anticipated or observed which
may impact driveway, intersection, or roadway operation and safety need to be
discussed in the TIS. Recommendations regarding stopping sight distance,
intersection sight distance, and passing sight distance needs should be provided by
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.6 Mitigation Measures
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 4-47
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
the Applicant’s traffic engineer for detailing on the final development, site plan,
or final construction plans.
4.6 MITIGATION MEASURES
When a project’s vehicular impacts are determined to not meet the minimum acceptable
level of service standard, the TIS shall include feasible measures, which would mitigate
the project’s impacts. The mitigation measures are intended to be in addition to the
minimum required improvements necessary to meet the Local Entity’s standards and
codes. The goal of the mitigation measure(s) should be to minimize the demand for trips
by single occupant vehicles and to increase the use of alternative modes.
In Fort Collins (GMA and city limits), the intersection LOS should be recalculated to
reflect the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures and show that the project-
related impacts have been reduced to an acceptable LOS for all transportation modes
(vehicle, bicycles, pedestrians, and public transit). The LOS findings should be shown in
tabular form. The following mitigation categories are listed in order of priority:
4.6.1 Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Measures in Fort Collins (GMA
and City Limits)
Transportation Demand Management measures are designed to facilitate the use of
alternate transportation modes in an effort to decrease demand on the roadway system by
single occupant vehicles. A detailed description of the proposed TDM measures and
implementation plan must be included in the TIS for any project seeking TDM-related
trip reductions. If the TDM program is acceptable to the City of Fort Collins
Transportation Services, the applicant will be allowed to reduce total project vehicle trips
by an amount commensurate with applicable trip reduction policies.
A. Examples of TDM measures
1. Vehicle trip reduction incentives and services offered by employers to encourage
employees to utilize alternative modes of travel such as carpooling, vanpooling,
riding public transit, bicycling, walking, telecommuting, etc.
2. Vehicle trip reduction incentives and services affecting visitors to the project,
such as shoppers, clients, patrons, etc.
3. Financial support for the capital and/or operating costs of enhanced transit or
vanpool service to the project.
4. Provision of a mix of land uses in close proximity, facilitating trip making by
walking, bicycling, or local shuttles.
5. Provision of on-site facilities that encourage the use of alternate forms of
transportation, such as bicycle lanes and amenities, enhanced pedestrian
connections, telecommuting facilities, etc.
6. Site trip cap and/or parking cap including trip-monitoring agreements.
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.6 Mitigation Measures
Page 4-48 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
4.6.2 Transit Capacity and Access Improvements.
A. Suggested elements of a transit program
1. Contributions of equipment or funds to increase the capacity of existing transit
systems
2. Transit shuttles provided by applicant (e.g., bus, taxicab, van, etc.)
3. Contributions toward transit stations or centers
4.6.3 Traffic Signal Operations Improvements.
Traffic Signal Operational improvements would include upgrading signal to include
additional signal phases and/or, signalization of an unsignalized intersection.
Signalization of project access drives would not be considered as a mitigation measure.
The Local Entity Engineer must approve signal improvements and/or installations.
4.6.4 Street Widening and Other Physical Improvements
Mitigation measures, which include street widening, and other physical improvements
must be demonstrated to be physically feasible and must meet minimum City standards
and codes for both on-site and off-site improvements.
4.6.5 Street Restriping and Parking Regulations
The Local Entity Engineer must approve proposed striping and parking regulation
mitigation(s). Generally, street restriping is not a preferred mitigation measure because it
often requires parking regulations, which may cause secondary impacts in certain
commercial and residential areas. Therefore, any parking impacts should be clearly
identified and proposed for mitigation to the extent feasible.
4.6.6 Geometric Improvements
Turn lanes and other auxiliary lane needs shall be identified for each access. Warrants
and design standards Design basis are shown in Chapter 8shall generally be ITE,
AASHTO, CDOT, NCHRP or other nationally accepted standards. In addition to the
standards shown in Chapter 8, aAll proposed project entrances onto State
Highwaysarterial streets shall be evaluated as to whether they require acceleration lanes
or deceleration lanes as per the current Colorado Department of Transportation State
Highway Access Code. The design speed shall be selected from the ranges given in the
Street Design Technical Standards Table 7-3 or 7-4.
4.6.7 Variances
Requests for variances to the requirement for mitigation measures should follow the
process outlined in Section 1.9.4.
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.7 Report Conclusions
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 4-49
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
4.7 REPORT CONCLUSIONS
4.7.1 Recommended Improvements
The findings of the Transportation Impact Study should be provided in summary format,
including the identification of any areas of significant impacts and recommended
improvements/mitigation measures to achieve the LOS standards for all modes
A. Geometric Improvements.
The TIS shall include recommendations for all geometric improvements such as
pavement markings, signs, adding through or turn lanes, adding project access and
assorted turn lanes, acceleration lanes, and changes in medians. Sufficient
dimensions/data shall be identified to facilitate review. Anticipated right-of-way
needs shall also be identified. This information shall be made available to the project
civil engineer for use in preparing scaled drawings.
B. Responsibility.
The Applicant shall describe the location, nature, and extent of all transportation
improvements that the Applicant recommends to achieve the required Level of
Service for each analysis horizon's year. In addition, the party(ies) responsible to
complete the improvements shall be identified. For this discussion, the following
definitions apply:
1. Master Planned. Improvements planned having committed funding, including
those identified in short range capital improvement programs by the City of
Loveland, a special district, MPO, CDOT or other agency. These may be
identified in the Scoping Meeting. The Local Entity will provide this information
to the Applicant.
2. Background Committed. Improvements committed to by previously approved
development as identified in the Scoping Meeting provided by the City at the
Scoping Meeting.
3. Applicant Committed. There are two conditions when improvements need to be
identified:
a. Existing plus cumulative traffic with planned and background improvements
exceed established levels of service, the Applicant shall identify mitigation to
offset project impacts.
b. Existing plus cumulative traffic with planned and background improvements
do not exceed established levels of service, but the addition of project traffic
lead to non-compliance, the Applicant shall identify mitigation to achieve
established levels of service.
C. Proposed Transportation Demand Management.
If TDM measures are recommended to mitigate the traffic impact of the proposed
land use action, a specific TDM Implementation Proposal shall be developed and
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.8 TIS Certification and Intersection’s Capacity Reservations in Fort Collins City Limits Only
Page 4-50 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
presented to the Local Entity. If accepted, this Implementation Proposal will become
a condition of approval of the land use action requested. Each TDM Implementation
Proposal shall be developed in conformance with the Local Entity’s and the MPO’s
Transportation Demand Management Program.
D. Summary Presentation.
The Applicant shall submit a Recommended Improvements Summary Table similar
to the example shown in Attachment “D” to present the recommendations. The
recommended improvements identified on the Recommended Improvement Table
shall be categorized as Master planned, Background Committed, or Applicant
Committed. Each project should include a description of its location, the type of
project, right-of-way needs (for roadways), and signal or turn lane improvements (for
intersections). Commitment to funding and constructing the improvements should be
identified, either by local governments, districts, or by the Applicant.
4.7.2 Adequacy Statement in Loveland (GMA and City Limits)
The TIS shall include a clear statement clarifying whether or not the transportation
facilities will be adequate and available to serve the proposed development within one
year of full build out of the project. The statement shall include specific reference to the
facility status paragraph (selected from items A through E in Title 16.41.110 of the
Loveland Municipal Code) that supports the adequacy conclusion.
A. Alternative Solutions.
The Applicant should assure that all practical solutions (project phasing, reductions in
development intensity, etc) have been considered when developing the list of
necessary improvements, so that the resulting operating conditions are made to
approach the established level of service.
B. Cost Considerations.
When identifying improvement possibilities (either by the Applicant, the Local Entity
or the State) necessary to yield an acceptable level of service, the cost of the
improvements shall not be considered a limiting constraint within the context of the
TIS.
4.8 TIS CERTIFICATION AND INTERSECTION’S CAPACITY RESERVATIONS IN FORT
COLLINS CITY LIMITS ONLY
4.8.1 TIS Certification
When a TIS is submitted to the Local Entity Engineer for review, the developer will
submit an application for TIS certification.
Once all Local Entity TIS review comments have been satisfactorily addressed, the Local
Entity Engineer will issue a letter documenting that the TIS has been accepted and
certified by the Local Entity Engineer.
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.8 TIS Certification and Intersection’s Capacity Reservations in Fort Collins City Limits Only
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 4-51
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
A TIS must be certified by the Local Entity Engineer prior to approval of its associated
development application.
4.8.2 Effect of TIS Certification
Once a TIS has been certified, its findings regarding compliance with the Level of
Service standards contained in 3.6.4 of the Fort Collins Land Use Code will remain valid
for the effective life of the development application unless the character of the proposed
development that is the subject of the development application is significantly changed.
4.8.3 Pre-Submittal TIS Certification
A TIS may be certified prior to the submission to the City of a development application
for the project. Any such independent certification shall be valid for a period of one year,
within which a complete development application for the project must be received by the
City, or the TIS certification shall lapse. If a complete development application for the
project is received by the City the TIS certification shall be valid for the life of the
development application.
4.8.4 Intersection Capacity Reservation
Once a full TIS has been certified, the projected traffic volumes associated with the
project must be included in the background traffic assumptions of all subsequent TIS
that address intersections included in the certified TIS. The Local Entity Engineer
will provide this information to the developer in the scoping meeting. A certification
of a Master TIS will not reserve intersection capacity. Reserved intersection capacity
may not be transferred between projects.
A. Intersection Capacity Reservation Lapse:
If a development application should lapse for whatever reason, any intersection
capacity reserved by the project shall also lapse.
Chapter 4 – Attachments
Page 4-52 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Attachment A
Transportation Impact Study
Base Assumptions
Project Information
Project Name
Project Location
TIS Assumptions
Type of Study Full: Intermediate:
Study Area Boundaries North: South:
East: West:
Study Years Short Range: Long Range:
Future Traffic Growth Rate
Study Intersections 1. All access drives 5.
2. 6.
3. 7.
4. 8.
Time Period for Study AM: 7:00-9:00 PM: 4:00-6:00 Sat Noon:
Trip Generation Rates
Trip Adjustment Factors Passby: Captive
Market:
Overall Trip Distribution SEE ATTACHED SKETCH
Mode Split Assumptions
Committed Roadway Improvements
Other Traffic Studies
Areas Requiring Special Study
Date:
Traffic Engineer:
Local Entity Engineer:
Chapter 4 – Attachments
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 4-53
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Attachment B
Transportation Impact Study
Pedestrian Analysis Worksheet
DESTINATION
Origin (project land use)
Rec. Res. Inst. Ofc/Bus. Com. Ind. Other
(Specify)
Recreation
1) Residential
Institution
(school, church, civic)
Office/Business
Commercial
Industrial
Other (specify)
INSTRUCTIONS:
Identify the pedestrian destinations within 1320’ (1.5 miles for schools) of the project boundary in the
spaces above. The pedestrian Level of Service for the facility/corridor linking these destinations to
the project site will be based on the directness, continuity, types of street crossings, walkway surface
condition, visual interest/amenity, and security of the selected route(s).
12 Dwelling units or more.
Chapter 4 – Attachments
Page 4-54 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Attachment C
Transportation Worksheet
This form must be completed and submitted when requesting a waiver of the TIS
submittal and compliance requirements. This form is not required with building permit
applications for residential projects proposing twelve dwelling units or less and no
substantial access changes on a collector or arterial roadway.
Project Name:
Date:
Property Legal Description (lot, block,
subdivision)
Developer:
By:
Title:
Address:
Phone #:
Fax #:
Email:
NON-RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT:
Provide the following information for all non-residential projects:
A. Existing use:
1. Description of existing land use: (if none, proceed with Proposed Use)
2. Existing building area (square footage) for above use(s): (2)
3. Number of employees on site each day: (3)
4. Daily trip ends for employees [mult. line (3) by the number 4]: (4)
5. Number of customers on site each day: (5)
6. Daily trip ends for customers [multiply line (5) by the number 2] (6)
7. Number of venders on site each day (include trash, ups, etc): (7)
8. Daily Trip Ends for venders [mult. line (7) by the number 2]: (8)
9. Total Vehicular Daily Trip Ends [line (4) plus line (6) plus line (8)]: (9)
10. Source of trip generation data (circle one): ITE, business records, traffic engineer,
Chapter 4 – Attachments
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 4-55
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
personal estimate, other: . Attach documentation to
support your data.
11. Number of accesses existing onto the public street(s) from this property:
12. Number of pedestrians visiting the site each day:
13. Number of bicyclists visiting the site each day:
14. Do sidewalks exist along street(s) adjacent to the property? Yes___ No___
15. Are bike lanes existing (striped) along major collector or arterial street(s) adjacent to this
property (on both sides of the street)? Yes___No___ NA___
16. Is the property adjacent to a major collector or arterial street as shown on the City’s
transportation plan? Yes___ No___
B. Proposed use:
1. Description of proposed land use:
2. Proposed building area (square footage) for above use(s): (2)
3. Anticipate number of employees on site each day: (3)
4. Daily Trip Ends for employees [multiply line (3) by the number 4]: (4)
5. Anticipate number of customers on site each day: (5)
6. Daily trip ends for customers [multiply line (5) by the number 2]: (6)
7. Anticipate number of venders on site each day: (7)
8. Daily Trip Ends for venders [multiply line (7) by the number 2]: (8)
9. Total Daily Trip Ends [line (4) plus line (6) plus line (8)]:
10. Source of trip generation data (circle one): ITE, business records, traffic engineer,
personal estimate, other: .
Attach documentation to support your data.
11. Proposed number of accesses onto the public street(s) from this property (does NOT
include any existing accesses proposed to remain for use):
11. Number of existing accesses proposed to remain and be used:
13. Number of pedestrians visiting the site each day:
14. Number of bicyclists visiting the site each day:
Chapter 4 – Attachments
Page 4-56 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
15. Are sidewalks proposed to be installed (or exist in good condition) along the street(s)
adjacent to the property? Yes___ No ___
16. Are bike lanes existing or proposed to be installed (to be striped with any required no
parking signs installed) along major collector or arterial street(s) adjacent to this property
(on both sides of the street)? Yes___ No___ NA___
17. Is the property adjacent to a major collector or arterial street as shown on the City’s 2020
current transportation plan? Yes___ No___
If the total trip new trips, (that is the difference between the daily trip ends calculation for any existing use and the total daily trip ends calculated
for the proposed use), is less than 200 and if peak hour and/or daily traffic counts demonstrate that the existing traffic plus the site generated
traffic volumes are within the limits set by City Street Standards, the applicant may request a waiver of the Traffic Impact Study submittal
requirements by signing below.
Signature Date
Full TIS Required: Intermediate TIS Required: TIS Waived:
By: Date:
Formatted: Space Before: 8 pt, Line spacing:
single, Tab stops: -0.45", Left + 0.5", Left + 1",
Left + 4.81", Left
Chapter 4 – Attachments
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 4-57
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT:
The following residential development projects require an Intermediate or full Traffic Impact
Study.
1. Any application proposing more than 20 single family detached dwelling units.
2. Any application proposing more than 24 multi-family dwelling units where dwelling units
are within duplex, triplex, or four-plex structures.
3. Any application proposing more than 34 multi-family dwelling units where dwelling units
are within structures containing five or more units.
4. Any application proposing a substantial access change onto a major collector or arterial
roadway.
Fill out the table below and indicate in the table the number of dwelling units or access changes
proposed for the type(s) of residential development included in your development. If the number
of dwelling units and changes in access are less than the thresholds established above and if peak
hour and/or daily traffic counts demonstrate that the existing traffic plus the site generated traffic
volumes are within the limits set by City policy, the applicant may request a waiver from the TIS
requirement by signing your name below.
Signature Date
Full TIS Required: Intermediate TIS Required: TIS Waived:
By: Date:
Page 4-58 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
NUMBER
RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT TYPE
Single family detached/dwelling units
Multi-family dwelling units in duplex, triplex, or four-plex
structures
Multi-family dwelling units in structures containing five or more
units
Access changes onto a collector or arterial roadway
Yes No___ Sidewalks exist along streets adjacent to this property, and exist
offsite to provide a pedestrian connection to this property?
Yes No___
Bike lanes exist and are striped on the major collector or arterial
street(s) adjacent to this property (on both sides of the street) and
exist offsite to provide a bicycle connection to this property?
The property is not adjacent to a major collector or arterial street as shown on the
City’s 2020 Master Transportation Plan.
Yes No___ Sidewalks are proposed to be constructed for this use.
Yes No___ Bike lanes along the major collector or arterial roadways (both
sides of street) are proposed to be constructed for this use.
NA The property is not adjacent to a major collector or arterial street as
shown on the City’s 2020 Mater Transportation Plan
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 4-59
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Attachment D
Recommended Improvements Summary
Improvement Description
and Location
1
Responsible Party
Applicant
Committed
Background
Committed
2
Master
Planned
3
Year 200_ (Short Range)
Year 202_ (Long Range)
1. Describe improvement type and location (i.e. intersection or roadway widening, number of
lanes needed, functional classification). Example: Widen First St from Boise Ave to Denver
Ave to 2-lane arterial standards. Be certain to include any necessary offsite bicycle and
pedestrian improvements.
2. The responsible party or project must be identified in this table for any improvements
assigned in this column.
3. Master planned improvements committed by the City or State must be approved and fully
funded at the time this table is completed.
Formatted: Tab stops: 0.25", List tab
Page 4-60 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Attachment E (Loveland city limits and GMA, and Fort Collins GMA)
Peak Hour Traffic Volume Worksheet for Arterial Links
Directions: For the street segment under study, add or subtract the adjustment factor from each row to a base volume of 800 vehicles per lane.
ENGINEERING FACTORS Condition VPHPL Condition PHV/L Condition VPHPL Condition PHV/L
Lane Width 10' -20 11' 0 12' 10 12' 10
Shoulder Width/Bike Lane w/o gutter less than 2' -20 2' to 5' 0 between 5' and 8' 20 8' or more 30
Intersection Spacing less than 660' -20 660' to 1,320' 0 1,320' to 2,640' 10 1/2 mile or greater 40
Driveway Frequency more than 50/mile -20 20 to 50/mile -5 1 to 19/mile 0 no driveways 40
Number of Through Lanes two 0 four 40 six 50 six 50
Percent Turning Vehicles more than 30% -10 10% to 30% 0 less than 10% 40 less than 10% 40
Auxiliary Lanes none, but needed -30 lefts where needed 20 min. st'd. lefts, rights 30 CDOT st'd. lefts, rights 40
Access Control none, but needed -20 painted left turn lane 0 st'd. physical median 30 median wider than 30' 50
Parking On-street both sides -40 one side -20 none 20 none 20
Percent Truck Traffic more than 5% -10 1% to 5% 0 less than 1% 20 less than 1% 20
Signal Progression (%Band width) less than 10% -30 11 to 30% 0 30% to 50% 40 more than 50% 60
HUMAN FACTORS
Pedestrian Activity more than 60 per hour -20 10 to 60 per hour 0 less than 10 per hour 20 less than 10 per hour 20
Sidewalk Width no walk (less than 3') -20 3' to 4' -5 5' to 8' 0 10' or more 20
Sidewalk to Traffic Lane Distance less than 5' -10 5' to 15' 0 16' to 30' 20 more than 30' 30
Designated Pedestrian Crossings more than 2 per mile -10 2 per mile -5 1 per mile 0 none 20
Proximity to Schools within 500' -10 500' to 1,000' -5 more than 1,000' 0 more than 1,000' 0
Designated School Zones 2 or more per mile -10 1 per mile -5 none 0 none 0
Bicycle Activity more than 30 per hour -10 5 to 30 per hour -5 less than 5 per hour 0 less than 5 per hour 0
At Grade Trail Crossings 2 or more per mile -20 1 per mile -10 none 0 none 0
Adjacent Land Use (Zoning) residential -20 com/industrial 20 agricultural/open space 40 agricultural/open space 40
Typical Home Orientation face arterial -10 not front facing 0 not front facing 0 not front facing 0
Typical Building Setback less than 30' to curb -30 30' to 50' 0 between 50' and 150' 10 more than 150' 50
Bufferyard Width/Intensity no mitigation -20 some mitigation 0 high level mitigation 20 high level mitigation 20
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002 Page 4-61
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Attachment F (Loveland city limits and GMA, and Fort Collins GMA)
Peak Hour Traffic Volume Worksheet for Non-Arterial Streets
COLLECTOR STREETS: For the street segment under study, add or subtract the adjustment factor in each
row to a base volume of 300 vphpl (minor) or 550 vphpl (major) to determine the maximum ACF peak hour traffic.
Evaluation Criteria Condition Factor Condition Factor Condition Factor
Lane Width 10' -20 11' 0 12' 15
Shoulder/Bike Lane Width not
including parking or gutter less than 2' -10 2' to 4.9' 0 5' or more 15
Driveway Frequency more than 50/mile -10 20 to 50/mile -5 0 to 19/mile 0
Auxiliary Lanes none, but needed -20 lefts where needed 20 meets CDOT Access code 50
Parking On-street both sides -20 one side -10 none 20
Pedestrian Activity more than 60 per hour -20 10 to 60 per hour 0 less than 10 per hour 20
Sidewalk Width no walk (less than 3') -20 3' to 4' -5 5' to 8' 10
Sidewalk to Traffic Lane Distance less than 5' -5 5' to 15' 10 16' to 30' 20
Designated Pedestrian Crossings more than 2 per mile -10 2 per mile -5 0 or 1 per mile 0
Proximity to Schools within 500' -10 500' to 1,000' -5 more than 1,000' 0
Designated School Zones 2 or more per mile -20 1 per mile -10 none 0
Bicycle Activity more than 30 per hour -10 5 to 30 per hour -5 less than 5 per hour 0
Adjacent Land Use (Zoning) residential 0 com/industrial 50 agricultural/open space 70
Typical Home Orientation face Collector -10 not front facing 0 not front facing 0
Typical Building Setback less than 30' to curb -20 30' to 50' 0 between 50' and 150' 10
LOCAL STREETS: For the street segment under study, add or subtract the adjustment factor
in each row to a base volume of 60 vehicles per lane to determine maximum ACF peak hour traffic.
Evaluation Criteria Condition Factor Condition Factor Condition Factor
Land Use residential 0 non-residential 100
Street Width w/o parking less than 24' -25 24' to 28' 0 more than 28' 25
Street Width w/parking less than 36' 0 36' to 42' 50 more than 42' 100
Page 4-62 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Attachment G (Loveland city limits and GMA, and Fort Collins GMA)
Street Traffic Volume Summary Table
Street Segment
Existing
Traffic
Volume
Date
Regional
Growth
Traffic
(2005)
Traffic from
Build-out of
Other
Proposed
Development *
Site
Generated
Traffic
(2005)
Total
Traffic
ACF
Traffic
Threshold
ACF
Compliance
(Y/N)
Existing
Volume
Taken
1 Madison; 1st to 7th 600 Jun-99 30 50 10 705 550 YES*
2
3 Madison; 7th to Eisenhower 650 Jun-99 40 50 15 770 800 YES
4
5 Boise; Eisenhower to 11th 800 Jul-00 70 100 30 1,000 1,100 YES
6
7 Boise; 11th to 1st 700 Jul-00 70 80 30 880 1,100 YES
8
9 Boise; 1st to SH402 450 Jul-00 50 50 20 570 600 YES
10
11 1st, Boise to Madison 600 Jul-00 80 80 10 780 600 YES*
12
13 1st; Madison to St. Louis 650 May-99 80 80 10 830 600 YES*
14
15 7th; Boise to Madison 60 Aug-00 5 5 5 75 100 YES
16
17
18
19
20
* Approved developments, not yet built: Aspen Knolls 2nd; Winona 16th; Redi-Shop 2nd
* Proposed developments, not yet approved: Allendale 16th; Winona 17th; Pine Tree 3rd; Apple Farm Estates
Notes/Comments: (*) Within the 2% ACF allowance for streets already at capacity
Chapter 4 – TRANSPORTATION IMPACT STUDY
Section 4.8 TIS Certification and Intersection’s Capacity Reservations in Fort Collins City Limits
Only
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002 Page 4-63
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Attachment H (Loveland city limits and GMA, and Fort Collins GMA)
Peak Hour Intersection Level of Service Summary
Intersection and
Critical Movements
Existing
2006 w/o
Project
2006 w/
Project
ACF
AM PM AM PM AM PM Compliant?
SIGNAL CONTROL LOS LOS LOS LOS LOS LOS (Yes/No)
Madison@1st Street 4-WAY B C C C C C YES
Northbound Left C D D D D E YES
Northbound Through B B C C B C YES
Northbound Right A C C D B B YES
Southbound Left C C C D E E YES
Southbound Through A B D C C C YES
Southbound Right A A B C D B YES
Eastbound Left D D B D B D YES
Eastbound Through B B D B D C YES
Eastbound Right A A C B C B YES
Westbound Left B C B D C D YES
Westbound Through B C D B B B YES
Westbound Right B B B B B B YES
Boise@1st Street 4-WAY B C C C C C YES
Northbound Left C D D D D E YES
Northbound Through B B C C B C YES
Northbound Right A C C D B B YES
Southbound Left C C C D E E YES
Southbound Through A B D C C C YES
Southbound Right A A B C D B YES
Eastbound Left D D B D B D YES
Eastbound Through B B D B D C YES
Eastbound Right A A C B C B YES
Westbound Left B C B D C D YES
Westbound Through B C D B B B YES
Westbound Right B B B B B B YES
Madison@7th Street 2-WAY B C C C C C YES
Northbound Left C D D D D E YES
Northbound Through B B C C B C YES
Northbound Right A C C D B B YES
Southbound Left C C C D E E YES
Southbound Through A B D C C C YES
Southbound Right A A B C D B YES
Eastbound Left D D B D B D YES
Eastbound Through B B D B D C YES
Eastbound Right A A C B C B YES
Westbound Left B C B D C D YES
Westbound Through B C D B B B YES
Westbound Right B B B B B B YES
Stop Sign LOS Criteria
LOS A = < or =10 seconds average delay
LOS B = >10 and < or = 15 seconds
LOS C = >15 and < or = 25 seconds
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 7-i
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
CHAPTER 7 – STREET DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Title Page
7.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 7-1
7.1.1 Conforming to Standards and Master Plans ............................................................................. 7-1
7.1.2 Construction Drawings Relating to Chapter 7 .......................................................................... 7-1
7.2 Street Layout Requirements ..................................................................................... 7-1
7.2.1 Logical Placement and Extension ............................................................................................... 7-1
A. Fort Collins (city limits only) ................................................................................................. 7-1
B. All Other Urban Areas ............................................................................................................ 7-1
7.2.2 Master Planned Arterial and Major Collector Streets ............................................................. 7-2
A. Transportation Master Plan (TMP) Documents ...................................................................... 7-2
B. New Streets ............................................................................................................................. 7-2
7.2.3 Local and Minor Collector Streets ............................................................................................. 7-2
A. Neighborhood Traffic Safety and Traffic Calming................................................................. 7-2
B. Roadway Use .......................................................................................................................... 7-2
C. Commercial ............................................................................................................................ 7-3
D. Maximum Length ................................................................................................................... 7-3
7.3 Street Classifications ................................................................................................. 7-3
7.3.1 Street Classifications for Each Local Entity .............................................................................. 7-3
A. City of Fort Collins Classifications ........................................................................................ 7-3
B. City of Loveland Classifications ............................................................................................ 7-4
7.4 General Design Elements .......................................................................................... 7-4
7.4.1 Alignment ..................................................................................................................................... 7-4
A. Horizontal Alignment ............................................................................................................. 7-4
B. Vertical Alignment ....................................................................................................... 7-147-10
C. Sight Distance ............................................................................................................... 7-167-11
7.4.2 Cross Slope ......................................................................................................................... 7-187-13
A. Minimum Cross Slope .................................................................................................. 7-187-13
B. Maximum Allowable Cross Slope ................................................................................ 7-187-13
C. Cross Slope for Street Modifications ............................................................................ 7-187-14
D. Cross Slope for Cul-de-Sacs ......................................................................................... 7-187-14
7.4.3 Superelevation on Horizontal Curves .............................................................................. 7-187-14
A. Where Superelevation Is Permitted .............................................................................. 7-187-14
B. Run-Out ........................................................................................................................ 7-187-14
C. Drainage ....................................................................................................................... 7-197-14
7.4.4 Design Speed ...................................................................................................................... 7-197-14
7.4.5 Curb Return Radii ............................................................................................................. 7-197-14
7.4.6 Streetscape Design ............................................................................................................. 7-197-14
7.5 Medians ............................................................................................................. 7-197-15
7.5.1 Medians............................................................................................................................... 7-197-15
A. General Requirements .................................................................................................. 7-197-15
B. Turn Lane and Access .................................................................................................. 7-197-15
C. Drainage ....................................................................................................................... 7-197-15
D. Curb and Gutter ............................................................................................................ 7-207-15
E. Nose .............................................................................................................................. 7-207-15
F. Paving ........................................................................................................................... 7-207-15
G. Transitions .................................................................................................................... 7-207-16
ATTACHMENT 4
Page 7-ii Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
H. Objects .......................................................................................................................... 7-207-16
7.6 Non-Connective Street Alignments ................................................................. 7-207-16
7.6.1 Cul-de-Sacs ......................................................................................................................... 7-207-16
A. Permitted Locations ...................................................................................................... 7-207-16
B. Maximum Length ......................................................................................................... 7-207-16
C. Secondary Access in Loveland (GMA and City Limits) .............................................. 7-207-16
D. Minimum Radius .......................................................................................................... 7-217-16
E. Minimum Parking ......................................................................................................... 7-217-16
7.6.2 Eyebrows ............................................................................................................................ 7-217-16
A. Permitted Locations ...................................................................................................... 7-217-16
B. Spacing Requirements .................................................................................................. 7-217-17
C. Permitted Lengths ......................................................................................................... 7-217-17
7.6.3 Turns ................................................................................................................................... 7-217-17
7.6.4 Dead-End Streets. .............................................................................................................. 7-217-17
A. Permanent Dead-End Streets ........................................................................................ 7-217-17
B. Temporary Dead-End Streets ....................................................................................... 7-217-17
C. Temporary Turnarounds ............................................................................................... 7-217-17
D. Temporary Turnaround Easements ............................................................................... 7-227-17
7.7 Drainage Systems ............................................................................................. 7-227-17
7.7.1 Drainage ............................................................................................................................. 7-227-17
7.7.2 Grading in Right-of-way ................................................................................................... 7-227-18
A. Slopes ........................................................................................................................... 7-227-18
B. Off-site Fill Material ..................................................................................................... 7-227-18
7.7.3 Subdrains ............................................................................................................................ 7-227-18
A. Controlling Groundwater .............................................................................................. 7-227-18
B. Protecting Right-of-way Improvements ....................................................................... 7-237-18
C. Design Criteria .............................................................................................................. 7-237-18
D. Subdrain Placement and Cleanouts .............................................................................. 7-247-19
7.7.4 Sidewalk Culvert (Chases) ................................................................................................ 7-247-19
7.7.5 Crosspans ........................................................................................................................... 7-247-19
A. Basic Requirements ...................................................................................................... 7-247-19
B. Dimensions and Depth .................................................................................................. 7-247-20
C. Prohibited on Arterial and Collector Streets ................................................................. 7-247-20
D. Minimum Grade ........................................................................................................... 7-247-20
E. Crosspan Transitions .................................................................................................... 7-247-20
F. Monolithic Paving ........................................................................................................ 7-257-20
7.7.6 Sidewalks, Curb and Gutter ............................................................................................. 7-257-20
A. Sidewalks ...................................................................................................................... 7-257-20
B. Curb and Gutter ............................................................................................................ 7-257-20
7.7.7 Inlets .................................................................................................................................... 7-257-21
7.7.8 Waterway Crossings .......................................................................................................... 7-257-21
7.7.9 Rural Roadside Ditches ..................................................................................................... 7-267-21
A. Slope ............................................................................................................................. 7-267-21
B. Maintenance ................................................................................................................. 7-267-21
7.8 Emergency Access Requirements ................................................................... 7-267-22
7.8.1 Slope .................................................................................................................................... 7-267-22
7.8.2 Cross Slope ......................................................................................................................... 7-267-22
7.8.3 Lane Width ......................................................................................................................... 7-267-22
7.8.4 Vertical Clearance ............................................................................................................. 7-267-22
7.8.5 Barricade ............................................................................................................................ 7-277-22
7.8.6 Roadway Surface ............................................................................................................... 7-277-22
7.8.7 Maintenance ....................................................................................................................... 7-277-22
7.9 Bus Stops .......................................................................................................... 7-277-22
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 7-iii
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
7.9.1 General ............................................................................................................................... 7-277-22
7.9.2 Bus Lane Width ................................................................................................................. 7-277-23
7.9.3 Bus Stops ............................................................................................................................ 7-277-23
A. Approach Leg (Near-side) Minimum Criteria .............................................................. 7-277-23
B. Departure Leg (Far-side) Minimum Criteria ................................................................ 7-277-23
C. Mid-Block..................................................................................................................... 7-287-23
7.9.4 Bus Bays.............................................................................................................................. 7-287-23
7.9.5 Bus Shelters ........................................................................................................................ 7-287-23
7.9.6 Bus Pullout Lanes .............................................................................................................. 7-287-23
7.10 Improvement of Annexed Streets .................................................................... 7-287-23
LIST OF TABLES
Table 7-1 Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits)Street Standards - General Parameters ............................................. 7-6
Table 7-2 Loveland (GMA and City Limits) Street Standards - General Parameters ........................................ 7-107-7
Table 7-3 Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits) Street Standards - Technical Design Criteria ......................... 7-117-8
Table 7-4 Loveland (GMA and City Limits) Street Standards - Technical Design Criteria ............................ 7-137-9
Table 7-5 Centerline Arc Lengths .................................................................................................................... 7-147-10
Table 7-6 Stopping and Passing Sight Distance ............................................................................................... 7-167-12
Page 7-iv Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures are Located at End of Chapter
Figure 7-1F 6-Lane Arterial Street – Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits)
Figure 7-1L 6-Lane Arterial Street – Loveland (GMA and City Limits)
Figure 7-2F 4-Lane Arterial Street – Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits)
Figure 7-2L 4-Lane Arterial Street – Loveland (GMA and City Limits)
Figure 7-3F 2-Lane Arterial Street – Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits)
Figure 7-3L 2-Lane Arterial Street – Loveland (GMA and City Limits)
Figure 7-4F Major Collector Street – Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits)
Figure 7-4L Major Collector Street/Commercial Collector Street – Loveland (GMA and City Limits)
Figure 7-5F Minor Collector Street – Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits)
Figure 7-5L Minor Collector Street – Loveland (GMA and City Limits)
Figure 7-6F Commercial Local Street – Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits)
Figure 7-6L Commercial/Industrial Local Street – Loveland (GMA and City Limits)
Figure 7-7F Industrial Local Street – Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits)
Figure 7-7L Residential Local Street – Loveland (GMA and City Limits)
Figure 7-8F Connector Local Street – Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits)
Figure 7-8L Lane – Loveland (GMA and City Limits)
Figure 7-9F Residential Local Street – Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits)
Figure 7-9L Alley (A) (Drainage to Center) – Loveland (GMA and City Limits)
Figure 7-10L Alley (B) (Drainage to One Side) – Loveland (GMA and City Limits)
Figure 7-11F Alley (A) (Drainage to Center) – Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits)
Figure 7-11L Rural Road – Loveland (GMA and City Limits)
Figure 7-12F Alley (B) (Drainage to One Side) – Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits)
Figure 7-13F Rural Residential Local Street – Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits)
Figure 7-14 Pedestrian/Bicycle Path Connections
Figure 7-15.1 Lateral Clearance to Sight Obstruction Inside of Horizontal Curves Providing Stopping Distance for
Turning Roadways
Figure 7-15.2 Lateral Clearance to Sight Obstruction Inside of Horizontal Curves Providing Stopping Distance for
Turning Roadways
Figure 7-16 Sight Distance (Sight Triangle)
Figure 7-17 Vertical Curve Lengths-Crest
Figure 7-18 Vertical Curve Lengths-Sag
Figure 7-19 Cul-de-Sac Detail
Figure 7-20 Left Turn Clearance
Figure 7-21 Standard Cul-De-Sac
Figure 7-22L Standard Details For Hammerhead Turnaround Geometry – Loveland (GMA and City Limits)
Figure 7-23 Standard Eyebrow (local streets only)
Figure 7-24 Widening Detail for Street Turns >60° (Local Streets Only)
Figure 7-25 Temporary Dead End Street
Figure 7-26 Temporary Turnaround
Figure 7-27 Street Intersection Crosspan Approach Detail
Figure 7-28 Street Intersection Approach Detail
Figure 7-29L Alternate Cross Section – Low Volume Local Street (Crowned) – Loveland (GMA and city limits)
Affordable Housing Only
Figure 7-30L Alternate Cross Section – Low Volume Local Street (Cross Sloped) – Loveland (GMA and city
limits) Affordable Housing Only
Figure 7-31L Alternate Cross Section – Low Volume Local Street (Inverted) – Loveland (GMA and city limits)
Affordable Housing Only
Figure 7-32L Alternate Cross Section – Local Street (Crowned) – Loveland (GMA and city limits) Affordable
Housing Only
Figure 7-33L Alternate Cross Section – Local Street (Inverted) – Loveland (GMA and city limits) Affordable
Housing Only
Figure 7-34L Clear Space Zone – Loveland (GMA and city limits)
Chapter 7 – STREET DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 7.1 General
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 7-1
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
CHAPTER 7 – STREET DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
7.1 GENERAL
This chapter defines layout criteria and other design criteria that shall be followed for locating
and designing all streets. The chapter provides the following information:
x How streets are to be located (layout criteria);
x Street classifications and purposes; and
x Minimum design criteria that must be met.
7.1.1 Conforming to Standards and Master Plans
The Project’s street design and layout shall conform to these Standards and with the
Local Entity’s Transportation Master Plan (TMP) and other applicable plan documents
such as Comprehensive Master Plans, Corridor Plans, Area Plans, Enhanced Travel
Corridor Plans, codes and standards adopted by the Local Entity Authority.
7.1.2 Construction Drawings Relating to Chapter 7
Appendix A includes Construction Drawings that are a part of these Standards. Note that
“F” and “L” denote Fort Collins or Loveland on drawings that are specific to just one
Entity and its related Growth Management Area. Please refer to the Construction
Drawing List at the beginning of Appendix A.
7.2 STREET LAYOUT REQUIREMENTS
The locations of Major streets shall be in accordance with the TMP. Other streets shall be located
in accordance with all other applicable street layout requirements.
7.2.1 Logical Placement and Extension
All streets shall have a logical relationship to the existing topography and to the location
of existing or platted streets within adjacent properties. Certain streets within the Project
may need to be extended to the Project boundary to provide for the future logical
extension of the street through adjacent properties.
In the City of Fort Collins, street layout shall conform to the Connectivity and Block Size
Standards in the City of Fort Collins Land Use Code.
To ensure connectivity, enhance general circulation and to provide secondary points for
access, the street layout for all subdivisions should include the following connecting
street spacing:
A. Fort Collins (city limits only)
At least one connecting street to neighboring vacant land for every 660 feet in Fort
Collins (city limits only).
B. All Other Urban Areas
At least one connecting street to neighboring vacant land for every 1320 feet in all
other areas.
Chapter 7 – STREET DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 7.2 Street Layout Requirements
Page 7-2 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
7.2.2 Master Planned Arterial and Major Collector Streets
The TMP for each Local Entity shows the approximate locations of all Arterial streets
and some Collector streets for the Local Entity and its Growth Management Area (GMA).
The TMP shall be used for establishing approximate locations of Major streets. The Local
Entity Engineer shall hold approval authority for specific locations for all Arterial and
Collector streets.
A. Transportation Master Plan (TMP) Documents
The relevant TMP documents for each Local Entity are as follows:
1. City of Fort Collins Master Street Plan.
2. City of Loveland 2020 Transportation Plan
3. Larimer County Transportation Plan.
B. Larimer county will use the Local Entity’s current Master Street Plan to identify
a road’s classification and determine a road’s right-of-way and typical sections
within their respective Growth Management Areas. However, Larimer County
reserves the right to use the classification shown on the Larimer County Road
Functional Classification Map.
B.C. New Streets
New Arterial streets are unlimited in continuity. The maximum permitted length
between 90 degree turns and sign-controlled or roundabout intersections is 2 miles on
Major Collector streets.
7.2.3 Local and Minor Collector Streets
Layout of new Local streets and Collector streets not covered by the Local Entity’s TMP
shall meet the needs of the specific development and satisfy all other specific
requirements of this chapter. The Local Entity retains the authority to designate collector
streets and retains authority for approval of the overall street layout.
A. Neighborhood Traffic Safety and Traffic Calming
A major component in street layout is neighborhood traffic safety. This is an essential
transportation issue in the Larimer County urban areas. Traffic calming is the
implementation of physical and perceptual techniques intended to slow or divert
traffic on existing or planned roadways. It is often a reactive approach to minimize
high speeds and volumes of vehicular traffic. Significant efforts in traffic calming
have been put forward on existing Roadways and in the development of new
Roadways to limit traffic speeds and traffic volumes in neighborhoods and to provide
for safer travel for all modes of transportation including pedestrian, bicycle, and
vehicular. In addition, new streets shall be laid out to minimize opportunities for cut-
through traffic. See Chapter 18, Neighborhood Traffic Safety.
B. Roadway Use
The necessity or desire for traffic safety and calming stems from the perception that at
times Local or Minor Collector roadways, particularly in residential areas, do not
function as they are intended. Local Roadways and Minor Collectors are intended as a
low volume roadways used for direct access to residences fronting on the street and as
Chapter 7 – STREET DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 7.3 Street Classifications
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 7-3
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
a multi-modal system that is shared by vehicular, bicycle, and pedestrian traffic
equally in a manner that minimally impact residents who reside in these areas.
C. Commercial
Commercial Local streets have less multi-modal conflicts and are permitted to have
longer continuity and less restrictive traffic calming requirements.
D. Maximum Length
New Minor Collectors and Local streets are limited in continuity. The maximum
permitted length between 90 degree turns and controlled intersections is 660 feet on
local streets. The maximum continuous length for a Minor Collector is 2640 feet.
7.3 STREET CLASSIFICATIONS
All streets are classified as Arterial, Collector, Local streets, Lanes, or Alleys. These
classifications relate to the function of the streets. Lower order streets function primarily as
access to individual lots, and higher order streets function primarily for the purpose of mobility
(expeditious movement of people and goods). Each Local Entity has adopted an expanded
classifications system that is to be used within their respective jurisdictions.
Each classification used must conform with the Local Entity TMP, when applicable, and meet all
of the criteria for the specific classification. The primary test for the new streets not shown on the
Local Entity’s TMP shall be the anticipated traffic volumes for the desired classification (refer to
Chapter 4, Transportation Impact Study, for traffic study requirements).
7.3.1 Street Classifications for Each Local Entity
A. City of Fort Collins Classifications
Figures 7-1F through 7-13F, located at the end of this chapter, show street
classifications and specific requirements for Fort Collins (city limits and GMA).
provides a summary of the classification requirements. In Fort Collins (city limits and
GMA), variations of these classifications may be approved with the adoption of
subarea plans and other specific plans of the Local Entity. Classifications and related
figure numbers are as follows:
Figure No. Street Classification
Figure 7-1F 6-Lane Arterial Street
Figure 7-2F 4-Lane Arterial Street
Figure 7-3F 2-Lane Arterial Street
Figure 7-4F Major Collector Street
Figure 7-5F Minor Collector Street
Figure 7-6F Commercial Local Street
Figure 7-7F Industrial Local Street
Figure 7-8F Connector Local Street
Figure 7-9F Residential Local Street
Figure 7-11F Alley (A) (Drainage to Center)
Figure 7-12F Alley (B) (Drainage to One Side)
Figure 7-13F Rural Residential Local Street 7-1F
Chapter 7 – STREET DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 7.4 General Design Elements
Page 7-4 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
B. City of Loveland Classifications
Figures 7-1L through 7-11L , located at the end of this chapter, show street
classifications and specific requirements for Loveland (GMA and city limits). Table
7-2Table 7-2 provides a summary of the classification requirements. Classifications
and related figure numbers are as follows:
Figure No. Street Classification
Figure 7-1L 6-Lane Arterial Street
Figure 7-2L 4-Lane Arterial Street
Figure 7-3L 2-Lane Arterial Street
Figure 7-4L Major Collector Street/Commercial Collector Street
Figure 7-5L Minor Collector Street
Figure 7-6L Commercial/Industrial Local Street
Figure 7-7L Residential Local Street
Figure 7-8L Lane
Figure 7-9L Alley (A) (Drainage to Center)
Figure 7-10L Alley (B) (Drainage to One Side)
Figure 7-11L Rural Road
7.4 GENERAL DESIGN ELEMENTS
All streets shall be designed in accordance with design speeds specified for each street
classification in the above-referenced figures and Table 7-3Table 7-3 or Table 7-4Table 7-4.
7.4.1 Alignment
Horizontal and vertical street alignments should conform to existing land layout plus the
following criteria:
A. Horizontal Alignment
On Arterial and Major Collector roadways, curve radii and tangents shall be as large
as possible using the minimums only where necessary. However, minimum radius
curves shall be used on Local Residential, Minor Collector, and Connector Local
streets unless otherwise required. Angle point direction changes are not allowed. All
changes in direction shall be made using standard curves.
1. Horizontal Curve Radii. The minimum allowable centerline radii for horizontal
curves shall be as designated in Table 7-3Table 7-3 or Table 7-4Table 7-4.
Reverse and compound curves should be used only when a single radius curve
will not work. For driver safety, compound curves shall have a ratio no greater
than 1.5 where the value of the larger radius is divided by the smaller radius.
2. Minimum Tangent Length
a. Intersection. Whenever a Minor street intersects a street of higher or equal
classification, a tangent length ( as measured in a straight line from the nearest
gutter flowline of the intersected street to the point on the centerline of
curvature in the intersecting street) shall be provided for a safe sight distance
and safe traffic operation. The minimum required tangent lengths indicated in
Table 7-3Table 7-3 and Table 7-4Table 7-4 apply to the minor leg(s) only,
Chapter 7 – STREET DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 7.4 General Design Elements
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 7-5
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
the leg(s) for which the crown is not carried through the intersection. The
angle of departure shall not exceed 10 degrees for the length of tangent.
b. Reverse Curves. The tangent between reverse curves shall be no less than the
length shown in Table 7-3Table 7-3 and Table 7-4Table 7-4.
Page 7-6 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Table 7-1
Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits)Street Standards - General Parameters
Street Classification: 6-Lane
Arterial
4-lane
Arterial
Modified
4-lane
Arterial *n
2-lane
Arterial
Major
Collector
(without
parking)
Minor
Collector
(with
parking)
Commercial
Local
Industrial
Local
Connector
Local
Residential
Local
Alley
*a
Rural Residential
Local
Right of Way (ROW) Width 141' 115' 102' 84' 66' 76' 72' 66' 57' 51' *m 12'- 20' 46'
Roadway Width 107' 83' 74' 52' 40' 50' 50' 44' 36' 30' 12'-20' 28'
Median Width 19'&7' *b 19'&7' *b Optional *c None Optional *c Optional *c Optional *c Optional *c Optional *c None None Optional *c
No. of Travel Lanes 6 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2
Travel Lane Width *p 11’-12' 11’-12' 11’-12' 11’-12' 11’-12' *d 11' 11' or 12’
w/left
11’-12' 10' 16' 12'-20' 0
Designated Bike Lanes? Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N *e N *e N *e N *e N *e
Bike Facility - width
(P)rotected, (B)ike Lane
8' P 8' B 7' *o B 8' B 8' B 6’ w/parking
8’ w/lt turn' B
6’ or 7' *h
B
0' 0' or 6' *f
B
0' *i 0' 0'
Parking Lane Width None None None None None 8' or None *j 8’ or None *j 10' 8' or None *j 7' None Not Defined
Lane Striping Req'd
(T)ravel, (B)ike, (P)arking
T,B T,B T,B T,B T,B T,B,P T,B/P or T,B None T,P or None None None None
Min. Parkway Width 10' 10' 8' 10' 8' 8' 6' 6.5' 6' 6' *m NA 9'
Min. Sidewalk width * k 7' 6' 6' 6' 5' 5' 5' 4.5' 4.5' 4.5' None None
Left Turn Lanes Req'd? Y Y Y Y N or Y *d N or Y *j N or Y *j N N or Y *j N NA N
Left Turn Lane Width 12' 12' 12' 12' 0' or 12' 0' or 12' 0' or 12' 0' 0' or 10' 0' NA 0'
Traffic Volume Capacity
1000 veh/day
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002 Page 7-7
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Table 7-1
Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits)Street Standards - General Parameters
Street Classification: 6-Lane
Arterial
4-lane
Arterial
Modified
4-lane
Arterial *n
2-lane
Arterial
Major
Collector
(without
parking)
Minor
Collector
(with
parking)
Commercial
Local
Industrial
Local
Connector
Local
Residential
Local
Alley
*a
Rural Residential
Local
Right of Way (ROW) Width 141' 115' 102' 84' 66' 76' 72' 66' 57' 51' *m 12'- 20' 46'
Roadway Width 107' 83' 74' 52' 420' 540' 50' 44' 36' 30' 12'-20' 28'
Median Width 19'&7' *b 19'&7' *b Optional *c None Optional *c Optional *c Optional *c Optional *c Optional *c None None Optional *c
No. of Travel Lanes 6 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2
Travel Lane Width *p 11’-12' 11’-12' 11’-12' 11’-12' 11’-12' *d 11' 101' or 12’
w/left
11’-12' 10' 16' 12'-20' 0
Designated Bike Lanes? Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N *e N *e N *e N *e N *e
Bike Lane - width
(P)rotected, (B)uffered
87' P 86' B 67.5' *o B 78' B 78' B 85’ w/parking
86’ w/lt turn'
B
7’ or 8' *h
B
0' 0' or 6' *f
B
0' *i 0' 0'
Parking Lane Width None None None None None 8' or None *j 78’ or None *j 10' 8' or None *j 7' None Not Defined
Lane Striping Req'd
(T)ravel, (B)ike, (P)arking
T,B T,B T,B T,B T,B T,B,P T,B/P or T,B None T,P or None None None None
Min. Parkway Width 10' 10' 8' 10' 78' 86' 6' 6.5' 6' 6' *m NA 9'
Min. Sidewalk width * k 7' 6' 6' 6' 5' 5' 5' 4.5' 4.5' 4.5' None None
Left Turn Lanes Req'd? Y Y Y Y N or Y *d N or Y *j N or Y *j N N or Y *j N NA N
Left Turn Lane Width 12' 12' 121' 112' 0' or 12' 0' or 12' 0' or 12' 0' 0' or 10' 0' NA 0'
Traffic Volume Capacity
Page 7-8 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002 Page 7-9
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Page 7-10 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Table 7-2
Loveland (GMA and City Limits) Street Standards - General Parameters
Street Classification: Major Arterial
(4-6 Lanes)
Minor Arterial
(2 Lanes)
Major Collector Minor Collector Local
Com/Ind
Local
Resid
Lane Alley
Functional
Parameters
No. of Dwelling
Units Served
NA NA >300 101-300 NA 21-100 <20 --
Average Daily
Traffic At Build-out
16,001-48,000 7,001-16,000 3,001-7,000 1,001-3,000 201-1,000 201-1,000 Max. 200 Max. 200
Access See Table 7-4Table 7-4 See Table 7-4Table 7-4 1 forward access per
lot (if access cannot be
provided from a lower
classification
Max. 2 per Street
Frontage
No limit No limit No limit No limit
Continuity (see
definitions)
Unlimited Unlimited 2 miles 2640’ Max 660’ Max 660’ Max 660’ Max 660’ Max
Land Use
Requirements
Min. right-of-way 120’ or 140’ 5,11 100’ 80’ 67’ 60’ 50’ 34’ 20’
Min. Utility (Each
Easement Side)
14’ 14’ 14’ 14’ 14’ 14’ 14’ 10’
Geometric
Parameters
Minimum Street
Width (Flowline to
flowline)
80-116’ 4,12 38’-76’ 4 48’ (w/parking)
38’ (no parking)
44’ (w/parking)
36’ (no parking)
34’
(w/parking)
34’
(w/parking)
34’ (w/parking) 28’
(restricted parking7)
20’ (in 20’ ROW8)
Min. Lane Width9 12’ 12’ 12’ 11’ -- - -- --
Turn Lanes Required3 Required3 Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req.
Bicycles 5’-7’ lane 5’-7’ lane2 5’-7’ lane2
12’ lane (when
combined w/ parking)
5’-7’ lane2
11’ lane (when
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002 Page 7-11
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Table 7-3
Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits) Street Standards - Technical Design Criteria
Design Element
Arterial Collector Local Alley
4 or 6 lane 2 lane Major Minor Comm/Industrial Residential
Overall Design Parameters
Design Speed /
Posted Speed
50/40-45 (6)
50/35-45 (4)
50/30-45
40/30-35
40/25-30
30/25
30/25 connector
25/25
15
Stopping Sight Distance 400’ 400’ 275’ 275’ 200’ 200’ 100’
Horizontal Alignment
Minimum centerline radius
(with no super-elevation)
1075’ 1075’ 600’ 600’ 275’ 275’ connector
165’
50’
Maximum super-elevation 0.04 ft/ft 0.04 ft/ft 0.04 ft/ft NA NA NA NA
Minimum tangent between curves or
at intersections 1
200’ 200’ 150’ 100’ 100’ 100’ 20’
Vertical Alignment
Maximum Centerline Grade 5% 5% 6% 8% 8% 8% 8%
Minimum Gutter Flowline Grade 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5%
Minimum
K-values for Vertical
Curves
Crest 110 110 60 60 30 30 connector
20 all others
10
Sag 90 90 60 60 40 40 connector
30 all others
20
Intersection Design
Minimum sight distance at driveways
and intersections
1030’ 1030’ 660’ 660’ 310’ 260’ 210’
Access Management
Without
Raised
Median
With
Raised
Median
Without
Raised
Median
With
Raised
Median
Distance
Page 7-12 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002 Page 7-13
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Table 7-4
Loveland (GMA and City Limits) Street Standards - Technical Design Criteria
Design Element
Arterial Collector Local Lane Alley
4 or 6 lane 2-lane Major Minor Comm/Industrial Residential
Overall Design Parameters
Design Speed /
Posted Speed
50/45
45/40
40/35
30/25
30/25
25/25
20/20
NA
Stopping Sight Distance 400’ 325’ 275’ 200’ 200’ 150’ 125’ 100’
Horizontal Alignment
Minimum centerline radius
(with no super-elevation)
1075’ 825’ 600’ 275’ 275’ 165’ 90’ 50’
Maximum super-elevation 0.04 ft/ft 0.04 ft/ft 0.04 ft/ft NA NA NA NA NA
Minimum tangent between curves
or at intersections 1
200’ 200’ 150’ 100’ 100’ 50’ 0 0
Vertical Alignment
Maximum Centerline Grade 5% 5% 6% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8%
Minimum Gutter Flowline Grade 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5%
Minimum
K-values for
Vertical Curves
Crest 110 80 60 456 456 456 456 456
Sag 90 70 60 40 40’ 30 20 20
Intersection Design
Minimum sight distance at
driveways and intersections
1030’ 830’ 660’ 310’ 310’ 260’ 210’ 210’
Access Management Without
Raised
Median
With
Raised
Median
Without
Raised
Median
With
Raised
Median
Minimum
distance
between
intersections2
Signalized 2640’ 2640’ NA NA NA NA NA NA
Unsignalized
1320’3
660’
1320’3
Chapter 7 – STREET DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 7.4 General Design Elements
Page 7-14 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
c. Broken Back Curves. Two curves in the same direction (broken back curves)
shall be separated by a tangent with a length of at least 2 times the minimum
length shown in Table 7-3Table 7-3 and Table 7-4Table 7-4.
3. Consistent Radii. All curves along a street shall be designed with radii that are
approximately equal. The purpose of this limitation is to provide consistency and
minimize unexpected difficult or quick maneuvers for the driver.
4. Curves with Small Deflection Angles (10° or less). To reduce the appearance of
kinks in the street, minimum lengths of curve shall be designed with minimum arc
lengths as shown in Table 7-5Table 7-5.
Table 7-5
Centerline Arc Lengths
Street
Classification
Minimum
Centerline Arc
Length (ft.)
Arterial 400
Collector 300
Local, Commercial
& Industrial
200
Local, Residential 100
5. Horizontal Curves on Vertical Curves. For driver safety, horizontal curves shall
not begin near the top of a crest vertical curve nor near the bottom of a sag
vertical curve.
6. Transitions for Roadway Shifts or Lane Drops. Refer to requirements for redirect
/approach and bay taper, Figures 8-2 and 8-3.
7. Coefficient of Friction. The coefficient of friction shall conform to the values in
Figure III-1 of the AASHTO “Green Book.”
8. Off-Site Design Centerline, Flowlines and Cross Sections. To assure that future
street improvements will meet these Standards the centerline, flowline, and cross
sections of all streets, except cul-de-sacs, shall be continued for 500 feet beyond
the proposed construction. The grade and ground lines of all Arterials shall be
continued and additional 500 feet for a total of 1000 feet beyond the end of the
proposed construction.
9. Joining Existing Improvements. Connection with existing streets shall be made to
match the existing alignment grade of the existing improvements, in accordance
with horizontal alignment criteria.
10. Street Widening at Turns. See Section 7.6.3
B. Vertical Alignment
1. Maximum and Minimum Grades for Streets. The maximum and minimum grades
for specific street classifications are shown in to Table 7-3Table 7-3 and Table
Chapter 7 – STREET DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 7.4 General Design Elements
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002 Page 7-15
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
7-4Table 7-4. The centerline grade in the bulb of a cul-de-sac shall not exceed 3
percent. For Fort Collins (city limits only), the flowline grade in the bulb of a cul-
de-sac shall be a minimum of 1 percent. Where sidewalks and/ or ramps cross the
flowline ADA requirements shall be met for the flowline grades.
2. Minimum Flowline Grades. Minimum flowline grades for gutters shall be 0.50
percent, except the bulb of cul-de-sacs where the minimum shall be 1.0 percent.
3. Grade Breaks. No single point grade break shall exceed 0.40 percent, except for
the flow line in sag curves where the maximum grade break is 1.0%. In curb
returns, a grade break may be as great as 3.0% for extreme circumstances.., Grade
Breaks, except for those located within curb returns shall be spaced at least 25
feet apart. (25 feet minimum between grade breaks).
4. Requirements for Using Vertical Curves. Vertical curves are required for grade
changes that exceed 1.0 percent. Both centerlines and the curb and gutter
flowlines shall be designed with vertical curves to meet the requirements of
Figures 7-17 and 7-18. A series of grade breaks may be used in lieu of a
specified vertical curve as long as the series of breaks meet the vertical curve
criteria in these Standards for the design speed. K-values for design shall conform
to Table 7-3Table 7-3 or Table 7-4Table 7-4. No grade changes are allowed
at the beginning or end of a vertical curve, the curve information shall be
based on the curve going into or out of the vertical curve. In sag curves on
flow line, the minimum grade requirement shall override the slope within the
vertical curve.
a. Minimum Length Crest and Sag. Figures 7-17 and 7-18 give minimum length
of crest and sag vertical curves for various algebraic differences in grade.
Street designs shall meet or exceed these minimums.
b. Crest Curves. For crest curves, the street centerline, curb, and gutter shall be
designed with vertical curves in accordance with minimum requirements
shown on Figure 7-17. K-values for design shall conform to Table 7-3Table
7-3 and Table 7-4Table 7-4.
c. Sump Sag Curves. For sag curves the street centerline shall be designed with a
vertical curve with minimum length as shown on Figure 7-18. The minimum
flowline grade on a sag curve shall be 0.5 percent. Curb and gutter shall be
constructed with no vertical curve in these areas. The grade into an inlet
located in a sump shall have a .5 percent grade into and out of the inlet. The
inlet(s) themselves in these situations do not need to meet the minimum
flowline grades.
5. Joining Existing Improvements. Connection with existing streets shall be made to
match the existing grade of the existing improvements, in accordance with
vertical alignment criteria. (Grade breaks shall not exceed allowable.)
6. Vertical Clearance. Vertical clearance above a roadway is a minimum of 13.5 feet.
7. Intersection Approach Grades. Intersection approach grades are discussed in
Chapter 8, Intersections.
Chapter 7 – STREET DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 7.4 General Design Elements
Page 7-16 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
8. Off-Site Continuance of Grade and Ground Lines. To assure that future street
improvements will meet these Standards the centerline and flowline profiles, the
grade and ground lines of all local and collector streets, except cul-de-sacs, shall
be continued for 500 feet beyond the proposed construction. The centerline and
flowline profiles, the grade and ground lines of all Arterials shall be continued
1000 feet beyond the end of the proposed construction.
C. Sight Distance
Sight distance is the distance necessary for a vehicle operator to perform expected
functions and be able to do so without causing a hazard for the driver or other vehicle
operators for the specific design speed of the street. Vehicles shall perform moves
without causing other vehicles to slow from the average running speed. In no case
shall the distance be less than the stopping sight distance. This includes visibility at
intersections and driveways as well as around curves and roadside encroachments.
1. Stopping Sight Distance for Vehicle Crest Curves. Stopping sight distance is
calculated As follows:
Object height is 6 inches above road surface and viewer’s height is 3.50 feet
above road surface.
2. Stopping Sight Distance on Horizontal Curves. Where an object off the pavement
restricts sight distance, the minimum radius of curvature is determined by the
stopping sight distance (see Figures 7-15.1and 7-15.2). In no case shall the
stopping sight distance be less than as specified in Table 7-3Table 7-3 or Table
7-4Table 7-4. The sight distance design procedure shall assume a 6-foot high
fence (as measured from actual finished grade) exists at all property lines except
in the sight-distance easements that may be required to preserve the needed sight
distance.
Stopping sight distance on horizontal curves is based upon lateral clearance from
the inner edge of pavement to sight obstruction, for various radii of inner edge of
pavement and design speeds. The position of the driver’s eye and the object
sighted shall be assumed to be 6 ft. from the inner edge of pavement, with the
sight distance being measured along this arc. Stopping sight distances are given in
Table 7-6Table 7-6.
Table 7-6
Stopping and Passing Sight Distance
Design Speed
(Mph)
Stopping Sight
Distance (feet)
Passing Sight
Distance (feet)
20 125 800
25 150 1000
30 200 1100
35 250 1300
40 275 1500
45 325 1650
50 400 1800
Chapter 7 – STREET DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 7.4 General Design Elements
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002 Page 7-17
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
From AASHTO “Green Book” Table III-1, Table III-5 and Table VII-3
(For Intersection and Driveway Sight- Distance, see Figure 7-16.)
3. Passing Sight Distance (Rural Applications Only). Two-lane roads shall provide
adequate passing zones. Required passing sight distance for given design speeds
is given in Table 7-6Table 7-6. Passing zones are to be provided on 2 lane roads,
which may be classified as 4 and 6 lane Arterials and occasionally on 2-lane
Arterials and Major Collectors.
4. Corner Sight Distance. The corner sight distance provides for vehicles to enter
traffic and accelerate to the average running speed. Corner sight distance shall be
measured as shown in Figure 7-16.
5. Sight Distance Triangles and Easements. All sight-distance easements must be
shown on the street plan/profile plans. All sight distances must be within the
public right-of-way or a sight distance easement. If the line of sight crosses onto
private property, a “Sight Distance Easement” shall be dedicated to provide the
required sight distance. The easement or right-of-way shall be dedicated to the
Local Entity, however, maintenance shall be noted on the final plat as the
responsibility of a private entity such as the property owner or the home owners
association.
6. Sight Obstructions. Any object within the sight distance easement more than 30
inches above the flowline elevation of the adjacent street shall constitute a sight
obstruction, and shall be removed or lowered. Such objects include but are not
limited to berms, buildings, parked vehicles on private property, cut slopes,
hedges, trees, bushes, utility cabinets or tall crops.
Mailbox clusters must be installed a minimum of 2 feet from back of walk and not
cause any sight obstruction. Mailboxes must not pose a fixed object hazard for
vehicles and pedestrians. Since parked vehicles are under the control of the Local
Entity, parked vehicles shall not be considered an obstruction for design purposes.
The city may limit parking to protect visibility. The sight distance shall be
measured to the centerline of the closest through-lane in both directions.
In no case shall any permanent object encroach into the line-of-sight of any part
of the sight-distance triangle. Street trees required by the Local Entity are
excepted from this requirement. Trees are permitted if pruned up to 8 feet.
7. Sight Distance (City of Loveland and Loveland GMA only). In addition to the
sight distance triangle requirements, a clear space zone is required within all curb
returns (measured from point of curb return to point of curb return) where no trees,
shrubs, aesthetic structures/features, monument signs, or objects that have the
potential to hinder driver visibility, and/or pedestrian and bicycle safety, are
allowed. See Figure 7-34L.
D. Interim Pavement Edge
7. In situations where curb and gutter are not installed along the roadway edge
and/or in situations where the full street widening in accordance with the Street
Chapter 7 – STREET DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 7.4 General Design Elements
Page 7-18 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Classification is not being constructed an asphalt shoulder shall be provided that is
the same width as existed prior to construction or 4 feet, whichever is greater. A
minimum 2 foot gravel shoulder shall be provided beyond the edge of asphalt.
7.4.2 Cross Slope
Cross slope on a pavement is provided to drain water from the street surface. The design
of cross slope shall consider driver comfort and safety.
A. Minimum Cross Slope
A minimum cross slope on all streets shall be 2.0 percent. Minimum cross slope on
reconstruction or overlays is 1.5 percent.
B. Maximum Allowable Cross Slope
Maximum allowable cross slope on all new construction shall be 3 percent.
Maximum allowable Cross Slope on any reconstruction or overlays of existing
roadways shall be 4 percent.
C. Cross Slope for Street Modifications
When widening an existing street or adding turn lanes to an existing street, the
resulting cross slope of the widened portion shall be within the limits stated above
and the new Cross Slope shall be no less than the existing cross slope.
However, if the cross slope of the existing street exceeds the Standards then new curb
and gutter shall be designed such that the existing pavement, when overlaid, will
result in a straight line cross slope grade that meets these Standards. Alternatively, the
existing pavement may be removed and reprofiled to comply with these Standards.
D. Cross Slope for Cul-de-Sacs
Refer to Figure 7-19 for cul-de-sac bulb cross slopes.
7.4.3 Superelevation on Horizontal Curves
The purpose of superelevating a roadway is to maintain the riding comfort on smaller
than standard curves. Superelevation may only be used when other means of design will
not work. The following criteria shall be followed:
A. Where Superelevation Is Permitted
Superelevation may be allowed for curves on Arterial and Major Collector streets in
order to reduce the minimum centerline radius. In no case shall superelevation exceed
4.0 percent cross slope. As specified in Table 7-3Table 7-3 or Table 7-4Table 7-4,
superelevation shall not be used to reduce minimum radii on Local or Minor
Collector Streets.
B. Run-Out
When superelevation is used, a minimum 100-foot run-out shall be used entering and
exiting the superelevated portion.
Chapter 7 – STREET DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 7.5 Medians
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002 Page 7-19
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
C. Drainage
Where the superelevation is used, the gutter shall always be an inflow type. The water
must enter a storm sewer system or other acceptable outlet from the street rather than
crossing the street in sheet flow or in crosspans.
7.4.4 Design Speed
Each roadway classification has a specific design speed. See Table 7-3Table 7-3 or
Table 7-4Table 7-4.
7.4.5 Curb Return Radii
The required curb return radii are defined in Table 8-1 or Table 8-2, unless otherwise
approved or required by the Local Entity Engineer.
7.4.6 Streetscape Design
For all street landscaping standards, including median and parkway sections within the
Fort Collins (city limits only), see Appendix C, City of Fort Collins Streetscape Design
Standards and Guidelines.
7.5 MEDIANS
7.5.1 Medians
A. General Requirements
General criteria for medians are specified on Figures 7-1 through 7-13. In Loveland
(GMA and city limits) painted or raised medians are required on all Arterial Streets.
In Fort Collins (GMA and city limits) raised medians are required on all 4-Lane and
6-Lane Arterial Streets. Other medians may be required by the Local Entity Engineer
for specific circumstances to control traffic. Medians requested by Developers may be
approved as long as additional rights-of-way are dedicated and all maintenance shall
be done by viable private parties.
1. Refer to Construction Drawings 704, 705, and 801 for design and construction
details on medians.
2. The minimum width of any raised median shall be 4 feet wide. See Construction
Drawing 801.
3. Raised center medians shall have an 8 inch high curb measured from the
pavement surface (Loveland City Limits and Loveland GMA only).
B. Turn Lane and Access
The design of medians shall include the evaluation for needed turn lanes and accesses.
For the minimum requirements of turn lanes, refer to Chapter 8, Intersections.
C. Drainage
Landscaped medians shall be provided with drainage facilities to handle sprinkler
runoff and nuisance flows. Sprinklers shall be designed to prevent spray onto the
Chapter 7 – STREET DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 7.6 Non-Connective Street Alignments
Page 7-20 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
pavement surface. Refer to Local Entity requirements for specific median landscape
design in Appendix C. A properly designed drain system shall be required.
D. Curb and Gutter
If gutters are not needed to handle drainage referenced above, medians may be
constructed with a curb glued to the pavement surface a barrier curb or with outfall
curb and gutters.
E. Nose
Use vehicle tracking templates to determine the position of the median nose so that
vehicles do not track onto the median. Refer to Construction Drawing703.
The minimum radius for nose curbs shall be 2 feet to flowline. See Construction
Drawing801.
F. Paving
All non-landscaped areas of medians shall be paved with stamped concrete, colored
brick pavers, concrete, or exposed aggregate concrete in accordance with streetscape
standards of the Local Entity. Standard width medians shall be designed in
accordance with streetscape standards for the Local Entity.
G. Transitions
The ends of medians shall transition into turn lanes with a minimum radius of 100
feet. A change of directions must be accomplished with the use of radii. Angle points
shall not be allowed.
H. Objects
No permanent structures, including light poles, fire hydrants, trees, etc., shall be
placed within 5 feet of the travel lane or in any location that would obstruct sight
distance except for structures as approved in these Standards. If a median streetlight is
placed within 5 feet of the travel lane, the light must be a breakaway model.
7.6 NON-CONNECTIVE STREET ALIGNMENTS
7.6.1 Cul-de-Sacs
Cul-de-sacs shall be used only where necessary.
A. Permitted Locations
Cul-de-sacs are permitted only on Local Streets in conformance with Figures 7-19
and7-21. In Loveland (GMA and city limits) cul-de-sacs may conform to Figure 7-
22L.
B. Maximum Length
The cul-de-sac shall have a maximum length of 660 feet, (400 feet in Loveland (city
limits only)). If commercial sites or residences install fire sprinkler systems, the Local
Entity may increase this length to 1,000 feet, or to 1,320 in Fort Collins (city limits
only) in accordance with Local Entity Fire Standards.
Chapter 7 – STREET DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 7.6 Non-Connective Street Alignments
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002 Page 7-21
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
C. Secondary Access in Loveland (GMA and City Limits)
Any cul-de-sac that does not meet the requirements of Section 7.6.1 B shall be
provided with a secondary access road per Section 7.8.
D. Minimum Radius
The cul-de-sac shall have a minimum flowline radius per Figures 7-21.
E. Minimum Parking
A minimum of one parking space must be provided for each residence. All parking
areas outside of the right-of-way shall have the appropriate easements and shall be
maintained by private entities. Refer to Chapter 19, Parking.
7.6.2 Eyebrows
A. Permitted Locations
Eyebrows shall be permitted only on Local Streets that intersect Local Streets in
conformance with Figure 7-23.
B. Spacing Requirements
The location of the Eyebrow shall be in conformance with spacing requirements in
Chapter 9, Access Requirements and Criteria.
C. Permitted Lengths
Eyebrows shall be a minimum of 25 feet in length and a maximum of 100 feet
measured along the flowline.
7.6.3 Turns
When a roadway width is less than 36 feet wide and the centerline radius is less than
requirements of Table 7-3Table 7-3 or Table 7-4Table 7-4, requirements of Figure 7-24
shall be met for turns. No other widening (Knuckles) are permitted.
7.6.4 Dead-End Streets.
A. Permanent Dead-End Streets
New permanent dead-end streets are prohibited.
B. Temporary Dead-End Streets
Temporary dead-end streets will be permitted only on streets that have no direct
access from adjoining property. Additionally, a temporary dead-end street shall be
planned to extend into neighboring property during a later development phase or
project. The road must be fully constructed to the property line, except in Loveland
(GMA and city limits) where the length must exceed 150’ before the temporary
turnaround would be required).
1. Signage. Signage for temporary, dead-end Roadways shall be in accordance with
Chapter 14, Traffic Control Devices.
Chapter 7 – STREET DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 7.7 Drainage Systems
Page 7-22 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
C. Temporary Turnarounds
At locations where a street will be temporarily terminated with access provided from
the street and the street is planned to be extended with future development, a
temporary turnaround shall be constructed. The turnaround shall have a minimum
radius of 50 feet to the edge of the completed dead-end street. Refer to Figure 7-26
No curb and gutter is required on temporary turnarounds.
D. Temporary Turnaround Easements
All temporary turnarounds shall be constructed within an access Easement. The
Easement may be vacated by the Local Entity when the Easement is no longer
necessary. Application for vacation of the easement must be initiated and paid for by
the Developer or property owner.
7.7 DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
7.7.1 Drainage
Drainage system design shall be in accordance with current Local Entity storm drainage
requirements.
7.7.2 Grading in Right-of-way
A. Slopes
The maximum slopes for all areas within the Right of Way or outside of the right of
way that can affect the public improvements, shall be 4:1 unless designed with
retaining walls. Any slopes proposed to exceed 4:1 must be proven to be stable and
must be approved by the Local Entity Engineer. In general, retaining walls are
discouraged and not allowed within the right-of-way. Refer to Chapter 11,
Structures for design requirements. The minimum slopes in non-roadway areas shall
be 2 percent unless otherwise allowed by the Local Entity Engineer. All areas shall be
seeded or stabilized in accordance with these Standards or the requirements of the
Local Entity Storm Water Utility, whichever is more conservative.
B. Off-site Fill Material
Any material from an off site location to be used in rights-of-way or areas within the
influence area of the right-of-way must be tested and discussed within the Soils
Investigation Studies. Refer to Chapter 5, Soils Investigation for specific
requirements.
7.7.3 Subdrains
A. Controlling Groundwater
Subdrains used for the purpose of controlling groundwater on private property may be
constructed within public right-of-way if certain criteria are met. The system shall be
private and must be maintained by viable private parties and approved with an
Encroachment Permit if applicable. Refer to Chapter 12, Utility Locations, for
Chapter 7 – STREET DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 7.7 Drainage Systems
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002 Page 7-23
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
allowable locations within the right-of-way. Refer to Chapter 5, Soils Investigations
for information on design criteria.
B. Protecting Right-of-way Improvements
Subdrains constructed for the purpose of protecting public right-of-way
improvements may be installed only if other means are not possible. The Local Entity
shall own and maintain these systems.
In Loveland (GMA and city limits) and Fort Collins (GMA only), all subdrain
systems must be owned and maintained by a private party other than the Local
Entity.)
C. Design Criteria
1. All subdrains covered by these Standards shall be designed to meet the following
criteria:
a. Positive Outfall: Demonstrate that subdrain has positive outfall for gravity
drainage; prevent surcharging of subdrain.
b. Adequate Engineering: Demonstrate that the system has been designed in
consideration of site-specific groundwater conditions, soil properties,
topography, and layout of proposed development. Address maintenance
aspects of recommended design.
c. Sanitary Sewer Kept Dry (minimize infiltration): Demonstrate that the
subdrain system maintains adequate flow capacity under peak hydraulic
loading rates to keep groundwater below the invert of the sanitary sewer.
d. No Offsite Transport: Show that the system will neither receive groundwater
inflow from additional upstream developments, nor transfer collected
groundwater to downstream developments.
e. Water Rights: The system shall be shown to create no injury to existing water
rights or others on their property in the project vicinity.
f. One Year Monitoring After Construction: The system shall incorporate
provisions to allow monitoring of groundwater levels to confirm that it is
functioning as designed.
g. Design for Seasonal High Water: The system shall be designed in
consideration of seasonal high groundwater levels anticipated at the project
site.
h. Groundwater Barriers: The system shall be designed such that clay cutoff
walls are provided at boundaries of the development to preclude hydraulic
communication with offsite utility trenches either upstream or downstream.
i. Filter Fabric: The utility trench shall be lined with a filter fabric specifically
selected in consideration of on-site soil conditions in order to minimize the
invasion of fine soil particles into the bedding gravel.
j. Pipe Diameter: 8 inches minimum for mains; 3 inches minimum for laterals
(pipe diameter shall be different from the sewer lateral).
Chapter 7 – STREET DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 7.7 Drainage Systems
Page 7-24 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
D. Subdrain Placement and Cleanouts
Construction Drawings 713.1F, 713.1L, 713.2F, and 713.2L show general
requirements for subdrain placement, location of cleanouts and service.)
7.7.4 Sidewalk Culvert (Chases)
Storm water from concentrated points of discharge shall not be allowed to flow over
sidewalks, but shall drain to the roadway by use of a sidewalk culvert or other methods
approved by the Local Entity Engineer.
A sidewalk culvert shall not be located within a curb ramp, curb cut, or driveway.
Sidewalk culverts shall only be allowed in special situations, on a case-by-case basis, as
determined by the Local Entity Engineer. Sidewalk chase sections shall be constructed in
accordance with Construction Drawing709.
7.7.5 Crosspans
A. Basic Requirements
Crosspans for passing storm drainage flow across roadways shall be constructed in
accordance with the Construction Drawings 708 and 710. The pans shall be a
minimum of 6 feet wide with 7/8-inch typical catch. Mid-block crosspans shall be a
minimum of 12 feet wide with 1-3/4 inches typical depth. Greater widths may be
required by the Local Entity Engineer.
B. Dimensions and Depth
Crosspans shall be a minimum width of 6 feet and a 7/8-inch typical catch adjacent to
residential streets. Crosspans adjacent to Collector streets shall be 8 feet wide with a
typical depth of 1-1/8 inches and crosspans adjacent to an Arterial shall be 10 feet
wide with a typical depth of 1-1/2 inches. Refer to Construction Drawing 708.
C. Prohibited on Arterial and Collector Streets
No crosspans are allowed to cross Arterial streets. No crosspans are allowed to cross
Collector streets in Fort Collins (GMA and city limits).
D. Minimum Grade
Minimum grade on crosspans at flowline of pan shall be 0.5 percent.
E. Crosspan Transitions
The following criteria shall be followed for crosspan approaches:
1. Design Speeds. Pavement transition from standard crown to crosspan shall be
designed using the appropriate design speeds as given in Table 7-3Table 7-3 and
Table 7-4Table 7-4.
2. Intersections. Transitions from standard crown to crosspan at intersections shall
be designed in accordance with Figures 7-27 and 7-28. Details shall be prepared
to show the elevations in the locations shown on Figures 7-27 and 7-28.
3. Pavement Material. In asphalt paved streets, approaches to crosspans shall be
constructed with full depth asphalt wedges per Construction Drawing 710.
Chapter 7 – STREET DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 7.7 Drainage Systems
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002 Page 7-25
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
F. Monolithic Paving
If pavement is concrete, any drainage conveyance, such as crosspans, may be poured
monolithically with the main line paving process.
7.7.6 Sidewalks, Curb and Gutter
A. Sidewalks
1. Typical Cross-Sections. Roadway typical sections that include sidewalks shall be
as specified in this chapter. The typical cross-sections are summarized in Figures
7-1F through 7-13F and 7-1L through 7-11L and Construction Drawing 1601
and 1602.
2. Other Sidewalk Requirements. Refer to Chapter 16, Pedestrian Facilities, for
specific sidewalk requirements.
B. Curb and Gutter
Tables 7-1 and 7-2 and Figures 7-1 through 7-13 or the type of curb and gutter to
be used for the various street classifications.
1. Drive-Over Curbs. Drive-over combination curb, gutter, and walk is permitted as
indicated on Tables 7-1 and 7-2 and as indicated in the referenced Figures, on
Local Roadways only.
2. Median Islands. All median islands shall be designed with curb and gutter as
shown in Construction Drawing 703, 704 and 705. For median island standards,
see Section 7.5.
3. Vertical Curb and Gutter (Type II). The vertical curb or curb and gutter section
shall be in accordance with Construction Drawing 701. In Fort Collins (GMA
and city limits), all new streets shall be constructed using vertical curb and gutter
except for the Residential Local Street and Alley where Drive-Over curb and
gutter may be used.
7.7.7 Inlets
Inlets located in a sidewalk shall be integrated with sidewalks. The inlet access shall be
flush with the sidewalk surface. No manholes, inlets, or other storm sewer facilities are
allowed within curb ramps. Refer to the appropriate Local Entity requirements for sizing
of inlets. Inlets are not allowed in the curb return, but shall be located at or behind the
tangent points of the curb returns.
7.7.8 Waterway Crossings
All waterway crossings beneath and/or within the public right-of-way shall be designed
to minimize maintenance requirements. For irrigation structures, the minimization of
silting within the structure must be addressed. The design shall maintain or increase the
water velocity through the structure to minimize silting or provide other design elements
to address this issue.
Chapter 7 – STREET DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 7.8 Emergency Access Requirements
Page 7-26 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
7.7.9 Rural Roadside Ditches
Any rural or interim roadway sections developed without curbs (and with roadside
drainage ditches) must complete the ditch construction with the installation of sod or
other approved erosion control blanket within the ditch area. The profile grade of the
ditch shall be maintained at a minimum slope of one (1) percent and a maximum slope of
five (5) percent. The side slopes of the ditches outside of the Right of Way shall be a
minimum of 4:1 and meet any specific criteria of the Local Entity Storm Water Utility.
Flatter slopes may be considered when a paved invert is designed for the ditch bottom.
A. Slope
The slope and capacity of any roadside ditches shall be maintained in any areas that
driveways cross the ditch. Each site is required to provide a HDPE or concrete pipe, a
minimum of fifteen (15) inches in diameter, calculated to meet capacity and strength
requirements of the Storm Water Utility. The pipe shall be designed to have no less
than twelve (12) inches of cover over the pipe. All portions of the driveway within the
Right of Way shall be paved with concrete or asphalt.
B. Maintenance
All driveway improvements within the right-of-way including piping, ditches, curb
and gutter, and sidewalk are the responsibility of the adjoining property owner. The
Local Entity will not provide maintenance of these items.
7.8 EMERGENCY ACCESS REQUIREMENTS
Any emergency access not on public streets shall be provided in accordance with the Emergency
Access Section in the City of Fort Collins Land Use Code or in accordance with the requirements
of the Loveland Fire Marshall.
7.8.1 Slope
The slope of the fire lanes shall be a minimum of 0.5 percent and a maximum of 8
percent.
7.8.2 Cross Slope
The Cross Slope of the fire lanes shall be minimum of 1.0 percent and a maximum of 4.0
percent.
7.8.3 Lane Width
The lane width shall be a minimum of 20 feet from the edge of the roadway to edge of
the roadway and shall be in an access Easement. The access Easement shall have a
minimum width of 20 feet. The lane widths may be required to be increased through
horizontal curves to accommodate fire truck passage.
7.8.4 Vertical Clearance
There shall be a minimum of 13.5 feet of vertical clearance over the entire fire lane.
Chapter 7 – STREET DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 7.9 Bus Stops
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002 Page 7-27
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
7.8.5 Barricade
The fire lane may have an approved barricade, but it must be approved by the Local
Entity Fire Department.
7.8.6 Roadway Surface
The surface of the roadway must be a paved surface complying with Local Street
pavement thickness requirements, unless approved otherwise by the Local Entity
Engineer.
7.8.7 Maintenance
All access roadways shall be maintained and kept clear for emergency use at all times.
7.9 BUS STOPS
7.9.1 General
The following minimum design criteria for the construction of bus stops. The Local
Entity Engineer may vary any of the following requirements as deemed appropriate for
the site and its particular situation. The Designer shall propose and the Local Entity
Engineer will approve the exact location of the bus stop in a proposed development. All
bus bay locations shall be coordinated with the Local Entity Engineer.
7.9.2 Bus Lane Width
Bus bays should be at least 10 feet wide.
7.9.3 Bus Stops
All bus stop locations shall be constructed with concrete pavement in accordance with
Chapter 22, Construction Specifications and Bus Stop Design Standards and
Guildelines.
A. Approach Leg (Near-side) Minimum Criteria
Bus stops on the approach leg of an intersection (near-side) should be at least 55 feet
back from the pedestrian crosswalk at the intersection or at least 50 feet back from the
intersection curb return (point of curvature, P.C.), plus 50 feet long for a single bus. If
on-street parking is present, an additional 50 feet minimum shall be provided behind
the bus stop for the bus to transition to the stop. See Figure 5 of the Bus Stop Design
Standards and Guidelines for more information.
Bus stops on the approach leg of an intersection should be at least 50 feet long for a
single bus, plus a 60 to 80-foot transition distance kept clear approaching the stop, in
accordance with Construction Drawing 711.
B. Departure Leg (Far-side) Minimum Criteria
Bus stops on the departure leg of an intersection (far-side) should provide at least a
50-foot long loading area for a single bus, measured at least 5 feet from the pedestrian
crosswalk or measured from the intersection curb return (point of curvature, P.C.).. If
on-street parking is present, an additional 50 feet minimum shall be provided behind
Chapter 7 – STREET DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 7.10 Improvement of Annexed Streets
Page 7-28 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted October 1, 2002
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
the bus stop for the bus to transition back into traffic. See Figure 5 of the Bus Stop
Design Standards and Guidelines for more information.
Bus stops on the departure leg of an intersection should provide a 50-foot long
loading area plus 40 to 60 feet of transition distance in accordance with
Construction Drawing 711.
C. Mid-Block
Mid-block stops shall be designed with entrance and exit designed for the posted
speed limit in accordance with the transition criteria in Construction Drawing 711.
For example, impacted area for a single bus stop ranges from about 150 to 200 feet,
yielding a minimum of a 400 to 600-foot block for application.
7.9.4 Bus Bays
All bus pullouts and bays shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the
requirements in Construction Drawing 711.
7.9.5 Bus Shelters
For access and design guidelines for bus shelters, refer to Chapter 16, Pedestrian
Facilities.
7.9.6 Bus Pullout Lanes
Bus pullouts shall be constructed with no less than 50 feet between an intersection curb
return (point of curvature, P.C.) and the beginning of the lead in taper. Bus pullouts for
higher speed limits shall be as shown in Construction Drawing 711.
7.10 IMPROVEMENT OF ANNEXED STREETS
For improvement of annexed streets in Fort Collins (city limits only), See Appendix “H”.
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 8-i
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
CHAPTER 8 – INTERSECTIONS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Title Page
8.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 8-1
8.1.1 Intersections as Conflict Locations ............................................................................................. 8-1
A. Basic Intersection Design ....................................................................................................... 8-1
8.2 Intersection Design Criteria ...................................................................................... 8-1
8.2.1 Location of Intersections ............................................................................................................. 8-1
8.2.2 Lane Alignment ............................................................................................................................ 8-1
8.2.3 Angle of Intersection .................................................................................................................... 8-1
8.2.4 Horizontal Alignment and Vertical Profile ............................................................................... 8-1
A. Horizontal ............................................................................................................................... 8-1
B. Vertical ................................................................................................................................... 8-2
C. Prevailing Street Grade ........................................................................................................... 8-2
8.2.5 Exclusive Left Turn Lanes .......................................................................................................... 8-2
A. Warrants for Signalized Intersections ..................................................................................... 8-2
B. Warrants for Unsignalized Intersections ................................................................................. 8-2
C. Design Criteria ........................................................................................................................ 8-2
8.2.6 Exclusive Right Turn Lanes ........................................................................................................ 8-3
A. Warrants for Right Turn Lanes ............................................................................................... 8-3
B. Design Criteria ........................................................................................................................ 8-3
C. Pedestrian Refuge ................................................................................................................... 8-3
8.2.7 Acceleration/Deceleration Lanes ................................................................................................ 8-3
A. Deceleration ............................................................................................................................ 8-3
B. Acceleration ............................................................................................................................ 8-3
8.2.8 Design Vehicles............................................................................................................................. 8-3
A. SU-30 (Single Unit Truck) ..................................................................................................... 8-4
B. B-40 (Bus) .............................................................................................................................. 8-4
C. WB-50 (Large Semitrailer) ..................................................................................................... 8-4
D. WB-67 (Large Semitrailer). .................................................................................................... 8-4
E. Other Vehicles. ....................................................................................................................... 8-4
8.2.9 Curb Returns ............................................................................................................................... 8-4
A. Curb Return Radii ................................................................................................................... 8-4
B. Curb Return Grades ................................................................................................................ 8-5
8.2.10 Traffic Islands. ............................................................................................................................. 8-5
A. Corner Islands Separating Right Turns ................................................................................... 8-5
B. Median Islands Separating Opposing Traffic ......................................................................... 8-5
C. Median Islands on Minor Arterials, Collectors, or Local Streets ........................................... 8-6
D. Splitter Islands on Roundabouts ............................................................................................. 8-7
8.2.11 Traffic Signals, Striping and Signing ......................................................................................... 8-7
8.2.12 Access Ramps ............................................................................................................................... 8-7
8.2.13 Right-of-way ................................................................................................................................. 8-7
A. Requirements .......................................................................................................................... 8-7
B. Roundabouts ........................................................................................................................... 8-7
8.2.14 Intersection Sight Distance ......................................................................................................... 8-7
A. Minimum Requirements ......................................................................................................... 8-7
B. Landscaping and Hardscaping ................................................................................................ 8-7
8.2.15 Channelization ............................................................................................................................. 8-7
A. Intent of Channelization ......................................................................................................... 8-8
B. Specific Channelization Requirements ................................................................................... 8-8
8.2.16 Roadway Narrowing .................................................................................................................... 8-8
ATTACHMENT 5
Page 8-ii Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
8.2.17 Roundabouts ................................................................................................................................ 8-8
8.2.18 Bike Lanes at Intersections ......................................................................................................... 8-9
8.2.19 Pedestrian Requirements ............................................................................................................ 8-9
8.2.20 Drainage ....................................................................................................................................... 8-9
8.2.21 Pavement Requirements for Arterial/Arterial Intersections ................................................... 8-9
8.2.22 Intersection Lighting ................................................................................................................... 8-9
8.2.23 Intersection Control .................................................................................................................... 8-9
LIST OF TABLES
Table 8-1 Minimum Curb Return Radii - Loveland (GMA and City Limits) ........................................................... 8-5
Table 8-2 Curb Return Radii - Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits) ....................................................................... 8-5
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures are Located at End of Chapter
Figure 8-1 Vol. Warrants for Left Turn Lanes at Unsignalized Intersection
Figure 8-2 Guidelines for Design of Left Turn Lanes
Figure 8-3 Guidelines for Design Tapers for Left Turn Lanes
Figure 8-4 Traffic Vol. Guidelines for Design Right Turn Lanes
Figure 8-5 Guidelines for Design Lengths of Right Turn Lanes
Figure 8-6 Left Turn Lane Deceleration
Figure 8-7 Commercial High Traffic Volume Driveway
Figure 8-8 Reserved
Figure 8-9 Reserved
Figure 8-10 Exclusive Left Turn
Figure 8-11 Turn Lane Design Criteria
Figure 8-12 Right-of-Way Requirements at Intersection
Figure 8-13 Splitter Island for Mini Roundabouts
Figure 8-14 Mini Roundabout
Figure 8-15 Mini Roundabout Cross Section
Figure 8-16L Arterial Intersection Right-of-Way Requirements – Loveland (GMA and City Limits)
Figure 8-17 Intersection Grades
Figure 8-18 Right Turn Lane to a Continuous Lane with Pedestrian Refuge
Figure 8-19 Pedestrian Refuge Island/Right Turn Lane
Figure 8-20 Required Spot Elevations for Curb Returns
Figure 8-21 Typical Roundabout
Chapter 8 – INTERSECTIONS
Section 8.1 General
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 8-1
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
a)CHAPTER 8 – INTERSECTIONS
b)8.1 GENERAL
Intersections shall be designed to provide for the safety of motorists, pedestrians, and bicyclists.
This chapter is based on criteria from the Institute of Transportation Engineers Traffic
Engineering Handbook and AASHTO’s A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and
Streets.
c)8.1.1 Intersections as Conflict Locations
By their nature, intersections are conflict locations. Vehicles, pedestrians, and bicycles all
cross paths. Each crossing is a conflict point. Intersections contain many conflict points.
d)A. Basic Intersection Design
The basic design of intersections includes the following objectives:
e)1. Minimize points of conflict;
f)2. Simplify areas of conflict;
g)3. Limit conflict frequency; and
h)4. Limit conflict severity.
These objectives can be achieved using the design elements presented below.
i)8.2 INTERSECTION DESIGN CRITERIA
j)8.2.1 Location of Intersections
For intersection location criteria, refer to Chapter 9, Access Requirements and Criteria,
the current Master Street plan for each Local Entity and street layout criteria for the Local
Entity.
k)8.2.2 Lane Alignment
All lanes shall be in general alignment through each intersection, however a maximum 2-
foot shift is allowed across an intersection without a variance approval by the Local
Entity Engineer.All lanes shall be in alignment through each intersection, with a
maximum of a 2-foot shift in a hardship situation only, subject to approval by the Local
Entity Engineer.
l)8.2.3 Angle of Intersection
New Ccrossing roadways should intersect at 90 degrees whenever possible. In no case
shall they intersect at less than 80 degrees or more than 100 degrees.
m)8.2.4 Horizontal Alignment and Vertical Profile
n)A. Horizontal
The horizontal alignment of streets through an intersection shall be designed in
conformance with Tables 7-3 and 7-4. Intersections may be placed on horizontal
Chapter 8 – INTERSECTIONS
Section 8.2 Intersection Design Criteria
Page 8-2 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
curves, provided that the tangent lengths given in Tables 7-3 and 7-4 are provided on
the minor street and the required sight distance is met.
o)B. Vertical
The street profile grade shall not exceed 4 percent on the approach to the intersection,
as measured along the centerline of the street for a minimum distance equal to the
tangent length for the street classification. The profile grade within the intersection
streets shall not exceed 3 percent as shown on Figure 8-17.
p)C. Prevailing Street Grade
The grade of the street with the higher classification shall prevail at intersections. The
lesser street shall adapt to the grade of the Major street. Grading of adjacent property
and driveways shall adapt to the street grades. When roads are of equal classification,
the Local Entity Engineer shall determine which street grade prevails.
q)8.2.5 Exclusive Left Turn Lanes
Exclusive left turn lanes shall be provided on all arterial streets and other streets wherever
left turn lanes are specified as needed by an access plan, required by these Standards or
warranted and approved by the Local Entity Engineer. The Designer shall use
information in the TIS to determine whether an exclusive left turn lane is warranted on
non-arterial streets. To determine warrants, the following criteria shall be followed
(modified) from the National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 279
(NCHRP 279):
r)A. Warrants for Signalized Intersections
A separate left turn lane shall be required if one of the following criteria is met:
s)1. The left turn design volume is at least 20 percent of total approach volumes, or
t)2. The left turn design volume exceeds 100 vph in peak periods, or
u)3. The LOS criteria in Chapter 4, Transportation Impact Studies, are not
satisfied without a separate left turn lane.
v)B. Warrants for Unsignalized Intersections
Left turn lanes may be required at approaches to intersections for which the
combination of through, left, and opposing volumes exceeds warrants shown in
Figure 8-1. The Local Entity Engineer will determine which peak hours to consider
in this evaluation.
w)C. Design Criteria
Left turn lanes shall be designed to provide the following functions:
x)1. A means for safe deceleration outside the high speed through lane.
y)2. A storage length long enough for left turning vehicles so that signal
phasing can be optimized and intersection delay minimized.
z)3. A means of separating movements at unsignalized intersections to reduce
left turn impacts on other flows.
The design elements for a left turn lane are as shown in Figure 8-11. The elements
are the approach taper, bay taper, lengths of lanes, width of lanes, and departure taper.
Chapter 8 – INTERSECTIONS
Section 8.2 Intersection Design Criteria
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 8-3
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
For bay taper and approach taper lengths, see Figure 8-2 and Figure 8-3. The
required left turn lane widths shall be as specified in either Table 7-1 or 7-2.
aa)8.2.6 Exclusive Right Turn Lanes
Exclusive right turn lanes shall be provided at locations where they are specified as
needed by an access plan, or where required by the applicable TIS, approved by the Local
Entity Engineer.
bb)A. Warrants for Right Turn Lanes
Figure 8-4 provides guidelines and warrants for whether a right turn lane shall be
provided at intersections or accesses.
cc)B. Design Criteria
Right turn lanes shall be designed to accomplish the following functions:
dd)1. Provide a means of safe deceleration outside the high speed through lane.
ee)2. Provide a separate storage area for right turns to assist in the optimization
of traffic signal phasing.
ff)3. Provide a means of separating right turn movements at stop controlled
intersections.
The design elements, as shown in Figure 8-9, are the approach taper, bay taper,
lengths of lanes, width of lanes, and departure taper. For approach taper lengths, see
Figure 8-5.
gg)C. Pedestrian Refuge
Where Pedestrian refuge is required, design it in accordance with Figure 8-19. If a
right turn lane turns into an exclusive lane that continues, use Figure 8-18.
hh)8.2.7 Acceleration/Deceleration Lanes
For each high volume driveway and major intersection, acceleration/ deceleration lanes
shall be considered. The criteria for the requirements are provided below. The specific
designs for these lanes shall be in accordance with NCHRP 279 (1985 Edition) and this
chapter.
ii)A. Deceleration
Deceleration lane requirements are given in Sections 8.2.5 and 8.2.6 8.2.6 .
jj)B. Acceleration
Refer to NCHRP 279 (1985 Edition) for acceleration lane criteria. Fort Collins (GMA
and city limits) does not generally want acceleration lanes.
kk)8.2.8 Design Vehicles
As a minimum, intersections shall be designed to accommodate the following AASHTO
design vehicles for the specified turns. The minimum allowable intersection turning radii
are as follows in accordance with the AASHTO A Policy on Geometric Design of
Highways and Streets.
Chapter 8 – INTERSECTIONS
Section 8.2 Intersection Design Criteria
Page 8-4 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
ll)A. SU-30 (Single Unit Truck)
All SU-30 vehicles must be able to turn easily from one street to the next and remain
in the correct lane for each roadway. This shall be required for all roadways and
alleys.
mm)B. B-40 (Bus)
All B-40 vehicles may use more than one traffic lane to complete the turn when
turning from the correct lane without crossing into opposing traffic lanes and without
tracking onto the curb at corners. This shall apply to all streets.
nn)C. WB-50 (Large Semitrailer)
All WB-50 vehicles may use more than one traffic lane to complete the turn without
tracking onto the curb at corners. In addition, the vehicle must make the turn in one
forward maneuver not encroaching into opposing traffic lanes. This requirement shall
apply to all Arterial/Arterial, Arterial/Collector, Arterial/Connector, Arterial/Local
Commercial, Arterial/Local Industrial, Collector/Collector, and Collector
intersections at Connectors, Local Commercial, and Industrial streets.
For all other intersections (including mini-roundabouts), the vehicles may use the
entire paved surface of the street to negotiate the turn. The vehicle may have to back
up to complete the turn.
oo)D. WB-67 (Large Semitrailer).
All modern roundabouts and arterial intersections containing raised medians and
channelizing islands shall be designed to accommodate a WB-67 vehicle.
pp)E. Other Vehicles.
For special circumstances other design vehicles may be required by the Local Entity
Engineer.
qq)8.2.9 Curb Returns
rr)A. Curb Return Radii
The corner radii shall meet the following requirements in Table 8-1Table 8-1 or
Table 8-2Table 8-2 unless otherwise approved or required by the Local Entity
Engineer.
Chapter 8 – INTERSECTIONS
Section 8.2 Intersection Design Criteria
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 8-5
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
Table 8-1
Minimum Curb Return Radii -
Loveland (GMA and City Limits)
Local Collector Arterial
Commercial
Driveways,
High Volume
Driveway & Alley
15’ 20’ 20’
Local 20’ 20’ 30’
Collector 20’ 25' 30'
Arterial 30’ 30’ 35’
Table 8-2
Minimum Curb Return Radii -
Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits)
Local Collector Arterial
High Volume
Driveway
15’ 15’ 20’
Alley 5’ 5’ 5’
Local 20’ 20’ 25’
Collector 20’ 20’ 25’
Arterial 25’ 25’ 25’
For curb returns on a State Highway, CDOT’s curb radii requirements shall
supersede these Standards.
ss)B. Curb Return Grades
The minimum desirable grade for flowlines around the curb return should be 1
percent. The minimum allowable grade for flowlines around curb returns shall be 0.5
percent.
tt)8.2.10 Traffic Islands.
The following is a list of different types of traffic islands:
uu)A. Corner Islands Separating Right Turns
Standard corner islands shall be used in 4- or 6-lane Arterial/Arterial intersections to
channelize traffic where required to provide pedestrian refuge or where required by
the Local Entity Engineer. The corner islands shall be designed as raised islands in
accordance with Figures 8-18 or 8-19 for a right turn lane continuing to an exclusive
lane or for a right turn lane stop condition, respectively. The striping shall be in
accordance with the requirements of Chapter 14, Traffic Control Devices.
vv)B. Median Islands Separating Opposing Traffic
Median islands are required at all Arterial/Arterial intersections. If raised medians are
not required by these Standards, the median islands may be raised or painted. The
length of the island shall include the appropriate approach taper, bay taper and length
of lane required by the Standards, or supported by another approved resource
Chapter 8 – INTERSECTIONS
Section 8.2 Intersection Design Criteria
Page 8-6 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
standard. The design shall be in accordance with Construction Drawing 801 and
Figure 8-11 and as follows:
ww)1. No Obstruction. Medians must not obstruct the minimum left turn radius
for the design vehicle(s).
xx)2. Drainage. Landscaped medians shall include drainage facilities to handle
sprinkler run-off and nuisance flows. When low maintenance landscaping is used
in conjunction with trickle irrigation, drainage requirements may be waived and
outfall curb and gutter should be used.
In Fort Collins (GMA and city limits), use barrier curb in accordance with
Construction Drawing 703. Otherwise, inflow curb and storm drainage inlets
and systems shall be provided to carry storm water.
yy)3. Gluedown Curb. Gluedown curb is acceptable for medians when
specifically approved by the Local Entity. In Loveland (GMA and city limits),
the design must provide for 1 foot of clear distance between the face of the curb
and the travel or left turn lane width.
zz)4. Median Islands Required. Median islands are standard on all new 6-lane
and 4-lane Arterial streets. These islands shall be designed to provide pedestrian
refuge. (See Chapter 16, Pedestrian Facilities Design and Technical Criteria,
for design requirements.)
aaa)C. Median Islands on Minor Arterials, Collectors, or Local Streets
Raised medians may be placed in Minor Arterial, Collector, and all Local streets. If
medians are included, they shall be placed in the public right-of-way, and they must
meet the following Standards for design:
bbb)1. No Obstruction. The medians may not obstruct the design vehicle turns.
ccc)2. Visibility. The medians must be placed such that the required visibility in
the intersection is not obstructed.
ddd)3. Undiminished Use. Medians must be placed so they do not diminish the
intersection use.
eee)4. Alignment. Lanes on one side of the intersection must align with the
correct lanes on the opposite side of the intersection. Refer to Section 8.2.2 .
fff)5. Median Maintenance. These medians must be maintained by parties other
than the Local Entity. The maintenance responsibility must be defined on the
Final Development Plan, Plat or Development Agreement.
ggg)6. Public Use. The appropriate Local Entity may use these islands for
roadway signing and may choose to remove the medians if it is deemed necessary
by that Local Entity.
hhh)7. Additional Right-of-way. The Developer shall dedicate all additional
right-of-way necessary to include these medians.
iii)8. Compliance with these Standards. The median design must comply with
all applicable median criteria in these Standards and the streetscape standards of
the Local Entity.
Chapter 8 – INTERSECTIONS
Section 8.2 Intersection Design Criteria
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 8-7
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
jjj)D. Splitter Islands on Roundabouts
In modern roundabout designs, raised splitter islands shall be designed in accordance
with Federal Highway Administration Roundabouts to direct traffic and provide
pedestrian refuge.
kkk)8.2.11 Traffic Signals, Striping and Signing
See Chapter 14, Traffic Control Devices.
lll)8.2.12 Access Ramps
See Chapter 16, Pedestrian Facilities Design and Technical Criteria.
mmm)8.2.13 Right-of-way
nnn)A. Requirements
All intersection rights-of-way and utility easements shall be dedicated as shown in
Figure 8-12 to provide adequate right-of-way to include sidewalks, access ramps, and
utilities. Additional right-of-way may be required at intersections to provide space for
additional left or right turn lanes without reducing the widths of standard required
facilities.
ooo)B. Roundabouts
In Loveland (GMA and city limits), on all Arterials and Major Collectors, additional
right-of-way may be required at intersections in conformance with Figure 8-16L to
accommodate the potential installation of a roundabout in the future.
ppp)8.2.14 Intersection Sight Distance
Street intersections shall be designed so that adequate sight distance is provided along all
streets. The required sight distance shall be determined by the design speed and grades of
the street and the acceleration rate of an average vehicle as prescribed below.
qqq)A. Minimum Requirements
All designs must provide minimum safe stopping sight distance in accordance with
Chapter 7, Street Design and Technical Criteria, and AASHTO. In addition, for
all streets that intersect with Arterial and Collector streets, the sight distance must be
large enough to allow a vehicle to enter the street and accelerate to the average
running speed without interfering with the traffic flow on the Arterial or Collector
street. The design sight distance values to be used are provided in Figure 7-16.
rrr)B. Landscaping and Hardscaping
No landscaping or hardscaping shall be permitted within a corner cut that will block
the line of sight for pedestrian visibility, (not higher than 24 inches).
sss)8.2.15 Channelization
Channelization refers to physical or visual guides used to separate vehicles, bicycles and
pedestrians into particular lanes.
Chapter 8 – INTERSECTIONS
Section 8.2 Intersection Design Criteria
Page 8-8 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
ttt)A. Intent of Channelization
Channelization is intended to:
uuu)1. Prohibit undesirable or wrong way movements.
vvv)2. Define desirable vehicular paths.
www)3. Encourage safe vehicle speeds.
xxx)4. Separate points of conflict wherever possible.
yyy)5. Cause traffic streams to cross at right angles and merge at flat angles.
zzz)6. Facilitate high-priority traffic movements.
aaaa)7. Facilitate traffic control scheme.
bbbb)8. Remove decelerating, stopped, or slow vehicles from high-speed through-
traffic streams.
cccc)9. Provide safe crossings for pedestrians/bicycles.
dddd)10. Provide safe refuge for pedestrians.
eeee)B. Specific Channelization Requirements
Channelization shall be required at locations where it is necessary for safety or to
protect the operation of the major street. Examples include:
ffff)1. Providing raised medians in all Arterials where left turns are prohibited.
gggg)2. Providing exclusive turning lanes, with appropriate striping as shown in
Figures 8-18 and 8-19.
hhhh)3. Providing travel lanes, with widths as specified in the standard street cross
sections. See Figures 7-1F through 7-13F or 7-1L through 7-11L.
iiii)4. Raised islands must be large enough to be visible to vehicle drivers.
Therefore, no single island, including pedestrian paths and/or pedestrian refuge,
shall be smaller than 100 square feet.
jjjj)8.2.16 Roadway Narrowing
Minor Collector or Local streets may be narrowed at intersections to provide more
visibility for pedestrians. This shortens the distance necessary for pedestrians to cross the
street. The narrowing shall not encroach into bike lanes or travel lanes. Narrowing may
not be used on Major Collectors without any parking lanes, on any Arterials, or where the
standard width is necessary. See Chapter 18, Neighborhood Traffic Safety, for design
criteria.
kkkk)8.2.17 Roundabouts
Roundabouts are considered a form of traffic control. Roundabouts shall be designed in
accordance with the Roundabout Design Manual, included as Appendix I for reference
only. Check with the Local Entity Engineer for the most current version of the
Roundabout Design Manual.
Chapter 8 – INTERSECTIONS
Section 8.2 Intersection Design Criteria
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 8-9
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
llll)8.2.18 Bike Lanes at Intersections
See Chapter 17, Bicycle Facilities; Chapter 4, Transportation Impact Study; and Chapter
14, Traffic Control Devices.
mmmm)8.2.19 Pedestrian Requirements
See Chapter 14, Traffic Control Devices, concerning crosswalk requirements and Chapter
16, Pedestrian Facilities Design and Technical Criteria.
nnnn)8.2.20 Drainage
See Chapter 7, Street Design and Technical Criteria, concerning drainage.
oooo)8.2.21 Pavement Requirements for Arterial/Arterial Intersections
All new and reconstructed Arterial/Arterial intersections are required to be designed and
constructed with concrete pavement. The concrete paving shall extend on each approach
leg to the beginning points of the bay tapers. When existing arterial/arterial intersections
are expanded, the use of concrete pavement is only required where one or more complete
lanes are added. Refer to Chapter 10, Pavement Design and Report. See CDOT M&S
Standards for the typical concrete pavement joint locations.
pppp)8.2.22 Intersection Lighting
See Chapter 15, Street Lighting, for street lighting requirements.
qqqq)8.2.23 Intersection Control
See Chapter 14, Traffic Control Devices, for intersection control.
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 9-i
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
CHAPTER 9 – ACCESS REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN CRITERIA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Title Page
9.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 9-1
9.1.1 Designing Placement of Accesses ................................................................................................ 9-1
A. Direct Access Restricted ......................................................................................................... 9-1
B. Avoiding Conflicts in Center Left Turn Lane......................................................................... 9-1
C. Separation Distances ............................................................................................................... 9-1
D. Access Control Plan................................................................................................................ 9-1
9.1.2 Review and Approval .................................................................................................................. 9-1
A. Review Procedure ................................................................................................................... 9-1
B. Approval for New Developments ........................................................................................... 9-1
C. Approval for Existing Developments ..................................................................................... 9-2
9.2 Criteria for Access onto Roadways .......................................................................... 9-2
9.2.1 State Highways ............................................................................................................................. 9-2
A. Access to State Highways ....................................................................................................... 9-2
B. Access to Existing Frontage Roads ........................................................................................ 9-2
9.2.2 Freeways ....................................................................................................................................... 9-2
9.2.3 4-Lane or 6-Lane Arterials (Master Planned) ........................................................................... 9-2
A. Access Approval ..................................................................................................................... 9-2
B. Conditions for Private Access ................................................................................................ 9-3
C. Public Direct Access Requirements .................................................................................. 9-49-3
D. Spacing and Signalization Criteria ......................................................................................... 9-4
9.2.4 2-Lane Arterials ........................................................................................................................... 9-4
A. Approval for Private Access ................................................................................................... 9-4
B. Public Direct Access Requirements ........................................................................................ 9-4
C. Spacing and Signalization Criteria ................................................................................... 9-59-4
9.2.5 Major and Minor Collectors ....................................................................................................... 9-5
A. Private Access ........................................................................................................................ 9-5
B. Intersections ............................................................................................................................ 9-5
C. Offsets .................................................................................................................................... 9-5
9.2.6 Local Streets and Lanes .............................................................................................................. 9-5
A. Spacing ................................................................................................................................... 9-5
B. Arrangement ........................................................................................................................... 9-5
9.2.7 Eyebrows ...................................................................................................................................... 9-5
9.2.8 Alleys ............................................................................................................................................. 9-5
9.3 Basic Principles for Curb Openings and Driveways ............................................... 9-6
9.3.1 General ......................................................................................................................................... 9-6
9.3.2 Layout Criteria ............................................................................................................................ 9-6
A. High Volume Access .............................................................................................................. 9-6
B. Low Volume Driveways ......................................................................................................... 9-6
C. Multi-Family Dwelling Unit Driveways ........................................................................... 9-79-6
9.3.3 Sight Distance - Driveways .......................................................................................................... 9-7
A. Adequate Intersection Sight Distance ..................................................................................... 9-7
B. Profile ..................................................................................................................................... 9-7
9.3.4 Adjustments for Existing Structures .......................................................................................... 9-7
9.3.5 Entrance-Only and Exit-Only Approaches ............................................................................... 9-7
9.3.6 Access to Roadways with No Curb and Gutter ......................................................................... 9-7
A. Surface Requirements ............................................................................................................. 9-7
B. Right-of-way ..................................................................................................................... 9-89-7
C. Culvert .............................................................................................................................. 9-89-7
ATTACHMENT 6
Chapter 9 – ACCESS REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN CRITERIA
Section 9.1 General
Page 9-ii Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
D. Sketch Plan ............................................................................................................................. 9-8
9.3.7 Residential Approaches .............................................................................................................. 9-8
A. Width ...................................................................................................................................... 9-8
B. Driveway Frontage ................................................................................................................. 9-8
C. Adjacent Parking .................................................................................................................... 9-8
D. Off-Street Driveway Parking ................................................................................................. 9-8
E. Continuous Sidewalks ............................................................................................................ 9-8
F. Accessibility Alternatives ................................................................................................. 9-99-8
G. Three-Car Garage Driveway Width .................................................................................. 9-99-8
H. Garage Door Location ............................................................................................................ 9-9
9.3.8 Commercial Approaches ............................................................................................................ 9-9
A. Width ...................................................................................................................................... 9-9
B. Driveway Footage .................................................................................................................. 9-9
9.3.9 Maintenance Responsibility ........................................................................................................ 9-9
9.4 General Requirements ............................................................................................... 9-9
9.4.1 Number of Openings ................................................................................................................... 9-9
A. Single Family Residential ...................................................................................................... 9-9
B. Multi-Family Residential ....................................................................................................... 9-9
C. Commercial ............................................................................................................................ 9-9
D. Industrial ......................................................................................................................... 9-109-9
9.4.2 Entrance Angle .......................................................................................................................... 9-10
9.4.3 Minimum Space Between Openings ........................................................................................ 9-10
9.4.4 Slope ........................................................................................................................................... 9-10
9.4.5 Intersection with Street ............................................................................................................. 9-10
9.4.6 Pavement .................................................................................................................................... 9-10
A. General ................................................................................................................................. 9-10
B. Loveland (City Limits Only) ................................................................................................ 9-10
9.4.7 Shared Access ..................................................................................................................... 9-119-10
9.4.8 Access Approaches ............................................................................................................. 9-119-10
9.4.9 Abandoned Access ..................................................................................................................... 9-11
9.4.10 Change in Use ............................................................................................................................ 9-11
9.4.11 Drainage ..................................................................................................................................... 9-11
A. Drainage at Curb Cuts .......................................................................................................... 9-11
B. Sheet Flow Drainage ............................................................................................................ 9-11
9.4.12 Minimum Off-Street Parking Set Back Distance ................................................................... 9-11
9.5 Control Dimensions .......................................................................................... 9-129-11
9.5.1 Width of Curb Opening (W) ............................................................................................. 9-129-11
9.5.2 Edge Clearance .......................................................................................................................... 9-12
9.5.3 Corner Clearance ...................................................................................................................... 9-12
9.6 Unpermitted Access ................................................................................................ 9-12
9.7 Removal .................................................................................................................... 9-12
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 9-iii
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
LIST OF TABLES
This Chapter Does Not Contain Tables
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures are Located at End of Chapter
Figure 9-1 Access Spacing
Chapter 9 – ACCESS REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN CRITERIA
Section 9.1 General
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 9-1
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
CHAPTER 9 – ACCESS REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN CRITERIA
9.1 GENERAL
Access may occur as one of two types: (1) access for land use (driveways) and (2) public streets
(street intersections).
9.1.1 Designing Placement of Accesses
A. Direct Access Restricted
Direct access to individual lots from Collectors and Arterials is restricted.
B. Avoiding Conflicts in Center Left Turn Lane
When establishing the placement of offset accesses (either driveways or
intersections), ensure that traffic making left-hand turns into the accesses does not
conflict or compete for the simultaneous use of a center left turn lane.
C. Separation Distances
The specific separation distances between accesses shall be as shown in Table 7-3 or
Table 7-4. Greater separation may be required to eliminate conflicts or overlaps of
center left turn lanes as determined by TIS.
D. Access Control Plan
For a street controlled by an adopted Access Control Plan, the proposed access shall
conform with the applicable Access Control Plan.
9.1.2 Review and Approval
A. Review Procedure
1. Advice Available. To determine the extent of technical justification required for
all access requests, consult with the Local Entity Engineering staff. It is
recommended that this advice be sought prior to submitting any application.
2. Access Permits. All access permits shall be reviewed and approved through the
Local Entity, in Fort Collins (GMA and city limits) and in Loveland (GMA only).
Loveland (GMA and city limits) does not issue or require a separate access
permit. The requirements of this chapter are covered in the City of Loveland's
design review of the right-of-way permit.
3. Permit Required. A permit must be requested by the Developer and approved by
the Local Entity prior to the construction or reconstruction of any access. See
Chapter 6, Permits.
4. CDOT Approval for State Highway Access. The Colorado Department of
Transportation shall review and approve all State Highway access.
B. Approval for New Developments
Access is granted through Local Entity approval of the final plat, final construction
plans, or final site plan. The number and location of access points shall conform to
the criteria outlined in this section, unless an exception is approved by the Local
Entity Engineer.
Chapter 9 – ACCESS REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN CRITERIA
Section 9.2 Criteria for Access onto Roadways
Page 9-2 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
C.Approval for Existing Developments
Zoning determines how to obtain approval for access from existing developed
property to Local Entity streets.
1.Planned Developments. For planned developments, new or altered access shall be
be obtained through the Administrative Amendment Process. This involves
cess. This involves applying through the Planning Department to amend the
Department to amend the property Final Development Plan. The application shall
be accompanied by appropriate plans for the proposed access and technical
access and technical justification, including justification for the extent of
of improvements proposed at the access point.
2.Conventionally Zoned Property. For conventionally zoned property, application for
access can be made using the Local Entity’s application form identified in
Chapter 6, Permits. This application shall be accompanied by plans for the
proposed access and technical justification for the access and associated public
improvements.
9.2 CRITERIA FOR ACCESS ONTO ROADWAYS
9.2.1 State Highways
A. Access to State Highways
Access to state highways is governed by the State Highway Access Code, state
highway access plans and these Standards. All access issues on state highways within
the Larimer County Urban Area shall be submitted to the Colorado Department of
Transportation and approved before access permits will be issued by CDOT. The
proposed access points to a state highway shall be in accordance with Tables 7-3 or
7-4.
B. Access to Existing Frontage Roads
Proposed access to all frontage roads shall comply with the requirements of the
Colorado Department of Transportation State Highway Access Code, any applicable
access control plan and the requirements of these Standards. Refer to Chapter 7,
Street Design and Technical Criteria. The proposed access points to a frontage road
shall be in accordance with Table 7-3 or Table 7-4.
9.2.2 Freeways
All new freeway access in the Larimer County GMA shall meet the requirements of the
Colorado Department of Transportation. All design issues must meet CDOT standards.
9.2.3 4-Lane or 6-Lane Arterials (Master Planned)
A. Access Approval
Access approval must be obtained from the Local Entity for any private access
constructed to a 4- or 6-lane Arterial street. This approval must be granted during the
Chapter 9 – ACCESS REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN CRITERIA
Section 9.2 Criteria for Access onto Roadways
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 9-3
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
development review process (through plan approval) or by issuance of the Local
Entity’s right-of-way or access permit.
B. Conditions for Private Access
For any driveway or street access to a 4-lane or 6-lane Arterial, an Access
Management Plan and a signal progression plan may be required by the Local Entity
Engineer. Refer to Chapter 4, Transportation Impact Studies. Generally, no
private direct access shall be allowed onto a 4- or 6-lane Arterial street. Private direct
access may be permitted only when the property in question has no other reasonable
access to the general street system and appropriate auxiliary turn lanes are provided.
Access may be permitted when the alternative direct access to another roadway would
cause unacceptable traffic operation and safety problems to the overall traffic flow of
the general street system.
When private access must be provided, the following shall be considered:
1. Temporary Nature. Such access shall continue only until such time that some
other reasonable access to a lower function category street is available and
permitted. The Access Permit shall specify the future reasonable access
location(s), if known, and what changes will be required under what
circumstances.
2. Limitations. No more than one access shall be provided to an individual parcel or
to contiguous parcels under the same ownership unless it can be shown that:
a. Allowing only one access conflicts with safety regulations (e.g., fire access),
or
b. Additional access would significantly benefit safety and operation of the
highway or street and is necessary to the safe and efficient use of the property.
3. Right Turns Only. An access shall be limited to right turns only (through signage
and a raised median), unless
a. The access has the potential for signalization, in accordance with the general
spacing requirements in Table 7-3 or Table 7-4,
b. Left turns would not create unreasonable congestion or safety problems and
not lower the level of service, and
c. Alternatives to the left turns would not cause unacceptable traffic operation
and safety problems to the general street system.
4. Access Management Plan. Private access must be included as part of the Access
Management Plan if required by the Local Entity.
5. Offset from Opposite Streets. Intersections of streets with Arterial streets shall
only align with streets intersecting on the opposite side of the Arterial street
where a traffic signal or Roundabout will be permitted unless a raised median
exists within the arterial roadway that restricts the access at the intersections to
right-in and right-out turns only. All other intersections must be offset by the
distances given in Tables 7-3 or 7-4.
Chapter 9 – ACCESS REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN CRITERIA
Section 9.2 Criteria for Access onto Roadways
Page 9-4 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
C. Public Direct Access Requirements
Public direct access to a 4- or 6-lane Arterial, where left turns are to be permitted,
must meet the signal spacing criteria and the Access Management Plan. Those that do
not meet these requirements shall be limited to right turns only, unless they meet the
requirements above. Local streets should not intersect 4- or 6-lane Arterials, except in
Fort Collins (GMA and city limits), where local street intersections shall be spaced at
a minimum of 4660 feet. See Table 7-3 for exceptions.
D. Spacing and Signalization Criteria
Full access to 4-lane or 6-lane Arterials shall be limited to one-half mile intervals, or
one-quarter mile intervals in Fort Collins (city limits only), plus or minus
approximately 200 feet, in order to achieve good speed, capacity, and optimal signal
progression. However, to provide flexibility for both existing and future conditions,
an approved engineering analysis of signal progression shall be made to properly
locate any proposed access that may require signalization. The specifics of this
analysis are detailed in Chapter 4, Transportation Impact Studies.
9.2.4 2-Lane Arterials
A. Approval for Private Access
Approval must be obtained from the Local Entity for any private access constructed
onto a 2-lane Arterial. Generally, no private direct access shall be allowed onto a 2-
lane Arterial except where no alternative access is available. The Local Entity
Engineer may permit private direct access onto a 2-lane Arterial under either of the
following conditions:
1. No Signalization Potential. The access does not have the potential for
signalization as per the requirements of Section 9.2.3 B above, or,
2. Does Not Interfere. The access does have the potential for signalization, (by
meeting the signal spacing requirements for intersecting public streets stated
below) and does not interfere with the location, planning, and operation of the
general street system and access to nearby properties in accordance with the
Access Management Plan.
3. Movements May be Limited. Left turns may be prohibited, allowing right turns
only. If left turns are restricted, raised medians will be required to prevent the left
turn movements.
B. Public Direct Access Requirements
Public direct access to a 2-lane Arterial, where left turns are to be permitted, must
meet the signal spacing criteria in Table 7-3 or Table 7-4. Those that do not meet
these requirements shall be limited to right turns only, unless they meet the
requirements of Section 9.2.3 B above. No local streets should intersect 2-lane
Arterials, except in Fort Collins(GMA and city limits), where local street
intersections shall occur with a minimum spacing of 660 feet See Table 7-3 for
exceptions).
Chapter 9 – ACCESS REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN CRITERIA
Section 9.2 Criteria for Access onto Roadways
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 9-5
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
C. Spacing and Signalization Criteria
1. Limited Intervals. Non-signalized full access to 2-lane Arterials shall be limited to
one-quarter mile intervals, plus or minus approximately 100 feet, in order to
achieve good speed, capacity, and optimal signal progression. Signalized
intersections shall still be spaced at one-half mile spacing.
2. Proper Locations. However, to provide flexibility for both existing and future
conditions, an approved engineering analysis of signal progression shall be made
to properly locate any proposed access that may require signalization. The
specifics of this analysis are detailed in Chapter 4, Transportation Impact Studies.
9.2.5 Major and Minor Collectors
A. Private Access
Private access to Collectors shall be governed by the curb opening and driveway
criteria in Table 7-3 or Table 7-4. Single family residence access to Collectors is not
permitted unless access to a lower function category street is not available. In Fort
Collins (GMA and city limits), access to Minor Collectors should be shared access.
B. Intersections
Refer to Tables 7-3 and 7-4.
C. Offsets
Streets intersecting on opposite sides of a Collector Street shall be either directly
across from each other or offset by the distances given in Tables 7-3 and 7-4.
9.2.6 Local Streets and Lanes
Private access to local streets shall be governed by the following curb opening and
driveway criteria.
A. Spacing
Public streets shall meet spacing requirements of Tables 7-3 and 7-4.
B. Arrangement
Local streets shall be designed to divert traffic to Collector streets and provide for
circulation and movement within the subdivision. In Fort Collins (GMA and city
limits), new streets should be laid out so the streets interconnect with simple routes
(not circuitous) and multiple routes provided for all locations in the development. In
addition streets should be located to match Local Entity planning requirements.
9.2.7 Eyebrows
The spacing of eyebrows shall be consistent with the intersection spacing requirements
given in Tables 7-3 and 7-4.
9.2.8 Alleys
The spacing of alleys shall be centered at half the distance between two intersections or
not less than 150 feet from the nearest intersection.
Chapter 9 – ACCESS REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN CRITERIA
Section 9.3 Basic Principles for Curb Openings and Driveways
Page 9-6 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
9.3 BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR CURB OPENINGS AND DRIVEWAYS
9.3.1 General
Curb openings for driveways require minimum dimensions in some instances and
maximum dimensions in other instances. Appropriate design will provide good driveway
access operation and at the same time minimize interference to street traffic. The
dimensions established in these Design Standards are derived from studies of the largest
vehicles authorized on streets and highways.
Driveways, which serve properties adjoining the right-of-way, shall be served access by
the street through a curb cut. The portion of the driveway within the right-of way is
called the driveway approach.
9.3.2 Layout Criteria
The opening or driveway approach width shall be adequate to properly handle the
anticipated traffic volume and character of traffic, as well as being within the limits
specified for the type of property development. The controls established for curb
openings and driveways shall apply to existing streets as well as new streets that may be
developed in the future.
A. High Volume Access
1. Radial Access. A driveway shall have a radial access opening in accordance with
Construction Drawings 707.1 or 707.2 (as applicable) and Tables 8-1 and 8-2 (as
applicable) whenever any of the following conditions occur:
a. Access onto an arterial street
b. The driveway is for an adjoining commercial land use
1.c. The driveway has a volume of 350 or more trip ends per day and enters
directly onto a Collector, Commercial Local, or Industrial streetRadial Access.
Any access onto an arterial street and any commercial driveway or driveways
serving 350 or more trip ends per day and entering directly onto Arterial,
Collector, Commercial Local, or Industrial streets shall have a radial access
opening in accordance with Construction Drawing 708 and Tables 8-1 and 8-
2.
2. Maximum Width. High volume driveways shall have a maximum width of 36
feet.
3. Median. If it is necessary to increase the maximum width, a median (minimum
width of 6 feet) shall be provided to divide the inbound from the outbound traffic.
4. Turn Lanes. Additionally, the need for turn lanes will be evaluated in accordance
with Chapter 4, Transportation Impact Studies, requirements and in accordance
with the requirements of Chapter 8, Intersections.
B. Low Volume Driveways
Any driveways not determined to be built with a radial access opening in accordance
with the requirements set forth in 9.3.2.A, shall be designed and constructed as a
standard driveway in accordance with Construction Drawings 706.1 or 706.2 (as
Chapter 9 – ACCESS REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN CRITERIA
Section 9.3 Basic Principles for Curb Openings and Driveways
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 9-7
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
applicable).Any driveways that have a traffic volume less than 350 vpd shall be
designed and constructed as a standard driveway in accordance with Construction
Drawing 706.
C. Multi-Family Dwelling Unit Driveways
Multi-Family dwelling unit driveways (3 or more units) are acceptable with a
minimum width of 24 feet. Driveways that serve 12 units or more shall have a
minimum width of 28 feet (this width may be reduced to 24 feet on low traffic
volume streets) and a maximum width of 36 feet.
9.3.3 Sight Distance - Driveways
A. Adequate Intersection Sight Distance
To the extent possible, all openings for driveways shall be located at the point of
adequate sight distance along the street. Accesses to commercial, office and
multifamily residential establishments shall have sufficient space reasonably clear of
any obstructions to provide drivers entering the property sufficient sight distance for
proper and safe movements.
B. Profile
The profile of a driveway approach and the grading of the adjacent area shall be such
that when a vehicle is located on the driveway outside the traveled portion of the
street the driver can see a sufficient distance in both directions to enter the street
without creating a hazardous traffic situation.
9.3.4 Adjustments for Existing Structures
Any adjustments made to utility poles, street light standards, fire hydrants, catch basins or
inlets, traffic signs and signals, or other public improvements or installations required for
the curb openings or driveways shall be accomplished without cost to the Local Entity.
9.3.5 Entrance-Only and Exit-Only Approaches
Driveway approaches, where the driveway is to serve as an entrance only or as an exit
only, shall be appropriately signed by, and at the expense of, the property owner. The
property owner shall provide means to ensure that motorists will use the driveway as only
an entrance or an exit only.
9.3.6 Access to Roadways with No Curb and Gutter
Private drive access to Local, Collector, or Arterial roadways that have no curb and/or
gutter improvements shall be constructed to meet the following requirements:
A. Surface Requirements
The driveway shall extend from right-of-way line to edge of existing driving surface
and shall be constructed with a minimum of 3.5 inches of asphalt or concrete in
accordance with Construction Drawing 901.
Chapter 9 – ACCESS REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN CRITERIA
Section 9.3 Basic Principles for Curb Openings and Driveways
Page 9-8 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
B. Right-of-way
New driveway accesses from private property to existing pavement shall be paved
within the right-of-way. On Local rural roads HBP or concrete pavement shall be
installed from the right-of-way line to the edge of the traveled roadway. The width of
the driveway within the right-of-way shall be 12 to 22 feet.
C. Culvert
A culvert shall be installed at the established roadside ditch flowline elevation
beneath the private drive access in accordance with the requirements of Construction
Drawing 901 and the culvert diameter shall be specified by the approved storm
drainage report or in absence of the report by the Local Entity. A culvert shall be
installed in the flowline of the borrow ditch of a size necessary for the design storm
flow (15 inch minimum diameter). The pipe shall have flared end sections in
accordance with Construction Drawing 901. The minimum cover over the culvert
should be 1 foot. Additional cover may be required for heavy vehicles. Refer to
Chapter 7, Street Design and Technical Criteria, for the improvement
requirements to roadside ditches.
D. Sketch Plan
A drawing of the proposed driveway installation showing all dimensions shall be
submitted with the right-of-way or Access permit application. Refer to Construction
Drawing 901 for driveway requirements.
9.3.7 Residential Approaches
All driveway approaches shall comply with Construction Drawings 706.1, 706.2 or
707.1 or 707.2 and the following:
A. Width
Residential driveway approaches shall have a minimum width of 12 feet and a
maximum width of 24 feet.
B. Driveway Frontage
No more than 50 percent of the street frontage of a lot shall be occupied with
driveways except for cul-de-sacs and flag lots.
C. Adjacent Parking
Parking immediately adjacent to driveways shall meet the parking setback
requirements. Refer to Chapter 19, Parking.
D. Off-Street Driveway Parking
Off-street parking provided off or along driveways shall meet parking setback
requirements in accordance with Figure 19-6.
E. Continuous Sidewalks
All concrete sidewalks shall be designed with a uniform, continuous profile grade at
driveway crossings. The maximum Cross Slope of ¼ inch per foot shall be
maintained where the sidewalk crosses the driveway. Refer to Construction
Drawing 1601.
Chapter 9 – ACCESS REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN CRITERIA
Section 9.4 General Requirements
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 9-9
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
F. Accessibility Alternatives
Pedestrian accessible driveways may be required in lieu of mid-block access ramps
for residential areas. In those cases, the slope of the driveways shall be 1:12 or less.
This access shall be provided at approximately 300-foot intervals on both sides of the
street. The lot line locations shall be designated on the Construction Plans.
G. Three-Car Garage Driveway Width
Driveways serving 3-car garages shall have a maximum drive approach width of 30
feet unless otherwise approved.
H. Garage Door Location
Garage doors entering onto public streets shall be set back such that 20 feet of space
is provided for a vehicle to park without blocking the sidewalk or encroaching into
the driveway approach. Garage doors onto alleys shall be set back in accordance with
Figures 7-9L, 7-10L, 7-11F or Figure 7-12F as applicable.
9.3.8 Commercial Approaches
A. Width
No single opening shall exceed 36 feet in width.
B. Driveway Footage
The total length of curb opening on a street for access to a commercial property shall
not exceed 40 percent of the property frontage.
9.3.9 Maintenance Responsibility
Maintenance of the access and drainage improvements within the right-of-way described
in Section 9.3.6 of this chapter shall be the responsibility of the adjacent property owner
or other designated private entity, including all improvements to driveways within right-
of-way, including sidewalk, curb and gutter and parkway.
9.4 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
9.4.1 Number of Openings
A. Single Family Residential
In general, each Single Family residential property should be limited to one access
point. Multiple accesses may be provided as long as spacing, clearance, and
percentage of lot frontage requirements are satisfied.
B. Multi-Family Residential
Access shall be determined by information provided by the Owner/Developer as
specified in Chapter 4, Transportation Impact Studies and by comments generated
during the review and acceptance of that study.
C. Commercial
In general, commercial property having less than 150 feet of frontage and located
mid-block should be limited to one access point to the street. An exception to this
Chapter 9 – ACCESS REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN CRITERIA
Section 9.4 General Requirements
Page 9-10 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
may be where a building is constructed in the middle of a lot and parking is provided
for on each side of the building.
D. Industrial
Access shall be determined on a case-by-case basis. The Local Entity shall consider
good traffic engineering practice and the information provided by the applicant
(specified in Chapter 4, Transportation Impact Studies) accompanying their
submittal.
9.4.2 Entrance Angle
In general, the entrance angle for all driveway approaches and intersections shall be as
near 90q to the centerline of the street as possible. The minimum angle that will be
permitted is 90q plus or minus 10q for a minimum of 25 feet measured perpendicular to
the street and measuring from the curb or edge of pavement toward the private property
served.
9.4.3 Minimum Space Between Openings
The minimum spacing between curb openings shall be the footage measured at the curb
line. This spacing will apply to the distance between drives serving adjoining properties.
This does not apply to residential projects using mountable curb, gutter, and sidewalks.
Refer to Table 7-3 or Table 7-4.
9.4.4 Slope
Driveways within the walk and parkway area shall slope toward the street. The driveway
profile grade within 20 feet of flowline shall not exceed 8 percent unless otherwise
approved by the Local Entity Engineer.
9.4.5 Intersection with Street
Driveways should intersect streets at right angles and shall in no case intersect at less
than 80 degrees.
9.4.6 Pavement
A. General
All areas within the public right-of-way used for vehicular traffic shall be paved with
Portland cement concrete (PCC) from the edge of pavement to the edge of right-of-
way. PCC may only be required to extend to the back of sidewalk if approved by the
Local Entity Engineer.
B. Loveland (City Limits Only)
In Loveland (city limits only) all driveway and parking areas used by vehicular traffic
shall be paved with PCC or HMA. Outdoor storage areas subject to infrequent
vehicular traffic may be surfaced with a dust free material approved by the Local
Entity Engineer.
Chapter 9 – ACCESS REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN CRITERIA
Section 9.4 General Requirements
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 9-11
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
9.4.7 Shared Access
Whenever possible and feasible, shared entrances should be provided to serve two
adjacent properties. Recorded, private access easements are required for all shared
accesses.
9.4.8 Access Approaches
Access approaches shall not be approved for parking or loading areas that require
backing maneuvers within the right-of-way except on Local Residential streets. All off-
street parking areas on Collector and Arterial streets must include on-site maneuvering
areas and aisles to permit user vehicles to enter and exit the site in forward drive. Refer to
Chapter 19, Parking, for general parking information.
9.4.9 Abandoned Access
If a parcel of land with direct access has been in a state of non-use for more than one
year, re-commencement of access use shall be considered a change in use. If the use of
the access exceeds the design limitations of the access or does not conform with the
present code, a new approval may be required through the development plan review
process, access management plan, or the Local Entity’s work in right-of-way permit.
9.4.10 Change in Use
If the use of an existing access to right-of-way changes, or there is a change in the use of
the property, the change in access use must be approved through the development review
process, access management plan, or the Local Entity work in right-of-way or access
permit. Change in access or property use may include, but is not limited to, change in the
amount or type of traffic (20 percent or 25 vph, whichever is less), structural
modifications, remodeling, change in type of business, expansion in existing business,
change in zoning, change in property division creating new parcels, etc. In Loveland (city
limits only), refer to the Site Development Performance Standards and Guidelines for the
percent change.
9.4.11 Drainage
A. Drainage at Curb Cuts
Where curb cuts are allowed, concentrated storm water runoff from property
adjoining the right-of-way shall not be discharged across the sidewalk. These flows
must be directed elsewhere or directed to a sidewalk chase where storm water may
pass under a sidewalk section.
B. Sheet Flow Drainage
Sheet flow drainage is allowed where it does not interfere with the pedestrian use of
the sidewalk. (In Fort Collins) A maximum area of 750 square feet behind the
sidewalk may sheet flow over the sidewalk.
9.4.12 Minimum Off-Street Parking Set Back Distance
Refer to Chapter 19, Parking, and Figure 19-6.
Chapter 9 – ACCESS REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN CRITERIA
Section 9.5 Control Dimensions
Page 9-12 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
9.5 CONTROL DIMENSIONS
To accomplish the objectives of the basic principles stated earlier, certain control dimensions are
necessary. There are many variables that affect these control dimensions. Some of the variables
are as follows: type of street classification, type of private property development, volume and
type of traffic, and width of right-of-way.
9.5.1 Width of Curb Opening (W)
The total width of curb opening for properties shall be in conformance with
Construction Drawings 706 or 707.
9.5.2 Edge Clearance
Refer to Table 7-3 or Table 7-4. Note that shared access with adjoining property is
encouraged. Shared access shall be the only justification for reducing the minimum edge
clearance dimension.
9.5.3 Corner Clearance
It is important to locate driveways away from major intersections. This constraint is as
much for the ability to enter and leave the property as for the benefit of intersection safety
and operations. Exiting a driveway during peak-hour conditions at traffic signals is
difficult where the queue of standing or slow-moving vehicles never allows a sufficient
gap for entry from the driveway. Corner clearances shall be as specified in Table 7-3 or
Table 7-4.
9.6 UNPERMITTED ACCESS
Any access, driveway, or curb-cut which is constructed within public right-of-way without a
right-of-way or access permit issued by the Local Entity shall be subject to removal. Failure to
remove the unpermitted access may result in the removal of said access by the Local Entity. The
cost for removal shall be charged to the property owner from which the access originates.
9.7 REMOVAL
Any curb opening or driveway that has been abandoned shall be removed and restored by the
property owner except where such abandonment has been made at the request of, or for the
convenience of, the Local Entity.
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 16-i
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
CHAPTER 16 – PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES DESIGN AND TECHNICAL
CRITERIA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Title Page
16.1 General ..................................................................................................................... 16-1
16.1.1 AASHTO Reference .................................................................................................................. 16-1
16.1.2 ADA Requirements .................................................................................................................... 16-1
16.2 Sidewalks ................................................................................................................. 16-1
16.2.1 General Layout and Design Criteria ........................................................................................ 16-1
A. Sidewalk Widths ................................................................................................................... 16-1
B. Sidewalk Crossings of Driveways and Alleys ...................................................................... 16-1
C. Sidewalk Both Sides of Street .............................................................................................. 16-1
D. In-Fill Sidewalk, Curb, and Gutter ....................................................................................... 16-2
E. Sidewalk Widening............................................................................................................... 16-2
F. Storm Water Runoff at Curb Cuts ........................................................................................ 16-2
G. Concrete Thickness............................................................................................................... 16-2
H. Slope ..................................................................................................................................... 16-2
I. Pedestrian Underpasses and Overpasses ............................................................................... 16-3
J. Rural Roads .......................................................................................................................... 16-3
K. Horizontal/Vertical Curves ................................................................................................... 16-3
L. Vertical Clearance ................................................................................................................ 16-3
M. Horizontal Clearance ............................................................................................................ 16-3
N. Off-Site Connections ............................................................................................................ 16-3
16.3 Access Ramps ......................................................................................................... 16-4
16.3.1 Ramp Requirements .................................................................................................................. 16-4
A. Locations .............................................................................................................................. 16-4
16.3.2 Use of Standard Details ............................................................................................................. 16-4
16.4 Underwalk Drains (Chases) ..................................................................................... 16-4
16.5 Curb Returns ............................................................................................................ 16-4
16.6 Pedestrian Crossings .............................................................................................. 16-5
16.6.1 Enhanced Crosswalks. ............................................................................................................... 16-5
16.6.2 Cross Slope ................................................................................................................................. 16-5
16.6.3 Crosspans ................................................................................................................................... 16-5
16.6.4 Maximum Crosswalk Length Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits) ..................................... 16-5
16.7 Traffic Signals .......................................................................................................... 16-5
16.8 Pedestrian Refuge Areas ......................................................................................... 16-5
16.9 Multi-Use Paths ........................................................................................................ 16-5
16.10 Pedestrian Minimum Clear Path.............................................................................. 16-6
16.11 Bus Shelters ............................................................................................................. 16-6
16.11.1 Location ...................................................................................................................................... 16-6
16.11.2 Visibility ...................................................................................................................................... 16-6
16.11.3 Minimum Size and Capacity ..................................................................................................... 16-6
ATTACHMENT 7
Page 16-ii Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
A. Opening Size ........................................................................................................................ 16-6
B. Capacity and Size ................................................................................................................. 16-6
C. Placement ............................................................................................................................. 16-6
16.11.4 Pad Requirements ..................................................................................................................... 16-6
A. Under Shelters ...................................................................................................................... 16-6
B. Passenger Loading Area ....................................................................................................... 16-6
16.11.5 Relocation of Shelters ................................................................................................................ 16-7
16.11.6 Bicycle Racks and Trash Containers ....................................................................................... 16-7
16.11.7 Shelters on State Highways ...................................................................................................... 16-7
16.11.8 Sidewalk Connections ............................................................................................................... 16-7
LIST OF TABLES
This Chapter Does Not Contain Tables
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures are Located at End of Chapter
Figure 16-1 Vertical and Horizontal Clearances for Sidewalks
Figure 16-2 Access Ramp Location (T-Intersection)
Chapter 16 – PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 16.1 General
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 16-1
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
CHAPTER 16 – PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES DESIGN AND TECHNICAL
CRITERIA
16.1 GENERAL
This chapter sets forth the minimum criteria to be used in the design of all sidewalks, access
ramps, and other pedestrian facilities within the right-of-way, or other public easements.
16.1.1 AASHTO Reference
Within this chapter, AASHTO’s “A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and
Streets”, as published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials, was used as a reference. It is also commonly called the AASHTO “Green
Book.”
16.1.2 ADA Requirements
All pedestrian facilities shall be designed in accordance with American Disabilities Act
(ADA) regulations and the requirements of these Standards; whichever is safer for
pedestrians.
16.2 SIDEWALKS
16.2.1 General Layout and Design Criteria
A. Sidewalk Widths
Minimum sidewalk widths for the various street classifications shall be as specified in
Table 7-1 or 7-2 and on Figures 7-1F through 7-13F and Figures 7-1L through 7-
11L.
The Local Entity Engineer may require additional width for activity areas and routes
leading to and from these areas. The final sidewalk width shall be determined through
additional study of higher pedestrian traffic areas.
B. Sidewalk Crossings of Driveways and Alleys
All sidewalks that cross driveways and alleys shall be designed in accordance with
Construction Drawing 1601.
C. Sidewalk Both Sides of Street
All street designs shall include sidewalks on both sides of the street. Rural roads or
qualified affordable housing projects in Loveland (GMA and city limits) are the only
exceptions (see Section 16.2.1 J).
Chapter 16 – PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 16.2 Sidewalks
Page 16-2 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
D. In-Fill Sidewalk, Curb, and Gutter
In all existing areas previously developed, sidewalks, curbs, and gutters may be
required to match existing conditions or Standards, as determined by the Local Entity
Engineer.
1. Sidewalk Upgrades Required in Loveland (GMA and city limits). When
redevelopment is proposed on in-fill parcels, the redevelopment plans shall show
the location of all existing and proposed sidewalk improvements. The installation
of sidewalks is required where no sidewalk exists (except in Industrial areas as
described in Section 16.2.1.N). Widening of the existing sidewalks should occur
whenever the addition of 2’ or more is needed to comply with Section 16.2.1.A
and proposed redevelopment of the site will cause an increase in the number of
pedestrian trips on the sidewalk. In Loveland (GMA and city limits), the
upgrading of sidewalk adjacent to redeveloped sites may be postponed up to three
years when the existing sidewalk is in good repair and a satisfactory financial
guarantee has been provided to the Local Entity.
2. Sidewalk Upgrades Not Required in Loveland (GMA and city limits). When
redevelopment is proposed that is not expected to cause an increase in the number
of pedestrian trips on the sidewalk, no sidewalk widening is required. In such
situations, the redevelopment plans shall still identify and preserve a sidewalk
corridor that will accommodate the future widening of the sidewalk in full
compliance with these standards for such time that the sidewalk widening is
deemed necessary.
E. Sidewalk Widening
When a sidewalk must be widened, the widening shall only be allowed for an
increased width of 4 feet or more. If the added width needed is less than 4 feet, the
existing walk shall be removed and reconstructed to the new required width.
F. Storm Water Runoff at Curb Cuts
Drainage shall meet the requirements specified in Chapter 7, in the
section/subsection titled Drainage Systems/Sidewalk Culvert (Chases).
G. Concrete Thickness
All detached sidewalks less than 8 feet in width and not within driveways shall be a
minimum of 4-inch thick concrete. All detached sidewalks 8 feet and greater in width
shall be 6 inches thick. All sidewalks within a driveway shall be a minimum of 6
inches thick. All attached sidewalks shall be a minimum of 6 inches thick. Sidewalks
shall be a minimum of 8 inches thick where crossed by commercial traffic. See
Construction Drawing 1601.
H. Slope
1. Cross Slope. Maximum cross slope for sidewalks shall be 1/4 inch per foot (1:48).
Chapter 16 – PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 16.2 Sidewalks
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 16-3
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
2. Longitudinal Slope. Longitudinal slope of attached sidewalks shall be consistent
with the street slopes.
3. ADA Requirements for Steeper Slopes. Sidewalks detached from the curb, with
greater than 5 percent longitudinal slope, shall be constructed to meet ADA
requirements.
I. Pedestrian Underpasses and Overpasses
On major Collectors and Arterials, where required by the Local Entity Engineer,
underpass or overpass (grade separated) pedestrian crossings shall be provided for
regional/neighborhood paths and trails. These pedestrian crossings shall be
coordinated with the appropriate department.
J. Rural Roads
Rural road sections shall provide sufficient shoulder width for pedestrian travel. Refer
to Table 7-1 or 7-2 for rural road widths.
K. Horizontal/Vertical Curves
Horizontal/vertical curves on all sidewalks shall follow the design criteria for
bikeways. Refer to Chapter 17, Bicycle Facilities.
L. Vertical Clearance
Sidewalk vertical clearance shall be 8 feet in accordance with Figure 16-1.
M. Horizontal Clearance
Sidewalk horizontal clearance shall be in accordance with Figure 16-1.
N. Off-Site Connections
The Local Entity Engineer may require off-site sidewalk extensions to provide
pedestrian connectivity to destinations within ¼ mile of the project as identified in the
Transportation Impact Study. Additional offsite sidewalk construction extending
greater than ¼ mile from the project may also be required in some circumstances such
as when the project is within a school walking area boundary.
Industrial Area Sidewalks in Loveland (GMA and city limits) the installation of
sidewalks along public streets in industrial zoned areas may be postponed when
primarily industrial types of uses (i.e. NOT retail or office uses) are proposed. When
sidewalks are not installed with new industrial development, they must still be
designed, located, and noted on the plans in accordance with these standards. They
should be noted as future potential sidewalk locations with indication that the Local
Entity Engineer reserves the right to require installation of sidewalks by the property
owner in accordance with Title 12 of the Loveland Municipal Code at such time as
they may be deemed necessary.
Chapter 16 – PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 16.3 Access Ramps
Page 16-4 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
16.3 ACCESS RAMPS
16.3.1 Ramp Requirements
Access ramps shall be installed at all intersections and at certain mid-block locations for
all new construction or reconstruction of curb and sidewalk, as follows:
A. Locations
1. 4-Way Intersections. Access ramps shall be included at all intersection corners.
Access ramps shall be constructed in accordance with Construction Drawings
1603 through 1607.
2. “T”-Intersections. All “T” intersections shall have a minimum of 3 access ramps
as shown in Figure 16-2.
3. Local Streets/Mid-Block. Local streets longer than 600 feet will require additional
accesses, which should be spaced approximately 300 feet apart. Driveways or
mid-block ramps may be used for these access points. If mid-block ramps are
used, pavement markings and signing in accordance with Chapter 14, Traffic
Signals, signing and Striping, shall be provided.
4. Cul-de-Sacs. Either an access ramp or a driveway that meets access ramp
requirements shall be provided in all cul-de-sacs. If a public walkway or bikeway
intersects the street, a ramp shall be provided to connect the walkway or bikeway
to the street. The ramp must line up with the walkway.
5. Detached Sidewalks. Where sidewalks are detached from the curb, directional
ramps should be used in accordance with Construction Drawing 1606. On
arterial streets with detached sidewalks and corner radii greater than or equal to
35 feet, directional ramps shall be installed in accordance with Construction
Drawing 1604.
16.3.2 Use of Standard Details
Project drawings shall call out the specific Construction Drawing from these Standards to
be used in construction for each access ramp.
16.4 UNDERWALK DRAINS (CHASES)
Underwalk drains shall not interfere with the pedestrian’s use of the sidewalk. The chase plate
shall be flush with the sidewalk surface and be securely fastened as specified. See Construction
Drawing 709. Underwalk drains shall not be located within an access ramp, curb cut, or
driveway.
16.5 CURB RETURNS
In certain cases, to be determined by the Local Entity Engineer, the Local Entity may require the
radius of the curb return to be reduced from the values given in Tables 8-2 and 8-3, to reduce
pedestrian travel time and distance. The curb return radius shall not be less than 20 feet.
Chapter 16 – PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 16.6 Pedestrian Crossings
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 16-5
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
16.6 PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS
All crosswalks shall be marked in accordance with Chapter 14, Traffic Control Devices.
Crosswalks will be required at all signalized intersections, school areas, and high pedestrian
areas as designated by the Local Entity Engineer.
16.6.1 Enhanced Crosswalks.
In Fort Collins (GMA and city limits), Enhanced Crosswalks may be required by the
Local Entity, and at a minimum, they shall be used at mid-block crossings in
neighborhoods, activity centers, trail or path crossings, school crossings and at signalized
Arterial-Collector and Arterial-Arterial intersections.
Enhanced crosswalks shall be constructed of Portland Cement concrete. Stamped-colored
asphalt pavement is not acceptable. Larimer County will not maintain enhanced
crosswalks.
16.6.2 Cross Slope
Sidewalk cross slope shall be maintained at 2% across driveways
16.6.3 Crosspans
Crosswalks shall not be located in crosspans.
16.6.4 Maximum Crosswalk Length Fort Collins (GMA and City Limits)
In Fort Collins (GMA and city limits), the maximum length for any crosswalk shall be 56
feet. Any street crossing longer than 56 feet shall be provided with pedestrian refuge such
that the longest length of any crosswalk segment shall be 56 feet. See Section 16.8.
16.7 TRAFFIC SIGNALS
All pedestrian traffic signals shall be in accordance with Chapter 14, Traffic Control Devices.
16.8 PEDESTRIAN REFUGE AREAS
For Arterials with raised medians and on splitter islands for roundabouts, a pedestrian refuge
area shall be created in the median to increase pedestrian safety. See Figure 8-18 and Figure 8-
19 and Construction Drawings 801 and 802. The vehicle turning radii must be taken into
account with the specific design of islands. Fort Collins (city limits only) requires delineation of
the pedestrian crossing by using a different surface material or texture in the roadway. This
guides the sight-impaired to the refuge area.
16.9 MULTI-USE PATHS
Where a single, multi-use path is used to serve both pedestrians and bicyclists, the minimum path
width shall be 10 feet.
Chapter 16 – PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 16.10 Pedestrian Minimum Clear Path
Page 16-6 Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
16.10 PEDESTRIAN MINIMUM CLEAR PATH
The minimum clear path around utility structures, street furniture and other encroachments shall
be greater or equal to the sidewalk widths listed in Tables 7-1 and 7-2 for the applicable street
classification. For any private improvements within the right-of-way, the Designer will be
required to obtain an encroachment (Revocable) permit from the Local Entity. Refer to Chapter
6, Permits.
16.11 BUS SHELTERS
16.11.1 Location
The location of a bus shelter shall be determined by the Local Entity Transit Provider.
16.11.2 Visibility
Bus shelters shall have maximum transparency, and be highly visible from the
surrounding area to assure the users’ safety. The shelter may not be located within sight
distance triangles as specified in Chapter 8, Intersections.
16.11.3 Minimum Size and Capacity
A. Opening Size
Openings shall be at least 36 inches wide and shall meet the requirements of ADA.
B. Capacity and Size
Capacity shall be based on maximum passenger accumulation at the stop. The shelter
size shall be based on approximately 5 square feet per person.
C. Placement
Shelters shall not obstruct pedestrian flow or motorist’s sight distance. The minimum
pedestrian clear path width given in Section 16.10 shall be maintained at bus shelters.
16.11.4 Pad Requirements
A. Under Shelters
The design shall include a 6-inch thick concrete pad under all bus shelters. The pad
shall extend at least 6 inches past each edge of the shelter.
B. Passenger Loading Area
Any shelters next to detached sidewalks shall include a minimum 15-foot wide
concrete area between the sidewalk and the curb for passenger loading and unloading.
Fort Collins requirements for pad sizes are incorporated in their Bus Stop Design
Standards and Guidelines.
Chapter 16 – PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES DESIGN AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA
Section 16.11 Bus Shelters
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Repealed and Reenacted April 1, 2007 Page 16-7
Adopted by Larimer County, City of Loveland, City of Fort Collins
16.11.5 Relocation of Shelters
The Local Entity Engineer may require a shelter to be relocated or removed in the future
to accommodate other needs within the street right-of-way.
16.11.6 Bicycle Racks and Trash Containers
All shelters are required to provide one trash container and one bicycle rack. The bicycle
racks shall be in accordance with Chapter 17, Bicycle Facilities.
16.11.7 Shelters on State Highways
Approval for installations of all bus shelters proposed in state highway rights-of-way
shall be obtained from CDOT prior to any construction of the shelters.
16.11.8 Sidewalk Connections
A sidewalk connection shall be provided between the bus shelter and the existing
sidewalk or nearby pedestrian destinations. The minimum width shall be as required in
Section 16.2.1.
Two lanes, 7’ wide lane, 3’ wide painted buffer (optional protected bike lane per Bike Plan).
11’ wide
plus 15’ (min) utility easement each side of street.
or as required by Area Plans.
.
ATTACHMENT 8
Two lanes, 6’ wide lane, 3’ wide painted buffer (optional protected bike lane per Bike Plan)
11’ wide
or as required by Area Plans.
.
Two lanes, 7’ wide lane, 3’ wide painted buffer
.
11’ wide
or as required by Area Plans.
10’ wide
Two lanes, 7’ wide lane, 3’ wide painted buffer
.
42’
11’
, plus 18’ (min) utility easement.
7’
Two lanes, 5’ or 6’ wide lane, 3’ wide painted buffer (parking buffer when on-street parking present)
.
, plus 18’ (min.) utility easement.
54’
or as required by Area Plans.
except at intersections.
11’
6’
54’
Two lanes, 7’ wide or 5’ wide with 3’ parking buffer when on-street parking present.
.
10’
, plus 18’ (min.) utility easement.
7’
Two lanes, 6.5’ wide lane, 3’ wide painted buffer
.in constrained right of way situation after review and approval of the City Engineer.
5
or as required by Area Plans.
11’
.
providing local access, and in areas without driveways.
May be used for residential local streets providing access to single family detached dwellings
with driveways.
, plus 18’ (min.) utility easement.
W = 30’ to 36’
3
ATTACHMENT 9
Olga Duvall, Chair
Eric Shenk, Vice Chair
Transportation Board
MEMORANDUM
DATE: November 25, 2015
TO: Mayor Troxell and City Councilmembers
FROM: Olga Duvall, Transportation Board Chair, on behalf of the Transportation Board
RE: Support Letter for Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards Update
The Transportation Board has reviewed Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards
(LCUASS) Update, presented by Aaron Iverson at the Board’s July and November meetings.
The Board unanimously voted to recommend approval of LCUASS as modified, with additional
consideration given to following topics:
1. Influence of citizen concerns on the type of Transportation Impact Study required;
2. Reference to the Adequate Public Facilities ordinance;
3. Impact of roundabouts on roadway Level of Service.
Respectfully submitted,
Olga Duvall, Transportation Board Chair
ATTACHMENT 10
Transportation Board
November 18, 2015
DRAFT
8. ACTION ITEMS
• Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards – Aaron Iverson
Iverson discussed the Standards as being the document outlining how streets are built
in Fort Collins, Loveland and Larimer County. He stated this update adds a section on
the City’s position on complete streets to accommodate all modes of transportation.
Iverson discussed the Chapter 4 updates, noting the City’s Traffic Operations group
oversees Transportation Impact Studies (TIS).
Thomas asked about the standards in Chapter 4 which determine the level of Impact
Study performed. He expressed concern that “significant neighborhood concern”
about traffic impacts only triggers an intermediate TIS where a full TIS is only triggered
by a great deal of volume. Iverson replied he would need to check with Traffic
Operations on that topic.
Thomas asked about the criteria for requiring no TIS, one of which is that there is no
neighborhood impact. He questioned how that could be known if no study has
occurred.
Sizemore noted any project generating more than 100 peak hour trips, it already
requires a full TIS, and an intermediate TIS would be required at 51-99 peak hour
trips.
Thomas asked about the lack of use of the phrase “adequate public facilities.”
Iverson replied that policy exists outside these Standards but acknowledged the TIS
would indicate whether or not an adequate public facilities (APF) test is needed.
Jackson replied there is going to be additional analysis and policy work done on the
APF ordinance but stated its inclusion as a reference is a good idea.
Thomas asked if the inclusion of using a roundabout to aid in congestion and level of
service was considered. Iverson replied the document includes standards for building
roundabouts and indicated he would report back to the Board with the details regarding
impact to level of service.
Iverson went on to discuss Chapter 7 which deals with street design and technical
criteria. He stated modifications to this chapter include updates to cross-sections and
updates to bicycle standards.
Thomas asked if there is a correlation between speed and street design. Iverson replied in
the affirmative.
Iverson detailed the changes reflecting the new Bicycle Master Plan and protected bike
lanes and discussed changes made to pedestrian standards, which include references to
new bus stop standards.
Iverson stated these changes are slated to go before Council in December, and
following adoption by the cities, will go before the County Commissioners.
Iverson committed to reporting back to the Board with responses to each of the
ATTACHMENT 11
Transportation Board
November 18, 2015
DRAFT
questions.
Thomas made a motion, seconded by Jordan, that the Transportation Board
recommend approval of the Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards as
modified, with additional consideration given to: the impact of neighborhood
concerns on level of study, reference to the adequate public facilities ordinance,
and impact of roundabouts on levels of service.
The motion was approved unanimously.
ORDINANCE NO. 166, 2015
OF THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF FORT COLLINS
ADOPTING UPDATES TO THE LARIMER COUNTY
URBAN AREA STREET STANDARDS
WHEREAS, on January 2, 2001, the City Council adopted the Larimer County Urban
Area Street Standards (the “LCUASS”), with the adoption of Ordinance No. 186, 2000; and
WHEREAS, the LCUASS result from a cooperative effort between the City, the City of
Loveland, and Larimer County to standardize the design and construction of new and
reconstructed streets within municipal limits and the associated Growth Management Areas; and
WHEREAS, the LCUASS were concurrently adopted by the City of Loveland and
Larimer County; and
WHEREAS, the current version of the LCUASS was adopted by Council on February 6,
2007, with the subsequent adoption of revised Streetscape Standards in 2013, with the adoption
of Ordinance No. 151, 2012; and
WHEREAS, City staff, in collaboration with staff from the City of Loveland and Larimer
County, has prepared proposed amendments to the LCUASS contained in Exhibit “A,” attached
hereto and incorporated herein by reference; and
WHEREAS, final incorporation of the proposed amendments into the LCUASS requires
formal adoption by the City of Loveland and Larimer County in addition to the City; and
WHERAS, the Council has determined that the proposed amendments comport with the
principles and policies contained in City Plan, the Transportation Master Plan, and the Bicycle
Master Plan and are in the best interests of the City and should be adopted.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF
FORT COLLINS as follows:
Section 1. That the City Council hereby makes any and all determinations and
findings contained in the recitals set forth above.
Section 2. That the City Council hereby adopts the revisions to the LCUASS as set
forth in Exhibit “A,” attached hereto and incorporated herein by reference.
Introduced, considered favorably on first reading, and ordered published this 15th day of
December, A.D. 2015, and to be presented for final passage on the 5th day of January, A.D.
2016.
__________________________________
Mayor
ATTEST:
_______________________________
City Clerk
Passed and adopted on final reading on the 5th day of January, A.D. 2016.
__________________________________
Mayor
ATTEST:
_______________________________
City Clerk
EXHIBIT A
BUS STOP DESIGN
STANDARDS &
GUIDELINES
July 21, 2015
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
Technical Advisory Committee
Noah Al Hadidi, CSU Student
Sarah Allmon, Barrier Busters Public Transportation Advisory Group (PTAG)
Vivian Armendariz, Citizen
Michael Devereaux, PTAG, Commission on Disability
Kathryn Grimes, Bike Advisory Commission
Jamie Rideoutt, Lamar Advertising Company
Ed Roberts, Transportation Board (past member)
Carol Thomas, Transfort Safety, Security and Training Manager
Project Management Team
Emma Belmont, Transfort — Transit Planner
Steve Gilchrist, Traffic — Traffic Engineer
Aaron Iverson, FC Moves — Senior Transportation Planner
Tim Kemp, Engineering — Civil Engineer III
Tom Knostman, Streets — Pavement Engineer
Kathleen Walker, Transfort — Operations Manager
Graphics and Formatting
Slate Communications
BHA Design Incorporated
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
CONTENTS
1. OVERVIEW
1.1 PURPOSE
1.2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THESE
STANDARDS AND GUIDANCE
1.3 INTEGRATION WITH OTHER
STANDARDS GUIDANCE
2. THE BIG PICTURE
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 TRANSIT SYSTEM OVERVIEW
2.3 BUS STOP INSTALLATION AND
UPGRADE — HOW DOES IT HAPPEN?
2.4 OBSTACLES TO IMPROVING
TRANSIT INFRASTRUCTURE
2.5 BUS STOP MAINTENANCE
AND ADVERTISING
3. STREET-SIDE
CHARACTERISTICS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 STOP SPACING
3.3 STOP LOCATING
3.4 IN-STREET DESIGN
3.5 TECHNICAL DETAILS
4. CURB-SIDE
CHARACTERISTICS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 UNIVERSAL DESIGN AND
ADA ACCESSIBILITY
4.3 BUS STOP TYPES
4.4 AMENITIES
4.5 BUS STOP TYPE DETERMINATION
5. NEXT STEPS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 TRANSFORT BUS STOP
IMPROVEMENT PLAN
5.3 RECOMMENDED FUTURE ACTIONS
6. APPENDIX
6.1 BUS STOP DEVELOPMENT FORM
6.2 LAND USE CODE SECTION 3.6.5
6.3 TECHNICAL DESIGNS (As Incorporated into
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards)
6.4 CITIZEN ADVISORY COMMITTEE
LETTER OF SUPPORT
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 1
1. OVERVIEW
1.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of the Bus Stop Design Standards and Guidelines document is to assist City staff,
developers, local partners and private property owners in locating and designing bus stops and
their associated passenger amenities within the City of Fort Collins as well as the greater Transfort
service area. The document consists of five chapters:
• Overview — discusses how to use the standards and guidance
• The Big Picture — discusses the transit network as it currently exists and the envisioned
future of transit service in Fort Collins
• Street-side Characteristics — discusses the factors associated with the roadway that
influence bus operations
• Curb-side Characteristics — discusses the factors associated with the comfort, safety and
convenience of patrons at bus stops
• Next Steps — discusses Transfort’s approach to pursue capital improvements and outlines
related action items related to bus stop accessibility
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 2
1.2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THESE
STANDARDS AND GUIDANCE
This guidance document was created with the assistance of a Citizen Advisory Committee (CAC),
created by Transfort, comprised of local transit riders, cycling advocates, safety specialists, urban
designers, students, media professionals, Transfort staff and other interested parties. The CAC
members included individuals with a wide range of abilities and experiences with the transit network.
A project management team (PMT) of City staff also assisted in the development of this document.
This group focused on the technical components and safety considerations as they relate to bus
stops. The following City departments were represented in the PMT: Engineering, FC Moves,
Planning, Streets, Traffic, and Transfort.
In addition, Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 19 – Guidelines for the Location
and Design of Bus Stops, as well as various other transit agency bus stop design documents,
provided best practices and general guidance in the development of the standards and guidance
outlined in this document.
1.3 INTEGRATION WITH OTHER
STANDARDS AND GUIDANCE
There are various tools that work in tandem with this standards and guidance document. Within the
Transfort department, other important guidance tools that may provide guidance on facilities and
services include: Transfort Strategic Operating Plan (TSOP), Transfort Operating Manual (TOM),
and Transfort Service Standards. Additional documents that govern site development include:
Fort Collins Land Use Code (LUC) and Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards (LCUASS). If
conflicts arise between these documents, the more specific and/or stringent standard will apply.
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 3
2. THE BIG PICTURE
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Bus stops are a critical part of the transit system as they serve as the first point of contact between
the customer and the service. In addition, bus stop placement throughout the community acts
to promote alternative modes of transportation to the traveling public. The spacing, location and
design all affect the operation of the transit system and, in turn, the transit patron’s satisfaction.
The standards and guidance in this document are intended to guide the design of transit stops that
complement their immediate surroundings, meet the transit patron’s comfort and safety needs,
and support an efficient transit network.
The placement of transit stops is guided by safety considerations, community context, patron’s
origins and destinations, opportunity, and Transfort’s strategic planning efforts. The TSOP is
Transfort’s long range planning tool; however, it is possible that community growth and change will
occur in ways not anticipated by the TSOP, and therefore routes and bus stops may be different from
those envisioned in the TSOP. The TSOP proposed long range routes are depicted in Figure 2 below.
2.2 TRANSIT SYSTEM OVERVIEW
The City of Fort Collins operates its own transit system, which is branded as Transfort. Transfort
operates fixed route transportation within the City of Fort Collins and in parts of unincorporated
Larimer County. Complementary paratransit service is contracted to and operated by Veolia
Transportation. A regional express route, known as FLEX, is provided through a partnership
between Fort Collins, Loveland, Berthoud, Longmont and Boulder County. Transfort bus stops
are located within Fort Collins city limits as well as in unincorporated Larimer County, the City of
Loveland, the Town of Berthoud, Boulder County and the City of Longmont.
Transfort’s route map (August 2015) is provided below in Figure 1. Following Figure 1 is a map
of the long range vision for transit service in and surrounding Fort Collins, Figure 2. This map
illustrates the TSOP vision for a full transition into a productivity-based grid system. It incorporates
the Phase 3 planned routes, along with additional recommendations from other adopted plans
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 4
and new routes that have been added since the TSOP’s adoption. The purpose of this map is to
indicate where new bus stops will be located as development occurs throughout the city.
VINE DR.
MULBERRY ST.
PROSPECT RD.
DRAKE RD.
HORSETOOTH RD.
HARMONY RD.
OVERLAND TRAIL
TAFT HILL RD.
LEMAY AVE.
TIMBERLINE RD.
I-25
SHIELDS ST.
COLLEGE AVE.
LAPORTE AVE.
ELIZABETH ST.
6 19
91
33
18
16
14
12
10
9
92
81
7
5
32
31
DTC
CTC
STC
8
2
Figure 1 — Transfort All Routes Map (Effective August 2015)
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 5
Figure 2 — Transfort Strategic Operating Plan Phase 3 Routes and Proposed Changes
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 6
2.3 BUS STOP INSTALLATION AND
UPGRADE — HOW DOES IT HAPPEN?
There are just over 500 existing bus stops in the Transfort system; of these, some meet the
standards outlined in this document and some do not. In addition to existing bus stops that
Transfort currently serves, the TSOP sets forth a plan for expanded service which will require new
transit facilities throughout Transfort’s service area.
There are a variety of ways transit facilities are installed and upgraded throughout the Transfort
system, and they are described below:
• Transfort’s Capital Improvement Plan — The Improvement Plan, which is based on
location specific criteria, identified in the Bus Stop Development Form (Appendix 1) and
Section 4.5, prioritizes bus stop improvements in the Transfort Service Area. Transfort
anticipates an annual budget of $100,000, based on dedicated tax revenue (Building on
Basics), for bus stop improvements. It is estimated that this amount will fund approximately
7–10 bus stops annually. Transfort also pursues grants to fund additional improvements.
Improvements are generally implemented according to the Improvement Plan, but obstacles
do arise as described in Section 2.4.
• Transfort’s Service Agreement for Bus Stops — Transfort contracts with an advertising
company for the installation, provision of passenger amenities and maintenance of Transfort’s
bus stops. This agreement permits Transfort to request solid surface upgrades to bus stops
that are located within public right-of-way (ROW) and installation of passenger amenities
at bus stops in Transfort’s service area. In a typical year, this agreement provides for the
upgrade of approximately 10 bus stops.
• Development and/or Redevelopment — As properties develop and redevelop within city
limits the City’s Land Use Code (LUC) requires that the development accommodate both
the existing and planned transit network (LUC Section 3.6.5 text included in Appendix 2).
This requires developers to provide the necessary transit infrastructure and passenger
amenities, if applicable, on or adjacent to their property. Developer responsibilities may
include: dedicating additional public ROW; dedicating a Transit Easement; installation of a
bus stop solid surface; installation of a bus pullout; and installation of or payment in lieu for
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 7
the applicable bus stop passenger amenities, all in accordance with the standards set forth
in this document.
Transfort does not have control over which stops are improved via this method. Bus stop
improvements may not be in accordance with the Improvement Plan Priorities set forth
in this document.
• City Capital Improvement and Street Maintenance Projects — Every year the
City’s Engineering and Streets Departments implement capital improvements and street
maintenance. These departments manage infrastructure improvements and work with
Transfort to help upgrade bus stops, as needed in the area of the project’s impact. Since
stops improved through this method are opportunistic, improvements may not reflect the
same priorities as listed in the Improvement Plan.
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 8
2.4 OBSTACLES TO IMPROVING
TRANSIT INFRASTRUCTURE
Many obstacles exist outside of Transfort’s control, which makes providing quality transit facilities
challenging at times. Obstacles to improving bus stops include: available space (including public
ROW) for stop infrastructure (solid surface and passenger amenities); accessible neighborhood
sidewalks connecting to stops; accessible street crossings; and temporary obstacles such as those
due to weather events like snow, rain or hail. Transfort actively works with other City departments
to make improvements to the sidewalk network and to add accessible bus stops in conjunction
with City construction activities. However, it will take many years for all stops to be improved
because infrastructure deficiencies are widespread. Images 1, 2 and 3 below demonstrate some
of the obstacles that limit transit facility improvements.
Image 1 Image 2
Laporte and Overland Eastbound (EB)
Obstacles: • Limited public ROW
• No sidewalks
Shields and Swallow Northbound (NB)
Obstacles: • Limited public ROW
Image 3
Harmony and Corbett (EB)
Obstacles: • Covered section of ditch runs between sidewalk and edge of street
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 9
2.5 BUS STOP MAINTENANCE
AND ADVERTISING
Transfort, like many transit agencies across the nation, utilizes advertising revenue to provide
both maintenance of and passenger amenities at bus stops. Transfort contracts this service with
an advertising contractor, allowing them to advertise at Transfort bus stops. In return, Transfort
benefits from a portion of the advertising revenue, as well as the contractor’s maintenance of bus
stops (including snow removal) and the contractor’s provision of passenger amenities and solid
surface installation at locations within public ROW. However, advertising is not permitted at all
bus stops within Transfort’s network. In single family residential areas, for example, advertising
is limited to side-yards. In addition, certain areas may not be appropriate for advertising, such as
historically significant sites. In such cases, Transfort has a limited number of non-advertising bus
stop benches and shelters that can be used if advertising is deemed to be incompatible with the
character of the area.
Images 4–7 below are examples of advertising at Transfort bus stops.
Image 4
Harmony and Timberline (EB)
Image 5
Image 6 Image 7
Harmony and Larkbunting (WB)
Rock Creek at Fossil Ridge High School (EB) Taft Hill and Drake (NB)
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 10
3. STREET-SIDE CHARACTERISTICS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This section discusses preferred and alternative street-side or in-street stop designs. Street-side
characteristics refer to features associated with the roadway that influence transit operations.
These features include elements such as: traffic speeds, street design, intersection design and
the location of acceleration/deceleration lanes. Street-side features influence the location of and
in-street design of bus stops. It is important to note that since stop designs were developed
based on standard roadway characteristics, the on-site context may call for locations or designs
that are tailored to that context. Ultimately, Transfort staff, with the input from the City’s Traffic,
Engineering and FC Moves Departments, will make the final decision on the location and design
that is appropriate for a given situation.
Image 8
Street-side
Characteristics
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 11
3.2 STOP SPACING
Stop spacing refers to the distance between stops along a bus route. Stop spacing takes into
consideration the trade-offs between vehicle travel times and walking distances to bus stops.
While more frequently placed bus stops reduce walking distances, it also slows down bus service.
In contrast, longer distances between stops increases vehicle speed but may result in customers
having to walk longer distances to get to bus stops. This is described in TCRP’s Report 19 as trade-
offs between operating efficiencies and customer accessibility, as follows:
Table 1 — Trade-offs of Stop Spacing
TCRP Report 19 also describes the industry standards for bus stop spacing typically being
subdivided by land use types/densities or locating stops near major trip generators. This suggests
using closer spaced stops in more densely populated areas, such as the central business core,
and increasing space between stops when approaching more suburban and rural areas of the
community. In addition Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) type routes generally suggest an increased
distance between stops to decrease travel times. Table 2 below describes typical ranges for the
different land use environments.
Transfort uses these ranges as references, but in general the main considerations for bus stop
locating and spacing are safety, such as reducing bus and vehicle conflicts, and major trip
generators, such as, community activity centers and concentrations of residences and businesses.
Where feasible, stops shall be located approximately ¼ mile apart. In locations where stop spacing
is more then ⅓ mile apart, a midpoint stop may be considered if adjacent land uses warrant such
additional stop placement.
Close stops
(every block or
⅛ mile – ¼ mile spacing)
Further distance between stops
(Beyond ¼ mile spacing)
•Short walking distances
•More frequent stops, creating longer travel time
•Longer walking distances
•Less frequent stops, creating shorter travel time
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 12
Table 2 — Recommended Bus Stop Spacing
3.3 STOP LOCATING
There are three location options for bus stops: near-side, far-side and mid-block, as shown in
Figure 3 below. Far-side stops are, in general, Transfort’s preferred stop location because they
are shown to be the safest for passengers exiting the bus and minimize conflicts with other
vehicles. However, a mid-block or near-side stop may be more appropriate in some situations.
Many factors influence the location of stops, such as site specific safety considerations, traffic
patterns, intersection geometry, passenger origins and destinations, pedestrian accessibility, route
design and available space. Transfort staff determine which stop location is most appropriate for
each individual situation, and Table 3 may be used to help make a decision based on the trade-
offs of each possible location.
Environment Route Type Spacing Range
Urban Area (within a City
Plan Activity Center, see
Figure 20 in Section 4.5)
Local Route ⅛ – ¼ Mile
Express or Bus Rapid Transit Route ½ – 1 Mile or As Needed
Suburban Area Local Route ¼ – ½ Mile
Express or Bus Rapid Transit Route 1 Mile or As Needed
Rural Area Local Route As Needed
Express or Bus Rapid Transit Route As Needed
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 13
Figure 3 — Near-Side, Far-Side and Mid-Block Stops Locations
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 14
STOP LOCATION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
NEAR-SIDE STOP
Use if:
• Destinations are
focused at the
near-side corner
• Route pattern calls for
near-side location
• Available space is
limited on far-side
• Allows passengers to access buses
close to the crosswalk
• Eliminates the potential for double
stopping — passenger loading can
occur when bus is stopped at
the signal
• Increases conflict with
right-turning vehicles
• May result in stopping buses
obscuring curbside traffic control
devices and crossing pedestrians
• May block the through traffic lanes
during peak hours
• May cause sight distance
problems for pedestrians
and motorists
• May increase rear-end accidents if
drivers aren’t anticipating the bus
stopping before the intersection
• Vehicles may attempt to turn in
front of a stopped bus that is
beginning to pull away
FAR-SIDE STOP
Use if:
• Destinations are on
both sides of street
or on the far side of
the intersection
• Minimizes conflicts between right-
turning vehicles and buses
• Allows for additional right-turn
capacity (because bus is not
stopping in the right turn lane)
• Minimizes sight distance
difficulties on approach
to intersections
• Encourages pedestrians to cross
behind the bus
• Bus can merge into traffic more
easily, taking advantage of gaps
• Stopped buses may block
intersections during
congested periods
• May cause a bus to stop twice in
short order: once at a red light
and once at the bus stop
• May increase rear-end accidents if
drivers do not anticipate the bus
stopping after the intersection
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 15
3.4 IN-STREET DESIGN
The In-Street Design refers to the location that the bus stops in the street to approach the bus
stop, such as in a bus pullout, travel lane, bike lane or on a road shoulder. Determining what
design is appropriate depends on safety considerations, street design, available space, ridership
and other factors. Most of Transfort’s buses stop in bike or travel lanes, but bus pullouts may be
used in areas where there is high ridership, a large number of route transfers or where traffic is
considered to be high volume. Queue jumps refer to an intersection design that allows the bus
to move ahead of queueing traffic to progress through high congestion intersections quicker.
Queue jumps and bus pullouts typically originate from recommendations of a corridor, sub-area or
service-related planning effort (e.g. Harmony Road Enhanced Travel Corridor Alternatives Analysis,
Lincoln Corridor Plan, or West Central Area Plan). In addition, a bus pullout may be required when
multiple routes transfer at the location. Foothills Mall provides an example of such a situation.
In-Street Design alternatives are illustrated below in Figures 4 and 5. Bus pullouts, shall be designed
to the detail shown in LCUASS drawing 711. The flow chart in Figure 6 helps to determine what
In-Street Design is appropriate, and the trade-off of each design is described in Table 4.
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 16
Figure 4 — In-Street Bus Stop Design Alternatives
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 17
Figure 5 — Bus Stop Zone Dimensions (where on-street parking is present)
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 18
Figure 6 — In-Street Design Recommendations
Is a design
recommended as part
of an adopted plan?
YES
Use design
identified
in the Plan
NO
Is the stop a
transfer location?
YES
What volume
of transfers are
anticipated?
NO
Is there on-street
parking?
YES NO
A Bulbout stop
is most likely
appropriate
A Curbside stop
is appropriate
HIGH VOLUME
(BRT connections or
more than 3 routes
serve the stop)
LOW VOLUME
(2-3 low frequency routes)
How many travel lanes are
on the adjacent road?
A Bus Pullout or
Open Bus Bay is
appropriate
1 in each
direction
A Bus Pullout or
Open Bus Bay is
appropriate
2 or more in
each direction
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 19
STOP LOCATION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
CURBSIDE STOP
(Typical)
• Provides easy approach for bus
drivers and results in minimal
delay to the bus
• Simple design and inexpensive
to install
• Easy to relocate
• Can cause traffic delays since bus
stops in the travel lane
• May cause drivers to make unsafe
passing maneuvers
BUS PULLOUT
(Route transfer stop
and/or on roads with
two travel lanes)
• Bus is out of travel lane,
minimizing delay to traffic
• Passengers board/alight out
of traffic
• Re-entry into congested traffic can
be difficult and cause delays
• Expensive to install, making
relocation difficult/expensive
OPEN BUS BAY • Allows the bus to decelerate
in the intersection
• See Bus Pullout advantages
• See Bus Pullout disadvantages
QUEUE JUMP • Allows bus to bypass
queued traffic
• See Bus Pullout advantages
• May delay right turning vehicles
• See Bus Pullout disadvantages
BULBOUT/NUB
(For locations with
on-street parking)
• Removes fewer parking spaces
than others
• Decreases walking distances to
bus stops for pedestrians
• Provides additional sidewalk area
for passengers
• Results in minimal delay for buses
• Costs more to install compared to
curbside stops
• See Curbside Stop disadvantages
Table 4 — Recommended Bus Stop In-Street Design
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 20
4. CURB-SIDE CHARACTERISTICS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This section describes criteria that all bus stops shall meet, provides preferred layout of passenger
amenities at stops and recommends how amenities should be distributed throughout the Transfort
service area. Curbside characteristics refer to features associated with the comfort, safety and
convenience of customers at bus stops outside of the roadway. These features include factors like
sidewalk width, connections to adjacent land uses, and bus stop passenger amenities such as
shelters, benches, bike racks, trash and recycling receptacles and lighting. Newly constructed or
altered bus stops shall meet the standards in this section to the maximum extent feasible.
Image 9
Curb-side
Characteristics
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 21
4.2 UNIVERSAL DESIGN AND
ADA ACCESSIBILITY
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 regulated enforceable accessibility standards for
new construction and alterations to places of public accommodation, which include bus stops.
The 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design, the most recent guidance, outlines the following
four basic principles to accomplishing ADA accessibility at bus stops, as it applies to all newly
constructed or altered Transfort bus stops.
1) Surface — the bus stop boarding and alighting area shall have a firm, stable surface;
2) Dimensions — the bus stop boarding and alighting area shall provide a clear length of 8'
minimum, measured from the curb, and a clear width of 5' minimum, measured parallel to
the roadway.
Figure 6 — ADA Dimensions of Bus Boarding and Alighting Area
3) Connection — the bus stop boarding and alighting area shall be connected to streets, sidewalks,
or pedestrian paths by an accessible route, of at least 4' wide.
4) Slope — the slope of the bus stop boarding and alighting area shall be the same as the roadway
to the maximum extent practical, and not steeper than 1:48, a 2% grade.
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 22
If a bus stop has a shelter, there shall be a minimum clear floor space of 30" wide by 48" deep inside
the shelter and an accessible path leading from the shelter to the boarding and alighting area.
Figure 7 — ADA Interior Bus Shelter Space
4.3 BUS STOP TYPES
Transfort has four typical stop types tailored to the context of each stop area. Higher ridership
areas or areas with high concentrations of youth, senior, disabled or low-income populations are
recommended to have a higher level of patron amenities such as a shelter, bench, bike rack,
trash receptacle and lighting. Lower ridership areas may have fewer amenities. The Bus Stop
Development Form (Appendix 1) will assist in determining what stop type is appropriate. The stop
types are described below:
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 23
Figure 8
Type I Standard (Detached sidewalk)
Figure 9
Type I Constrained (Attached sidewalk)
Images 10 and 11 — Existing Type I Standard Stop Examples:
Shields and Rolland Moore Park SB Bus Stop Harmony and Taft Hill EB Bus Stop
• Type I – Sign Stop — A bus stop with a bus stop sign and basic ADA accessible landing
surface are the primary features of this stop type, meaning there is no bench or shelter. This
is the most basic stop type and is appropriate for low land-use density and low ridership areas.
Figures 8 and 9 and images 10 and 11 show standard and constrained options for this type of
stop, depending on the available right-of-way and sidewalk design.
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 24
Figure 10
Type II Standard (Detached sidewalk)
Figure 11
Type II Constrained (Attached sidewalk)
Images 12 and 13 — Existing Type II Standard and Constrained Examples
(to comply with above design, these stops need the addition of a bike rack and trash receptacle)
Shields and Centre Avenue NB Bus Stop Lincoln Avenue and Buckingham Park WB
Bus Stop
• Type II – Bench Stop — This describes a bus stop with a stand-alone bench as the primary
feature, and which does not include a shelter. The stop should also have a bus stop sign, bike
rack and trash receptacle. The most appropriate use of Bench Stops is areas with low to mid
ridership potential. Figures 10 and 11 and images 12 and 13 show standard and constrained
options for Type II – Bench Stops.
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 25
• Type III – Shelter Stop — This describes a bus stop with a shelter as the primary feature.
This stop type should also include a bus stop sign, at least one bench, a trash receptacle, one
or more bike racks, interior lighting and advertising panels. A Shelter Stop should be used in
areas with medium to high ridership potential, high concentrations of elderly, youth, disabled
and low-income populations and in areas with high exposure to the elements.
• There are four alternative designs for Type III stops. The alternative chosen depends on the
sidewalk design, public right-of-way and existing structures that may render the standard
design impractical. Transfort staff will assist in determining which design is appropriate
for each individual situation. Figures 12–19 and images 14–17 show examples of Type
III Shelter Stop configurations. The existing stop images aren’t necessarily compliant
with the organization/siting recommendations for passenger amenities in this section,
for the appropriate organization/siting of passenger amenities, see the “amenity detail”
following each Type III configuration.
Figure 12
Type III Standard (Detached sidewalk)
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 26
Figure 13
Type III Standard (Detached sidewalk) — Amenity Detail
Figure 14
Type III Constrained (Detached sidewalk)
Figure 15
Type III Constrained (Detached sidewalk) — Amenity Detail
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 27
Figure 16
Type III Constrained (Attached sidewalk)
Figure 17
Type III Constrained (Attached sidewalk) — Amenity detail
Figure 18
Type III Wide Parkway (Detached sidewalk)
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 28
Figure 19
Type III Wide Parkway (Detached sidewalk bus stop) — Amenity detail
Image 14 and 15 Existing Type III Examples
* These do not meet the siting/organization of passenger amenity recommendations detailed in this section.
Over time stops will be upgraded to meet revised standards, see Section 5.2 for more information.
Images 16 and 17 — New Shelter Examples
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 29
• Type IV – Station Stop — This describes a bus stop that has enhanced passenger amenities
such as a ticket vending machine, real time next bus LED and/or digital signage, a unique shelter
structure, as well as the standard passenger amenities provided at Type III stops. Elements
required at a Station Stop include those identified in Image 18 and Section 4.4 below. MAX
Stations are currently the only Station Stops in Transfort’s system. Stations should be used
on specialty routes, most often in Enhanced Travel Corridors as defined in the Transportation
Master Plan as “uniquely designed corridors that are planned to incorporate high frequency
transit, bicycling and walking as part of the corridor.”
Image 18 — Example Station Stop
Image 19 — Troutman Station (Concept) Image 20 — Troutman Station (Built)
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 30
4.4 PASSENGER AMENITIES
Passenger amenities are a significant element in attracting people to use public transportation.
Shelters are the most preferred passenger amenity because they offer the best protection from
the elements. Other important amenities include: benches; customer information such as transit
maps; real-time bus arrival information and directional signage; lighting; bike racks; and trash and
recycling facilities. All passenger amenities should be located within public right-of-way or within
a dedicated transit easement. The Bus Stop Passenger Amenities required, based on Stop Type
described in Section 4.3, are provided in Table 5. In addition, see the Bus Stop Development Form
in Appendix 1 for determining stop type.
• Bus Stop Sign — All active bus stops (except Type IV Station Stops) are required to have a
Transfort bus stop sign. Signage includes a round bus stop sign and a routes served sign.
Transfort will arrange for the installation of the signage at the time service is initiated at a stop.
• Solid Surface and full ADA Accessibility — All newly constructed or altered bus stops shall
have a solid surface at least as large as the minimum size described in the Stop Types in
Section 4.3 and comply with the four dimensions of accessibility described in Section 4.2.
Newly implemented routes offer an exception to this rule, as sometimes stop locations need
to be monitored to ensure they are in the best location prior to making the full investment
upgrading the stop infrastructure. Final stop locations are generally finalized within two years.
• Bench – All new benches shall be selected from the options described in this section and
shall be powder coated in either RAL 7047 (for benches in shelters) or RAL 7039 (for
stand-alone benches), refer to the Shelter Paint Colors on page 31. Images 21-23 depict the
acceptable options.
Image 21 Image 22 Image 23
6' Stand-alone ad bench
REF RFB-14 4793-121
5–7' In-shelter non-ad bench
REF SFB-02 14001-121
5' In-shelter non-ad bench
REF SFB-08 12096-121
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 31
• Shelter — All new shelters (not including Type IV Stations) shall be selected from the options
described in this section and be powder coated in RAL 7047 and RAL 6017 as depicted in
the examples below. Walls shall be either perforated metal or custom glass with the official
Transfort branded banner and routes served information as shown in images 24–27. A
double-sided advertising panel is the standard requirement. The non-ad shelter option is
only available upon Transfort’s approval. In addition, shelters are preferred to incorporate
solar panels for lighting or shall be directly wired for electric service.
Image 24 Image 25
14' Standard Non-advertising shelter
(Use must be approved by Transfort)
REF SIGNA-TFP14
15' Standard advertising shelter
REF SIGA-TFP15 25340-00
Image 26 Image 27
18' Upgraded ad shelter with V-ad Panels
REF SIGA-TFV 24343
15' Upgraded ad shelter with glass walls
REF SIGA-TFG15 25341-00
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 32
RAL Paint Colors
SHELTER PAINT COLORS
GREEN: #RAL 6017 SILVER: #RAL 7047
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 33
• Bike Racks — Bike racks are recommended at all bus stops and specifically required at
all type II–IV stops. The preferred bike rack style is a simple hitching post or inverted U, as
shown below, and should be powder coated in RAL 7047, RAL 7039 or RAL 6017.
Image 28 (2 bike) Image 29 (2 bike)Image 30 (4 or 5 bike)
REF SFM-05 25390-121 REF SFM-06 25391-121 REF SFM-10 25392-121
• Trash and Recycling Receptacles — Trash and recycling receptacles are required at all
Type III and IV stops and are an option at Type I and II stops. Lower ridership stops may
utilize a pole mounted trash receptacle, and higher ridership stops (projected over 25 daily
boardings) shall provide a stand-alone trash receptacle from the options below, and should
be powder coated in RAL 7047 or RAL 7039.
Image 31 Image 32
Pole Mounted
REF SFTR-10 25393-121 25394-121
32 Gallon Steel Strap
REF SFTR-11 25395-121 25396-121
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 34
• Lighting — Solar lighting panels are included on the roof of the approved shelter options
described previously. Type I and II stops typically do not have their own lighting, and instead
utilize nearby street lights and lighting from neighboring businesses. Pole mounted lighting
may be an option for stops with limited nearby lighting.
• Transit System Map — Transfort installs transit system maps at high ridership Type III
stops (over 50 daily boardings). System maps are only installed at Type III stops because
the shelter provides a mounting location for the map display case.
• Transit Route Map/Schedules(s) — Transfort typically installs individual route maps at
high ridership Type III stops (over 50 daily boardings). Route maps are only installed at Type
III stops because the shelter provides a mounting location for the map display case.
• Ticket Vending Machine (TVM) — Ticket vending machines are included at MAX stations
and in the example Type IV Station Stop design, as shown in Images 18–20. However, while
TVMs remain a recommended element, the need for TVMs may be reduced as Transfort
moves towards mobile ticket purchase options.
• Digital Signage — Digital signage is recommended at all Type IV Station Stops and may be
installed by Transfort at high use and/or transfer bus stops. Digital signs, which are LED
panels and/or LCD screens, typically display real-time bus arrival information, rider alerts,
and other critical passenger information.
• Ground Mounted Tactile — Type IV Station Stops are recommended to include ground
mounted tactile surfaces adjacent to boarding and alighting areas.
• Paper Schedules — Paper schedules are typically provided just at transit centers, but
could be considered for high ridership stops as needed. This information would be provided
by Transfort.
• Security Cameras and Emergency Call Box — Security cameras and emergency call
boxes are recommended to be provided at Type IV Station Stops.
• Wind Screen — Wind screens are integrated into the standard shelter designs, but depending
on the orientation of the shelter, the standard wind screens may not be adequate for the
specific location. If wind is deemed to be an issue at a particular stop, a custom wind panel
should be considered in addition to or in lieu of the standard shelter wind panel.
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 35
• Secure Bike Parking — Secure bike parking is an optional element at any stop, but should
be considered at high use stops, especially transit centers and/or park-n-rides.
• Braille Signage — Braille signage is not a standard element at bus stops, but has been
recommended to be evaluated further following the completion of this document. Section
5.3 discusses next steps related to Braille Signage.
• Wayfinding Signage — Wayfinding signage is optional at all bus stops but is recommended
at Type IV Station stops.
Bus Stop Amenities Type I Type II Type III Type IV
Bus Stop Sign
Solid Surface
5' x 8' Landing Pad
4' Path Connection to adjacent sidewalks
Minimal Slope
Bench
Shelter
Custom Shelter
Bike Rack(s)
(At least 1 rack recommended at all stops
[except Type I], additional racks may be
required based on projected ridership)
Trash and Recycling Facilities
Lighting
Transit System Map
Route Map/Schedule(s)
Ticket Vending Machine (TVM)
Digital Signage
Ground Mounted Tactile
Paper Schedules
Security Cameras and Emergency Call-box
Wind Screen
Secure Bike Parking
Braille Signage
Wayfinding Signage
Legend:
Required Amenity
Recommended Amenity
Optional Amenity
Table 5 — Bus Stop Amenities
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 36
4.5 BUS STOP TYPE DETERMINATION
The selection of the appropriate stop type should consider both qualitative and quantitative
measures, such as:
• ridership potential and/or existing ridership,
• neighboring land uses, including concentrations of youth, seniors, disabled, and low-income
populations (e.g. schools, housing or social service agencies)
• proximity to defined activity centers (as part of City Plan), and
• exposure to the elements.
As new stops are developed, the following criteria should be used to determine the appropriate stop
type. Please refer to the Bus Stop Development Form in Appendix 1 for a site specific evaluation form.
Higher priority for upgrades should be given to bus stops with mid-high ridership (above 50
boardings per day), demographic considerations such as youth, senior, disabled and low-income
population concentrations within ¼ mile of the stop, and stops with high exposure to the elements.
Criterion Type I – Sign Type II – Bench Type III – Shelter Type IV – Station
Ridership Potential
(existing or projected)
Low Ridership
(<25 daily
boardings)
Low–Med
Ridership
(25–50 daily
boardings)
Med–High
Ridership
(>50 daily
boardings)
Very High
Ridership
(250+ daily
boardings)
Land Use Density
(Refer to Zoning Map)
RUL, UE, RF,
RL, or POL
NCL, NCB,
LMN, RC, RDR,
NC, CL, E, I
NCM, MMN,
HMN, D, CC,
CCN, CCR, CG,
CS, HC
Youth, Seniors or Disabled
Populations Concentrations
Within a ⅛ mile
of population
concentrations
Located in an Activity
Center (City Plan— Targeted
Infill and Redevelopment Area
map, see Figure 20 below)
Recommended
Located in an Enhanced
Travel Corridor
Recommended
High Exposure
to the Elements
Recommended
Table 6 — Bus Stop Type Criteria
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 37
Figure 20 — Targeted Infill and Redevelopment Map, City Plan, 2010
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 38
As noted previously, Transfort serves just over 500 bus stops; some of which meet the design and
amenity distribution standards outlined in Sections 3 and 4. This section is intended to describe
Transfort’s plan to bring bus stops into compliance with these standards as well as the City’s
Americans with Disabilities Act Transition Plan as adopted in 1992.
The Transition Plan set forth a five year approach to achieving full compliance with the Americans
with Disabilities Act standards. At that time, Transfort had a much smaller service area and
anticipated that full compliance could be achieved through a $17,000 investment in bus stop solid
surface improvements. The plan presumed that once existing stops were brought into compliance,
future stops would be developed in accordance with the ADA standards. However, that was not the
case and many of Transfort’s current stops are not compliant with ADA standards.
In 2013, a full inventory of bus stops was completed. This identified that only 32% of Transfort’s
stops met the ADA standards described in Section 4.2. Since 2013’s inventory, service has been
eliminated in some areas (College Avenue and Timberline Road) and new service has been added
to other areas (Mason Corridor, North Timberline Road, West Vine Drive, East Drake Road and
East Horsetooth Road). In addition, as of spring 2015, approximately 50 stops had been upgraded
to meet ADA standards. Transfort managed projects upgrading 27 stops, including 18 MAX
stations and nine stops throughout the community; private development upgraded upwards of
seven stops; and Transfort’s advertising contractor upgraded 16 stops. Based on this information
Transfort estimates that now approximately 35% of bus stops meet ADA accessibility requirements.
Inventorying of bus stops is ongoing and Transfort will have a more accurate understanding of ADA
compliance by the end of 2015.
Based on the previous estimate, approximately 330 bus stops in Transfort’s service area are not
in compliance with ADA standards. Many of these are located in areas with limited neighborhood
sidewalks. In addition to the cost of any necessary connecting sidewalks, bus stop improvements
can range between $2,500 to $30,000 depending on the available public ROW and other site
specific characteristics (an average is estimated at $10,000 for each stop). Stops on the low
5. NEXT STEPS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 39
end are generally within public ROW and have level grading to build on. Stops on the higher end
are in areas that often require negotiations with private property owners before any accessible
infrastructure can be installed and where drainage or grading challenges are present. The obstacles
to upgrading bus stops is described more thoroughly in Section 2.4.
This information leads Transfort to estimate that full compliance with ADA standards would cost
between $3,000,000 and $5,000,000 (in 2015 dollars). Transfort’s Bus Stop Improvement Plan, in
Section 5.2, describes Transfort’s phased approach to achieving (at a minimum) ADA accessibility
at all bus stops as well as compliance with the bus stop type and amenity distribution standards in
this document.
Section 2.3 — “Bus Stop Installation and Upgrade — How does it happen?” explains the four
primary ways that bus stops are upgraded:
• Transfort Bus Stop Improvement Plan
• Transfort’s Advertising Contractor
• Development and/or Redevelopment
• City Capital Projects and Street Maintenance Program
This section focuses on stops improved through the Transfort Bus Stop Improvement Plan and by
Transfort’s advertising contractor. Transfort’s Bus Stop Improvement Plan is not all inclusive of
every Transfort stop, since two other improvement methods, Development/Redevelopment and
City Capital Projects – Street Maintenance Projects, will also result in upgraded stops throughout
the community.
5.2 TRANSFORT BUS STOP
IMPROVEMENT PLAN
This April, City of Fort Collins residents approved a 10-year 0.25% sales tax for Capital Projects. In
addition to other City Capital Projects, this tax includes a dedication of an average of $100,000 a year
to bus stop improvements in the Transfort service area. It is anticipated that this will fund an average
of 10 stops a year over the next 10 years for a total of 100 stops (between 2016 and 2026). This
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 40
funding can also serve as local as leverage for grants for additional stop improvements. In addition,
Transfort can work with their advertising contractor to upgrade additional stops within public ROW.
Based on this identified funding source and Transfort’s working relationship with their advertising
contractor, Transfort projects an average of 15–20 stops be improved to meet the new design standards
each year based on the priorities described in Section 4.5. To reiterate, priority for bus stop upgrades
are given to areas that do not meet ADA requirements and meet the following criteria:
• Mid-high ridership (above 50 boardings per day),
• Demographic considerations such as youth, senior, disabled and low-income population
concentrations within ¼ mile of the stop
• Stops with high exposure to the elements
5.3 RECOMMENDED FUTURE ACTIONS
• Grant Funding — The City should pursue grant funding to leverage the limited local funding
to accelerate the Transfort Bus Stop Improvement Plan.
• Snow Removal on Adjacent Sidewalks — The inconsistent removal of snow surrounding
bus stops was a point of concern for the Citizen Advisory Committee that helped guide the
development of this document. Transfort would not be the appropriate leader to initiating
this discussion, but the City’s Street Maintenance and Code Enforcement Departments will
be made aware of the concerns expressed.
• Braille Signage — Braille signage was identified as an element of interest by the Citizen
Advisory Committee that guided the development of this document. Following the adoption
of this document, Transfort will establish a group of interested transit users to help determine
how Braille signage could be implemented and what the Braille signage should say.
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 41
6. APPENDIX
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TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 42
6.1 BUS STOP DEVELOPMENT FORM
Is a design
recommended as part
of an adopted plan?
YES
Use design
identified
in the Plan
NO
Is the stop a
transfer location?
YES
What volume
of transfers are
anticipated?
NO
Is there on-street
parking?
YES NO
A Bulbout stop
is most likely
appropriate
A Curbside stop
is appropriate
HIGH VOLUME
(BRT connections or
more than 3 routes
serve the stop)
LOW VOLUME
(2-3 low frequency routes)
How many travel lanes are
on the adjacent road?
A Bus Pullout or
Open Bus Bay is
appropriate
1 in each
direction
A Bus Pullout or
Open Bus Bay is
appropriate
2 or more in
each direction
Transfort Bus Stop Checklist
To be filled out by Transfort Staff
Location (cross streets): __________________________________________________
Block Location: Near-side Far-side Mid-block
Service: On Existing Transit Route Future Transit Route
Street-Side Design Considerations:
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 43
Curb-side Design Considerations:
Projected Ridership (boardings)
Low Ridership (<25 daily boardings) – 0 points
Moderate Ridership (25–50 daily boardings) – 2 points
High Ridership (>50 daily boardings) – 5 points
Very High Ridership (200+ daily boardings) – 10 points
Land Use Density (Zoning)
Low Density (RUL, UE, RF, RL, POL or County) – 0 points
Medium Density (NCL, NCB, LMN, RC, RDR, NC, CL, E, I) – 2 points
Higher Density (NCM, MMN, HMN, D, CC, CCN, CCR, CG, CS, HC) – 5 points
Youth, Senior, Disabled or Low-income Population Concentrations
(includes schools, dedicated housing, and social service entities)
Within a ¼ mile of population concentrations – 2 points
Within a ⅛ mile of population concentrations – 5 points
Activity Center
Within a designated Activity Center or on CSU’s campus – 2 points
Enhanced Transportation Corridor (ETC)
Located along an ETC – 2 points
Designated as Station in an ETC plan – 15 points
High Exposure to Elements
In areas with exposure to wind, rain, high traffic speed, etc. – 5 points
TOTAL
Scoring
Type I Stop — Basic accessibility required
Type II Stop — Basic accessibility and bench required
Type III
Type III – Basic accessibility, standard shelter, trash and 1 bike rack (2 bikes)
Type III – Basic accessibility, standard shelter, trash and 2 bike racks (4 bikes)
Optional Type IV (upon consideration by transit provider)
Score Range
0 – 1
2 – 4
5 – 10
11 – 15
>15
In-street and Curb-side Design
Recommended In-Street Design: Curb-side Stop Bulbout Stop
Bus Pullout Stop Open Bay Stop Queue Jump Stop
Recommended Curb-side Stop Type: Type I (Sign Stop) Type II (Bench Stop)
Type III (Shelter Stop) Type III (Shelter Stop – 2 bike racks) Type IV (Station Stop)
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 44
6.2 LAND USE CODE SECTION 3.6.5
3.6.5 Bus Stop Design Standards (update in progress)
(A) Purpose. The purpose of this Section is to ensure that new development adequately
accommodates existing and planned transit service by integrating facilities designed and located
appropriately for transit into the development plan.
(B) General Standard. All development located on an existing or planned transit route shall install
a transit stop and other associated facilities on an easement dedicated to the City or within public
right-of-way as prescribed by the City of Fort Collins Bus Stop Design Standards and Guidelines
in effect at the time of installation, unless the Director of Community Services determines that
adequate transit facilities consistent with the Transit Design Standards already exist to serve the
needs of the development. All development located on existing transit routes will accommodate
the transit facilities by providing the same at the time of construction. All development located on
planned routes will accommodate said facilities by including the same in the development plan
and escrowing funds in order to enable the city or its agents to construct the transit facilities at the
time transit service is provided to the development. All facilities installed shall, upon acceptance
by the City, become the property of the City and shall be maintained by the City or its agent.
(C) Location of Existing and Planned Transit Routes. For the purposes of application of this
standard, the location of existing transit routes shall be defined by the Transfort Route Map in
effect at the time the application is approved. The location of planned transit routes shall be
defined according to the Transfort Strategic Operating Plan, as amended.
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 45
6.3 TECHNICAL DESIGNS (As Incorporated into
Larimer County Urban Area Street Standards)
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 46
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 47
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 48
6.4 CITIZEN ADVISORY COMMITTEE
LETTER OF SUPPORT
TRANSFORT BUS STOP DESIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 49
MID-BLOCK STOP
Use if:
• Block size is large
and/or destinations
are focused
mid-block
• Route pattern calls
for mid-block stop
• Minimizes sight distance
difficulties at intersections
• Removes the influence of
traffic congestion occurring at
intersections
• Encourages passengers to cross
mid-block (jaywalk)
• Increases walking distance for
patrons to cross at intersections
Table 3 — Recommended Bus Stop Location
660’
330’
250’
200’
200’
200’
NA
Minimum distance between high
volume driveways and corner
clearance between high volume
driveways and intersections2
1320’3
660’
1320’3
660’
200’
175’
175’
150’
NA
NA
Minimum distance between
driveway edges
660’ 660’ 660’ 330’ 75’ 30’ 30’ 12’ 12’ No limit
Minimum corner clearance
between driveways or alleys and
intersections2
1320’ 3,4 660’
175’ 100’ 100’ 80’ 60’ 50’
Driveway approach configuration Radial curb return Radial curb return Curb cut 5 Curb cut 5 Curb cut 5 Curb cut 5 Curb cut 5 Curb cut 5
1 Tangents are measured from flowline of intersecting street at intersections. See Section 7.4.1, A, .2. for more information.
2 These distances are measured as shown in Figure 9-1.
3 Only allowed if shown to comply with ACF ordinances.
4 600’ for speeds < 45 mph subject to Traffic Impact Study findings.
5 Radial curb returns are also allowed.
6 AASHTO values may be used within 100’ of controlled intersections, or other locations where speeds are reduced.
between
intersections2
Signalized 2640’5 Min. 2640’5 Min. NA NA NA NA NA
Unsignalized
460’ –
660’ 5
1320’6
Min.
460’ –
660’ 5
660’6
Min.
460’ –
660’ 5
1320’6
Min.
460’ –
660’ 5
660’6
Min.
330’ Min.
250’ Min.
200’ Min.
200’ Min.
NA
Distance between high volume
driveways and intersections2
460’ –
660’ 5
1320’6
Min.
460’ –
660’ 5
660’6
Min.
460’ –
660’ 5
1320’6
Min.
330’
Min.
200’ Min.
175’ Min.
175’ Min.
150’ Min.
NA
Distance between driveway edges 460’ –
660’ 5
660’6
Min.
460’ –
660’ 5
660’6
Min.
460’ –
660’ 5
660’6
Min.
330’
Min.
75’ Min. 30’ Min. 30’ Min. 12’ Min. No limit
Corner clearance between
driveways/alleys & street intersections2
460’ – 660’ 5
460’ – 660’ 5
175’ Min. 100’ Min. 175’ Min. 50’ Min. 40’ Min.
Driveway approach street config. 3 Radial curb return Radial curb return Curb cut 4 Curb cut 4 Curb cut 4 Curb cut 4 Curb cut 4
1 Intersection tangents are measured from flowline of the intersected street at intersections. Note: Two curves in the same direction must be separated by a tangent at least two times
the minimum tangent
lengths shown in Table 7-3 and Table 7-4.
2 These distances are measured as As shown in Figure 9-1.
3 Table indicates residential driveways. All commercial driveways shall be constructed with radial curb returns (see Section 9.3.2).
4 Radial curb returns are also allowed where traffic volumes meet the requirements for a High Volume Driveway.
5 For a distance less than 460’ an administrative variance must be approved by the Local Entity Engineer; for a distance greater than 660’ a modification in accordance with the Land
Use Code will be required.
combined w/
parking)
Share
Street
Share
Street
Share Street Share Surface
Sidewalk Width1 6’ min. 6’ min. 6’ min. 5’ min. 5’ min. 5’ min. 5’ min. NA
Sidewalk Location Detached
by 10’
min.
Detached
by 10’
min.
Detached
by 6’ min.
Detached by 6’ min.
6
Attached or
detached
Attached
or detached
Attached or
detached – one side
only
NA
Curb Type Vertical Vertical Vertical Vertical, Drive over
or Rollover
Vertical,
Drive over
or Rollover
Vertical,
Drive over
or Rollover
Vertical, Drive over or Rollover
1 Sidewalk may not be required in industrial zones with initial development
2 5’ width exclusive of gutter
3 Left turn lanes always required, right turn lanes required if TIS indicates need.
4 Minimum widths must be increased to provide auxiliary turn lanes where needed
5 Required on Taft Ave., Wilson Ave., Eisenhower Blvd., Hwy 287, and 14th St. SW
6 Sidewalks may be attached when adjacent to single family residential homes
7 One side only
8 May be reduced to 16’ when necessary due to existing obstructions (power poles, etc.)
9 Lane width is measured from lip of gutter to center of lane stripe.
10 Commercial / Industrial area
11 This width includes turn lanes and minimum right of way at the intersection
12 This width includes turn lanes and double lefts at the intersection
1000 veh/day
>35 15-35 15-35 3.5-15 3.5 – 5 2.5 - 3.5 <2.5 <2.5 1.0 - 2.5 <1.0 NA <0.3
Speed Limit, mph 40 - 45 35 - 45 35 - 45 30-45 30 – 35 25 - 30 25 25 25 25 15 25
Fence minimum setbacks,
feet from parkway edge of
sidewalk
10' 8' 8' 8' 7' 7' 7' 6.5' 6.5' 6.5' 3' or 8' *l 9' *d
Driveway & Street Access Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited
Continuity (see
definitions)
Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited 1320’ 1320’ 1320’ 1320’ 1320’ 660’ *m 660’ 1320’
Curb & Gutter Vertical or
Driveover
V V V V V V V V V V or D V or D V or D
*a The maximum length of an Alley shall be 600 feet.
*b Medians shall be 19' wide standard width or 7'wide where a 12' left turn lane is needed.
*c Additional street width shall be required for development requested medians.
*d To provide left turn lanes at intersections, 810' additional roadway width is required to provide
an 112' wide left turn lane with 56' buffered bike lanes and 11' travel lanes.
*e Bikes share travel lanes with motor vehicles.
*f If bike lanes are required, additional street width will be required to provide 6’ wide bike lanes.
*g An 11' lane for shared parking and bikes is provided.
*h A 7' wide bike lane is provided when parking is removed for a left turn lane.
*I Additional street width up to 4' wider may be required in the travel lane to accommodate higher
volumes of bike traffic within and leading to activity areas.
*j To provide left turn lanes at intersections, parking shall be removed.
*k Additional sidewalk width may be required to accommodate anticipated higher pedestrian
traffic volumes within or leading to activity areas.
*l An 8' fence setback is required for a garage door setback of 8' from the alley ROW. With a
garage door setback at 20' or greater, the minimum fence setback is 3' from the alley
ROW.
*m To use driveover curb and gutter the parkway width must be widened by 1 foot, thereby
increasing street ROW width by 2 feet to provide 53 feet.
*n The Modified 4-Lane Arterial is to be applied in constrained right-of-way situations and
after review and approval of the City Engineer.
*o 6-ft bike lane is acceptable if built using a continuously poured concrete gutter pan
*p 11 foot lanes may be considered in constrained situations and upon review and approval
by the City Traffic Engineer
>35 15-35 15-35 3.5-15 3.5 – 5 2.5 - 3.5 <2.5 <2.5 1.0 - 2.5 <1.0 NA <0.3
Speed Limit, mph 40 - 45 35 - 45 35 - 45 30-45 30 – 35 25 - 30 25 25 25 25 15 25
Fence minimum setbacks,
feet from parkway edge of
sidewalk
10' 8' 8' 8' 7' 7' 7' 6.5' 6.5' 6.5' 3' or 8' *l 9' *d
Driveway & Street Access Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited
Continuity (see
definitions)
Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited 1320’ 1320’ 1320’ 1320’ 1320’ 660’ *m 660’ 1320’
Curb & Gutter Vertical or
Driveover
V V V V V V V V V V or D V or D V or D
*a The maximum length of an Alley shall be 600 feet.
*b Medians shall be 19' wide standard width or 7'wide where a 12' left turn lane is needed.
*c Additional street width shall be required for development requested medians.
*d To provide left turn lanes at intersections, 10' additional roadway width is required to provide an
11' wide left turn lane with 6' bike lanes and 11' travel lanes.
*e Bikes share travel lanes with motor vehicles.
*f If bike lanes are required, additional street width will be required to provide 6’ wide bike lanes.
*g An 11' lane for shared parking and bikes is provided.
*h A 7' wide bike lane is provided when parking is removed for a left turn lane.
*I Additional street width up to 4' wider may be required in the travel lane to accommodate higher
volumes of bike traffic within and leading to activity areas.
*j To provide left turn lanes at intersections, parking shall be removed.
*k Additional sidewalk width may be required to accommodate anticipated higher pedestrian
traffic volumes within or leading to activity areas.
*l An 8' fence setback is required for a garage door setback of 8' from the alley ROW. With a
garage door setback at 20' or greater, the minimum fence setback is 3' from the alley
ROW.
*m To use driveover curb and gutter the parkway width must be widened by 1 foot, thereby
increasing street ROW width by 2 feet to provide 53 feet.
*n The Modified 4-Lane Arterial is to be applied in constrained right-of-way situations and
after review and approval of the City Engineer.
*o 6-ft bike lane is acceptable if built using a continuously poured concrete gutter pan
*p 11 foot lanes may be considered in constrained situations and upon review and approval
by the City Traffic Engineer
LOS D = > 25 and < or = 35 seconds
LOS E = >35 and < or = 50 seconds
LOS F = more than 50 seconds average delay
3 or fewer lanes to cross,
clear indications (striping,
etc.), well marked
crosswalks, good lighting,
standard curb ramps,
automatic pedestrian
signal, pedestrian
amenities, unobstructed
views
4 or 5 lanes to cross,
clear indications,
well marked
crosswalks,
pedestrian refuge
area, standard curb
ramps, pedestrian
amenities, standard
curb ramps,
unobstructed views
6 or more lanes to
cross, clear
indications, well
marked crosswalks,
pedestrian refuge
area, standard curb
ramps, pedestrian
amenities,
unobstructed view
Missing 5
elements of A, 4
elements of B,
and 2 elements of
C
STREET
CROSSINGS
No Signal
Well-marked cross walks,
good lighting levels,
standard curb ramps, street
character suggests
pedestrian crossing,
unobstructed views
Missing 1 element of
A
Missing 2 elements of
A
Missing 3 or more
elements of A
VISUAL APPEAL
AND
PEDESTRIAN
AMENITIES
Visually appealing and
compatible with local
architecture and artist
themes, wide sidewalks,
window shopping,
pedestrian lighting, trees
and street furniture
Wide sidewalks,
visual clarity, some
street furniture and
landscaping
Functionally
operational with less
importance placed on
visual appeal
Design ignores
pedestrian with
negative metal
image,
intimidating
SURFACE
CONDITION
Smooth asphalt or concrete
with few breaks or cracks
Relatively smooth
asphalt or concrete
with frequent breaks
or cracks
Rougher, broken
surface such as older
concrete or
cobblestone
Difficult, unpaved
terrain such as
hiking trails
C. Special Studies.
This section provides the Local Entity with opportunities to request specific focused
traffic analyses that may be unique to the proposed land use action. The Applicant